566 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST Reading 1 The following reading passage was Andersen and Howard F. Taylor, Wadswor adapted from Sociology, Fifth Edition by Margaret | rth, 2009. “Layers of Social Class” Taken together, income, occupation, people's social standing. Using a layered m: ne gists describe the class system in the United States as ace oe mas classes: upper, upper middle, middle, lower middle, and lower: cl ee ee ferent classes are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom. P2| In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations fas wall as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually 6Onstif™té the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. Those in this class exercise BROFMOUS control throughout society. Some wealthy individuals can wield as much power as entire nations. and education are good measures of model of stratification, most sociolo- P41 P3] > Desi ycial myths t It “the best predictor of future wealth is the family intolwhichiyoulareiborn! Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the 400 wealthiest families and individuals in the coun- try. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, most is inherited, although, since the 1990s, there has been some increase in the number of people on the list with self-created wealth. Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Luxury vehicles, high-priced real estate, and BXOIUSIVE vacations may mark the lifestyle of the newly rich. However, although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles. (P4] > The upper midale class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed—successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle classes. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is actually unattainable by most. [P5] > The middle class is hard to define, in part because being “middle class” is more than just economic position. A very large portion of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle; thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have a tenuous hold on this class position.READING SECTION 567 The lower middle class j lass in ; : ‘ income bureaucratic wo \cludes workers in the skilled trades and low: i rkers, many of whom may actually define themselves Bee een as the working class, this class includes blue- workers, such as sec = led trades who do manual labor) and many service era. edith te ar retaries, hair stylists, food servers, police, and firefight- irae ncome, education, and occupational prestige define the Ze. class relative to the class groups above it. The term /ower in this class designation refers to the relative Position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class, many of whom think of themselves as middle class. P7] > The lower class is composed pfiffiaill of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. [A] People of color and women make up a disproportion ate part of this class. [B] The working poor include those who work at least 27 hours a week but whose wages fall below the federal poverty level. Six percent of all working people now live below the poverty line. The concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. [C] The underclass includes those who are likely to be permanently unemployed and without means of economic support. [D) Rejected from the economic system, those in the under- class may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. 1. The word GOnstitlité in the passage is closest in meaning to ® explain @ reject © form ® modify 2. The word 6fiOFfiGUS in the passage is closest in meaning to ® very large @® very new © very early @® very good568 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST 3. — 2 ir ion in the highlighted statement expresses the information in the : ; hange the meaning or leave out important information. Which of the sentences below best .s the best prediction of your in the passage? The other choices c! ® Although it is not generally accepted, your family provide: future wealth. “ame ® You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may have been bor. © ttis rot true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future wealth and level of social status. oe ©® Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and soci your family. ial status of Why does the author mention the Forbes 400 in paragraph 3? at appears every year Ithy people inherit their money edicts individual wealth connections ® To explain the meaning of the listing th ® To support the statement that most weal © To cast doubt on the claim that family income pt ® To give examples of successful people who have modest family Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [>I The word @XGIUSIWE in the passage is closest in meaning to ® long ® expensive © frequent @ relaxing In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of which class? @ lower middle class © upper middle class © nouveau riche © upper class Paragraph 4 is marked with an arrow [9]. According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States? ® They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country. @® They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States. ©® They don’t really know how to define their status because it is unclear. ; ® They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles. ; Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [>].8. 4 11. , READING SECTION e word it Th primafily in the Passage is closest in Meaning to ® mostly ® somewhat © finally © always What can be inferred about the working class in the United States? ® They are often not able to find entr nen ry-level jobs. © They work in jobs that pay minimum oe 2 © They are service workers and manual laborers @® They are considered lower class. ). According to paragraph 7, why has the underclass emerged? ® The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously. @ The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities. © Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime. @® Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system. Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow [9]. Allof the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPT @® the level of education that a person has achieved ©® the amount of money that an individual has acquired © the type of employment that someone pursues © the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis . Look at the four squares [Il] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. In addition, working people constitute a surprising portion of those who are poor. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [Il] to insert the sentence in the passage. 569570 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST 13. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they Express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage, This question is worth 2 points. The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige deter- mine social status in the United States. ‘Answer Choices Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it is dif- ficult for many people to maintain this standard of living. EI Most people identify themselves as mid- dle class, including blue-collar workers and service workers as well as bureau- cratic employees. Bi itis still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States by working your way up the ladder in a cor- porate environment. {People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted by those who have inherited their wealth from family holdings. The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclass of people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime. (G The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the upper middle class has a high income that they eam in their professions. Reading 2 The following reading passage was adapted from The Cosmic Perspective, Fifth Edition by Jeffrey Bennett, et al., Addison Wesley, 2008. “Weather and Chaotic Systems” Pi Weather and climate are closely related, but they are not quite the same thing, In any paificUlat location, some days may be hotter or cooler, clearer or cloudier, calmer or stormier than others. The ever-varying combination of winds, clouds, temperature, and pressure is what we call weather. Climate is the long-term average of weather, which means it can change only on much longer time scales. The complexity of weather makes it dificult to predict, and at best, the local weather can be predicted only a week or so in advance.ha READING SECTION 871 FA Scientists today havea y mathematical equations thet laa understanding of the physical laws and air, oceans, and lang, Why the behavior and motion of atoms in the the weather? To understand enue we have so much trouble predicting at the nature of scientific mee weather is so unpredictable we must look the location of Si now. You need two basic pi : n of acar ona road 1 minute from fast it is moving. If the en information: where the caris now, and how i sone W Passing Smith Road and heading north at 1 mile per minute, it will be 4 mile north of Smith Road in 1 minute. e [PA] Now, suppose you want to types of information: (1) the from one Predict the weather. Again, you need two basic Current weather and (2) how weather changes d moment to the next. You could attempt to predict the eee by creating a “model world.” For example, you could overlay a globe of the Earth with graph paper and then specify the current temperature, pressure, cloud cover, and wind within each square. These are your Starting points, or initial conditions. Next, you could input all the initial conditions into a computer, along with a set of equations (physical laws) that describe the processes that can change weather from one moment to the next. P5| —> Suppose the initial conditions represent the weather around the Earth at this very moment and you run your computer model to predict the weather for the next month in New York City. The model might tell you that tomorrow will be warm and sunny, with cooling during the next week and a major storm passing through a month from now. But suppose you run the model again, making one minor change in the initial conditions—say, a small change in the wind speed somewhere over Brazil. (A This slightly different initial condition will not change the weather prediction for tomorrow in New York City. [B) But for next month’s weather, the two predictions may not agree at all! Gg P6| The disagreement between the two predictions arises because the laws governing weather can cause very tiny changes in initial conditions to be greatly magnified over time. D) This extreme sensitivity to initial conditions is sometimes called the butterfly effect: If initial conditions change by as much as the flap of a butterfly’s wings, the resulting prediction may be very different. P7| => The butterfly effect is a halimark of chaotic systems. Simple systems are described by linear equations in which, for example, increasing a cause pro- duces a proportional increase in an effect. In contrast, chaotic systems are described by nonlinear equations, which allow for subtler and more intricate interactions. For example, the economy is nonlinear because a nig8) in interest foduce a corresponding change in consumer matically pr’ 5 % * pesos eee nonlinear because a change in the wind speed in one Roa aie not automatically produce a corresponding change in another location.572 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST > Despite their name, chaotic systems are not necessarily fanGM. In fact, many chaotic systems have a kind of underlying order that explains the general featured of their behavior even while details at any particular moment remain unpredictable. In a sense, many chaotic systems—like the weather— are “predictably unpredictable.” Our understanding of chaotic systems is increasing at a tremendous rate, but much remains to be learned about them. Pa] 14. According to the passage, why will it be difficult to predict weather? ® We have to learn more about chaotic systems. ® We don’t communicate globally. © We need more powerful computers. ® We must understand the physical laws of atoms. 15. The word BaiftiGUla in the passage is closest in meaning to @ basic @® specific © unusual ® new 16. The word G6WEMm in the passage is closest in meaning to ® change ® control © show ® explain 17. Why does the author mention “a car” in paragraph 3? @ The car is an example of how conditions are used to make predictions. ® The author digresses in order to tell a story about a car. © The car introduces the concept of computer models. © The mathematical equations for the car are very simple to understand. Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [-] 18. Why do the predictions disagree for the computer model described in paragraph 5? ® The conditions at the beginning were very different. ® The model was not accurately programmed. © Computer models cannot predict weather. ® Over time models are less reliable. Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [9]. 19. Why is weather considered a chaotic system? ® Because it is made up of random features ® Because it is not yet very well understood © Because it is described by nonlinear equations © Because it does not have an orderly structure21. 24, 25. READING SECTION 573 & Slight variations in intial conditions can cause very diferent resus. © The Neate a be used to predict different conditions in various locations. be ® ficult to predict as the rate of a butterfly's wings when it flaps © A butterty flaps its wings in one location another place. 4 Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow [-3} which automatically produces a result in Why does the author mention “the economy” in paragraph 7? ® To contrast a simple system with a chaotic system ® To provide an example of another chaotic system ‘© To compare nonlinear equations with linear equations ‘® To prove that all nonlinear systems are not chaotic Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow [->]. ‘The word fandom in the passage is closest in meaning to © practical ® objective © controlled © unorganized . The word featUFES in the passage is closest in meaning to © problems © exceptions © characteristics © benefits In paragraph 8, what does the author suggest about our knowledge of chaotic systems? ® It will never allow us to make accurate predictions. ® It has not improved very much over the years. © It reveals details that can be predicted quite accurately. © It requires more research by the scientific community. Paragraph 8 is marked with an arrow [9]. Look at the four squares [1] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. For next week's weather, the new model may yield a slightly different prediction. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square (Ml to insert the sentence in the passage.s14 A slight variation in initial conditions will cause a very different prediction for [FE] Weather is predictable only within a time ‘weather over the long term. frame of a few weeks because of the ‘MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST below. Complete rections: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears ee ee Waar hoices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they Express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage, the summary by selecting the THREE answer c! This question is worth 2 points. Because weather is a chaotic system, itis very difficult to predict. . . . ‘Answer Choices DW The accuracy of weather prediction will Because weather is chaotic but not ran- improve as we make progress in the dom, it may be described by nonlinear application of computers to equations. ‘equations that provide for sensitive inter- ions. Itis very easy to make predictions about ot the location of a car when you know —_[E] The economic system demonstrates where it is and how fast itis going. chaotic behavior, and it must be repre- sented by a nonlinear equation. nature of scientific prediction. Reading 3 The following reading passage was adapted from Gilbert's Living with Art, Eighth Edition by Mark Gettein, McGraw-Hill Companies, In “Building with Arches” Round Arch and Vault Pi] > Although the round arch was used by the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia several centuries before our common era, it was most fully developed by the Romans, who perfected the form in the 2nd century 8.c.<. The arch has many virtues. In addition to being an attractive form, it enables the architect to open up fairly large spaces in a wall without risking the building's structural sound- ness. These spaces admit ight, reduce the weight of the walls, and decrease the amount of material needed. As utilized by the Romans, the arch is a per- fect semicircle, although it may seem elongated if it rests on columns. It is constructed from wedge-shaped pieces of stone that meet at an angle always perpendicular to the curve of the arch. Because of tensions and compressions Iierent in the form, the arch is stable only when it is complete, when the top most stone, the keystone, has been set in place. For this reason an arch under construction must be supported from below, usually by a wooden framework 2008.4) system of public-works prose Enaineering was applied to an ambitious well. The Pont du Gers (eet: Not justin Italy but in the outlying areas as port water, and ite a cunetioned as an aqueduct, a structure meant to trans- stands today Iam level served as a footbridge across the river. That it by cyclists on the route eran nea two thousand years (and is crossed the Homans’ brine tt® 0 the famous Tour de France bicycle ace) testifies to the best qualiies seh skill. Visually, the Pont du Gard exemplifies Construction. Soli hot through with o Solid and heavy, obviously durable, itis Pen spaces that make it seem li -beari capabilities effortless, Pec ea. wea -beeing > When the arch is extended in depth—when it is, in reality, many arches Placed flush one behind the other—the result is called a barrel vault. This vault construction makes it possible to create large interior spaces. The Romans made great use of the barrel vault, but for its finest expression we look many hundreds of years later, to the churches of the Middle Ages. > The church of Sainte-Foy, in the French city of Conques, is an example of the style prevalent throughout Western Europe from about 1050 to 1200—a style known as Romanesque. Earlier churches had used the Roman round arch and barrel vault so as to add height to their churches. Untilithisiperiod fire but also limited the height to which architects could aspire: With the stone barrel vault, they could S¢hi6ve the soaring, majestic space we see in the nave of Sainte-Foy to span the spaces between the interior columns that Uitiiatély held up the roof. With the Romanesque style, builders set a stone barrel vault as a ceiling over the nave, hiding the roof structure from view. The barrel vault unified the interior visually, providing a soaring, majestic climax to the rhythms ‘announced by the arches below. Pointed Arch and Vault > While the round arch and vault of the Romanesque era solved many prob- lems and made many things possible, they nevertheless had certain draw- backs. For one thing, a roundarch, to be stable, must be a semicircle; therefore, the height of the arch is limited by its width. Two other difficulties were weight and darkness. Barrel vaults are both literally and visually heavy, calling for huge masses of stone to maintain their structural stability, They exert an out- ward thrust all along their base, which builders countered by setting them in massive walls that they dared not weaken with light-admitting openings. The Gothic period in Europe, which followed the Romanesque, solved these prob- ems with the pointed arch. [Al from the round one, i Je seemingly not very different : The pointe ar ee the sides a up 10a point, weight i ofers many advantages nda asbepe ange, and theeore the arch can READING SECTION 575‘576 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. h taller than nstructe \ch an arch also can be muc! ae iod found they did not need heavy as long as the major be taller. The vault cor ; a barrel vault. [G] Architects of the Gothic peri masses of material throughout the curve of the vault, points of intersection were reinforced. Glossary ' nave: the long central area in a church with aisles on each side Why does the author mention the “keystone” in paragraph 1? ® To explain the engineering of an arch ® To provide historical background on arches © To point out one of the virtues of arches © To suggest an alternative to the arch Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow [=]. ‘The word iffigtéfit in the passage is closest in meaning to @® uncertain © unsatisfactory © expansive © essential The Pont du Gard mentioned in paragraph 2 has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT © it was an aqueduct © itis still being used © itwas built 2,000 years ago © itwas repaired recently Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [>]. The word ViftUally in the passage is closest in meaning to ©® obviously © accurately © routinely © practically According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of a barrel vault? © It was used in the Middle Ages. ® Many arches were joined, © The space inside was larger. © It was a typical Roman look. Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [9].35. 37. . Which of the sentences below best. READING SECTION 577 expresses the information in the highlighted statement inthe passage? {967 The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information. ® rcs wand {0 bulld higher ceilings in churches, but they were limited because cies! lazard caused by wooden beams in the roofs. 'e majority of the churches prior to this time were constructed with wooden roofs that caused a considerable fire hazard because of their height. © The race ora in the roofs of most churches before this period were a concern because of fire and the constraints they imposed on the height of the ceiling. ® The limitations on the architecture of the churches were a result of the construction materials and the limited vision of the architects. . The word BGhi6Vé in the passage is closest in meaning to © retain ® accomplish © decorate © finance The word liltiiataly in the passage is closest in meaning to © partially ©® frequently © carefully © finally . According to paragraph 5, why are Romanesque churches so dark? ® It was a characteristic of construction with pointed arches. ® It was too difficult to make windows in the heavy materials. © Openings for light could have compromised the structure. © Reinforcements covered the areas where light could shine in. Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow [9]. How did Gothic architects extend the height of thelr arches? ® By using barrel vaults ® By designing pointed arches © By including a nave ® By adding windows‘578 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST 38. Look at the four squares [il] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. These reinforcements, called ribs, are visible in the nave ceiling of Reims Cathedral, Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square (™l] to insert the sentence in the passage. 39. Directions: Complete the table by matching the phrases on the left with the headings on the right. Select the appropriate answer choices and drag them to the type of architec- ture to which they relate. TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used. This question is worth 4 points. To delete an answer choice, click on it. To see the passage, click on View Text. Answer Choices Round Arch ) Allowed architects to % create a taller arch Used in fortresses so that - the soldiers could see out (© Represented the Romanesque Y style of architecture Similar to arches constructed o in the ancient world [E) Popular in many structures of Pointed Arch the Gothic period BI Required special building ° materials for construction (G Prevalent in churches during e the Middle Ages Hl Associated with structures ° that include barrel vaults 1) Permitted openings in or around them for lightTION 879 4 READING SEC’ The following reading passage was etal, Pearson Education, inc, 2099, od "™ Biology, Eighth Edi by Neil A. Campbell, Derived Characteristics of Birds > Many of the characteristics of birds are adaptations that facilitate flight, including weight-saving MOgifications that make flying more efficient. For example, birds lack a urinary bladder, and the females of most species have only one ovary. Living birds are also toothless, an adaptation that trims the weight of the head. A bird's most obvious adaptations for flight are its wings and feathers, Feathers are made of the protein B-keratin, which is also found in the scales of other reptiles. The shape and arrangement of the feathers form the wings into airfoils, and they illustrate some of the same pififtipléS of aerodynamics as the wings of an airplane. Power for flapping the wings comes from contractions of large pectoral (breast) muscles anchored to a keel on the stemum (breastbone). ‘Some birds, such as eagles and hawks, have wings adapted for soaring on air currents and flap their wings only occasionally; other birds, including humming- birds, must flap their wings continuously to stay aloft. Among the fastest birds ‘are the appropriately named swifts, which can fly up to 170 krvhr. Flight provides numerous benefits. u r ing; many birds consume flying insects, an abundant, highly nutritious food resource. (Cl Flight also provides ready escape from earthbound predators and enables some birds to migrate great distances to exploit different food resources and seasonal breeding areas. It enhances hunting and scaveng- nditure of energy from an active metabo- me Fiving Cen AE use their own metabolic heat to maintain a = Birds are ongotemperatur. Feathers, and in some species layers of ft, jd lation that enables birds to retain their body heat. The lungs have Provide insulation and from elastic air sacs that improve airflow and oxygen tiny tubes leading 10 are piratory system with a four-chambered heart Keeps pee. un pets with oxygen and nutrients, supporting a high rate of issues wel metabolism. Flight also requires both acute vision and fine muscle control. Birds have lig excellent Int The visual and motor areas Of the brain are well developed, 7 r i it eyesight. The visual580 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST and the brain is proportionately larger than those of amphibians and nonbird rentes. Birds generally display very complex behaviors, particularly, during breeding season, when they engage in elaborate courtship rituals. How did fight evolve in the therapods? In one scenario, feathers may have enabled the smal, running dinosaurs chasing prey or escaping predators 10 gain extra It as they jumped up into the air. Or, small dinosaurs could have Gained traction as they ran up hills by flapping their feathered forelimbs "8 Behavior seen in birds today. n a third scenario, some dinosaurs could have Climbed trees and glided, alded by feathers. Whether birds took to the air from fhe ground up or from the trees down, an eSSeAlial question being studied By ‘Scientists ranging from paleontologists to engineers is how their efficient fight stroke evolved. Pz ‘ago, feathered therapods had evolved into birds. discovered in a German limestone quarry in 1861 remains the earliest known bird. It had feathered wings but retained ances- tral characteristics such as teeth, clawed digits in its wings, and a long tall ‘Archaeopteryx lew well at high speeds, but unike a present-day bird, it could hot take off from a standing position. Fossils of later birds from the Cretaceous Show a gradual loss of certain ancestral dinosaur features, such as teeth and ‘clawed forelimbs, as well as the acquisition of innovations found in extant birds, including a short tail covered by a fan of feathers. Pa) > By 150 milion years Archaeopteryx, which was Glossary Cretaceous: a time period, 144-65 milion years ago best expresses the information in the highlighted statement 40. Which of the sentences below ut important information. inthe passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave ot © Results of investigations indicate that birds probably flew before they had feathers. © Analysis suggests that birds did not fly immediately after they had developed feathers. © The time frame for the evolution of feathers is not clear from the studies cited. © According to researchers, birds developed feathers in order to achieve fight. 441. The word modification in the passage is closest in meaning to ® made different ® made better © made smaller @ made modem 142. According to paragraph 2, how did birds adapt to achieve efficient fight? ® They developed new, lighter organs. @ Their muscles became smaller over time. ‘© Most of their weight was distributed in their heads. © Heavy teeth disappeared during evolution. Paragraph 2 is marked with an arrow [9]READING SECTION 581 43, In paragraph 8, how does the author explain the term ® By identifying it in feathers ® By comparing it to airfoils © By providing a definition in the text © By describing the way that it looks Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [-9) “keratin”? and scales 44, According to paragraph 3, which of the. following is true about the wings of birds? © All birds flap their wings constantly by using breast muscles. © Eagles and hawks have wings that propel them at 170 km/h. ‘© The airfoils of birds function like the wings on airplanes. ‘© Wings are attached to airfoils in the bird's skeletal structure. Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow [-9] 45. The word prinGiples in the passage is closest in meaning to © criticism ® examples © topics ® mules 46. The word elaborate in the passage is opposite in meaning to ® simple ® quiet © sad © short 47. The word essential in the passage is closest in meaning to ® very clear ® very important © very difficut © very new 48. According to the passage, how did therapods develop flight? lit, ® Engineers believe that they flapped their wings to gain ® Serntiss have proposed several dtferent possibilities for fight. © Paleontologists think that they glided down from high trees. ©® Researchers confirm that flight began with running and jumping. 48, According to paragraph 8, what can be inferred about Archaeopteryx? ©® A feathered fantail was prominent. © Lift off was achieved by running or gliding © Teeth had been replaced by a beak © The habitat extended throughout Europe Paragraph 8 is marked with an arrow [>S82 MODEL TEST 4: PROGRESS TEST 50. All of the following are mentioned as adaptations to the bird's anatomy to accommodate flight EXCEPT © the arrangement of feathers © ahigh metabolic rate ‘© very sharp eyes © small legs and feet 51. Look at the four squares [1] that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. Furthermore, migration allows birds to avoid climates that are too hot or too cold during certain seasons. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square [Ml] to insert the sentence in the passage. 52. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage. This question is worth 2 points. Birds evolved 150 million years ago. . . . Answer Choices Birds and reptiles are most probably Therapods are relatively small, meat-eat- related. ing dinosaurs. Feathers are among the most unusual _[E] There are a number of advantages for evolutionary changes. creatures that fly G Many structural adaptations were required _[E] Migration patterns are typical of many for birds to fly. species of birds,