Cuarrer One INTRODUCTION TO CompurTER GRAPHICS Chapter Outline z +>» Introduction >» Manual Drafting Vs Computer Graphics »» Advantages of Computer Graphics ificatic Z >» Characteristics of Computer Graphics + Applications of Computer Graphics + Image Processing 4.1, INTRODUCTION Computer graphics is a rapidly evolving field. Until the mainly the realm of artists. Now, computer graphics has and engineers, but also the common man in various By graphics we will refer to any sketch, draw pictorially depict an object or process or otherwise or instead of written descriptions. The sketch m network or of the human anatomy. It may ‘The graphics may also include text in In computer graphics, vitae oe z picture elements called pixels screen element, It is the si control is achieved byEES Computer Graphics and Muttirnecio Correction in manual drafting will be time-consuming and the result will not be quite neat.Each manipulation would involve extensive erasure and re-drawing, or more commonly, a fresh drawing. With computer graphics, corrections will be fast and the result will be another original. Special effect such as colour and shading in manual drafting will require specialists and enormous amount of time, but in computer work all such enhancements are again a function of the software and hardware, requiring very little additional time and effort on the part of the user. Certain graphics processes such as (a) assembly from components, (b) animation (..e.display of movement as in a cartoon), and (c) enhancements (such as highlighting, shading, and digitizing), are very tedious to develop manually, but are exceedingly simple with a computer. In manual drafting each different view, resulting from every modification of viewpoint, scale or other parameter, will have to be redrawn as if it is a fresh drawing. When computerized, however, all modifications can be done through a few commands, with no additional manual input, graphic or otherwise. 6. In sharp contrast to the lines drawn and areas shaded continuously in manual drawing any and every point, line or aren depicted on a computer is composed of dots of finite size, because of the very nature of the hardware used to display them. In general, a point shown on the monitor corresponds to a pixel. ‘The adverse effects of the display, which will be discussed in subsequent chapter, and to a minor extent even its printing, will be subject to this practical limitation of resolution, namely the fineness of the finite unit of the underlying computation and process of depiction. ‘The fact is that in modern packages even text, referring to alphabets, numbers and standard symbols, is printed as pixels, to permit the use of multiple fonts and type sizes and to allow their mixing with drawings and pictures on the same page. Manual drafting involves relatively low investment compared to the enormous amounts of money required for computer graphics. Further, while computer graphics does not need the back-breaking drudgery of manual drafting. it still needs a rather specialized kind of training, concentration, and effort. ‘The enormous advantage of computer graphics over manual drafting will not be in economy in the shortterm, but in terms of speed ‘and staff and customer satisfaction in the long-term. The oe and efficiency of computer graphics soon translates’ to taarsi bigger) see “_) 1.3. ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS The main advantages of computer graphics are as follows:- oI=IRIS RECOGNITION SYSTEM _ ~~ ne i et tl — Seorettane teehee Seehettae y Cemae Figure viii: (b) Graphical User tetarfoce| (Gu Threshold value Testing Phase 0troduction to Computer Graphics 3 4. The computer graphics provides tool called motion dynamics, With this tool user can move and tumble objects with respect to a stationary observer, or he can make ts stationary and the viewer moving around them. A typical example is walk through made by builder to show Mat interior and building surroundings. In man to move both objects and viewer. update dynamics. With up », colour oF other properties of the ase it is s0 possibl The computer graphics also provides facility calle date dynamics it is possible to change the shai objects being viewed. 6. With fe recent development of dij al signal processing (DSP) and audio synthesis interactive graphics can now provide audio feedback alongwith the graphical feedbacks to make the simulated environment even more realistic .4. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS phics has been classified into two categories according to the application do pain and requirements. Tuey are passive and 1. Passive (off-line) computer graphic ost common example of passive computer graphics is static website, whe 8 no control the monitor. In this, development takes place independently in Interactive computer graphics: This is also called on-line graphics. Displays trolled by mouse, trackb: graphics because the u: s. Vid makin Comput eractive comput The 1, joy: ete, This is termed as Interactive com machine as per his require ts in movies, cart can interact with t ames, dynamic websites, special eff use of interactive computer graph graphics can be broadly divided into the following classes: 1. Business Graphics or the broader cate to graphics, such as bar-charts (also called histograms), pie-charts, pictograms (. sealed symbo ed to present quantitative information to inform and eonvince the 2. Scientific Graphics, such as xy plots, curve-fitting, contour plots, system or pro- gram flowcharts © ry of Presentation Graphics, which refers Scaled Drawings. such as architectural representations, drawings of buildips bridges, and machines Cartoons and artwork, including advertisements Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) whieh are the images which appear on almost all computer screons these days, designed to help the user utilize the software without having to rofer to manuals or read a lot of text on the monitor. |ARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS ome of the major characteristicerof computer graphics are as follows: 1. The interactive nature and the preview capability of computer, are extremely useful in computer graphics. One can create a de to drawing instruments and without back-breaking physical goes along, look at it from various angles and in di satisfactory final version quickly and pleasantly. This is of modern computer usage, but is often taken o Computer graphics is not only pretty and : friendly, making its operation a joy andSS §{_|—_@§ computor Graphics and Multimedia o it very easy for anyone with some computer training and experience to use these for quickly and neatly producing complicated drawings that would have taken draftsmen many days and weeks of drudgery. Some of the things that these packages can do almost instantaneously. at the touch of a button, such as colouring, hatching. hading ete, would take a veteran artist hours if done by hand. 3. But the ease of production of these high quality graphics does not come cheap. For. () Many many-years would have gone into the development of a graphics package, and thus a good graphics package will cost a fortune. (©) The hardware to run the package will also be quite expensive, involving large storage, very high resolution monitors, and fast machines with math co-processors to speed up the countless calculations involved. packa (0) Likewise, even to use a package effici from experienced staff. tly, it would need proper and formal training ly, as with most other computer applications, it ust be remembered that invariably not the computer that makes mistakes, it is the person entering the data or using the command. In computer graphics this truth is often the most. difficult to accept. because, unlike in computations, data processing, or word-processing. the logic of a mistake in computer graphics is not at all obvious! 1,6. COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS nteractive computer graphics consists of three components such as * digital memory buffer = TV monitor * Display controller Using these components, we are able to see the output on the screen in the form of pixels. Update [Frame [Retest [Deploy Video | PUT Procons | beter [Process | controler | racrmaton | Monitor Fig. 1.1. (a) Digital Memory Buffer (Frame Buffer) This is place where images or pictures are stored as an array (matrix of 0 and 1, 0 represents darkness and 1 represents image or picture). Frame buffer is the video RAM (V-RAM) that is used to hold or map the image displayed in the screen. The amount of memory required to hold the image depends primarily on the ution of the screen image and also the colour depth used per pixel. The formula t (6) TV Monitor Monitor helps us to view the di (Refer chapter 2.monitor. The main { n digital memor. ra f frame buffer to th itor display controller rea m the frame buffer memory and converts 0's and al. This signal is t 2 the T duce ab ‘ Now, display risr as display card rd with a resol 640 x 4 1.7. APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS aphics is ly different fields, i busines: work, educatio earning (CAL) id desktop p ual reali Design/Drafting (CAD/CADD) r graphics is in design process, particularly for engineerin tural design, mechanical and industrial design ncloding that of automobiles and aircraft 1. Computer Ai uch ax building and other str jesign of manufacturing p: acecraft and many other products layed in a wire frame outline form pe and intornal features of Sbjcts, Wicetranie icpiaia Alaa aia tive adjustments to design shapes Computer-Aided Design software packages range from 2D vector-based drafting 3 D solid and surface modellers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow tations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired argl on from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mall deling. in which case it may be marketed as CAD (computer-aided design and CAD is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and v5 1 1 types (houses) to the largest commervial structures (hospitals and factories), CAD is mainly used for detailed 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also used ptual design and layout of products, through strength, mblies to definition of manufacturing methods of components, CAD has become an especially important technology within technologies, with benefits such as lower product development:6 Computer Graphics and Mutimedia print it out and lesign cycle. CAD enables designers to layout and develops work on acre ave it for future editing, saving time on their drawings Today most Computer-Aided Design computers are Windows based PCs. Some CAD ystems also run on one of the Unix operating systems and with Linux. Some CAD system QCad, NX or CATIA V5 provide multiplatform support including Windows, Linux, NIX and Mac OS X. 2. Presentation Graphics Here “Presentation”, refers to the act of presenting importa (@) the nce for a lecture ) potential customers for a new product or service etc. The presentation of data in a condensed, visual, convenient form has always been an © understanding and promoting any idea. Graphics becomes a vital part of presenting ideas ind promoting organizat endeavors such as at academic seminars for an proposals for new construction and so on. Computer graphics has raised such oresentations to an art form by making the visuals attractive and colourful without the pecial artistic skills through slides, transparencies, printouts on paper video displays and t points of a topic to e are many commercial packages available for these. Many of the standard packages n ds such as spread shects and database management have also incorporated oresentation graphics capabilities to produce charts and graphics for effective and. speedy mmunication of large data 3. Entertainment Computer graphics methods are used in making music videos. games, cartoon movies. iclevision shows ete. Sometimes the graphics scenes are displayed by themselves and sometimes graphics objects are combined with the actors and live scenes. Several developers have used graphics, sound, animation of multimedia to create variety f games. The children can have and enjoy various games i.e., they can drive cars of different models, fly aircraft, play golf ete 1. Computer-Aided Learning (CAL) Computer-generated models of physical financial and economic systems are often used as, 3, computer graphic tols such as Microsoft Power Point are ory level. The interactive nature ofthe compuler graphics is a vital componenia caching learning process. Teachers use computers to prepare their lectures rrr heir classrooms real life examples to provide the contextual framework which learning. Learning with computers is very interesting for the students of lecture... Man to break World Record for 150hrs of lecture - FRCN HQ MORE RESULTS What is the world record for the lonaest * Q al Discover Search SavedPC Br gg 96g A display controller is connected as an V/O peripheral to the CPU. The display buffer vemory stores the computer produced display list or display program. The program contains oint and line plotting command with end points. The display controller interprets commands for plotting points, lines and characters and ends digital and point co-ordinates to a vector generator. The vector generator then converts he digital co-ordinate values to analog voltages for beam-deflection cireuits that displace an lectron beam writing on the CRT’s phosphor coating. Random-scan systems are designed for line drawing applications and cannot display valistic shaded scenes. Devices such as DVST, plasma panel etc. support only line drawing. Chey do not support for solid areas which can be constructed on raster displays. Since picture Jefinition is stored as a set of line drawing instructions and not as a set of intensity values ‘or all screen points, random displays generally have higher resolution than raster systems. Also, vector or random displays produce smooth line drawings because the CRT beam directly ‘ollows the line path. 2.4. RASTER SCAN DISPLAYS (MONITORS) (UPTU 2009-10) (2008-03) The term RASTER is a synonym for “matrix” therefore a raster scan CRT scans a matrix with electron beam. In a raster-scan system, the electron beam iis swept across the screen, one row at a time from top to bottom. As the electron beam moves across each row, the beam intensity is turned on and off to create a pattern of illuminated spots. Picture definition is stored in a memory area called the refresh buffer or frame buffer. It holds the set of intensity values for all the screen points. The stored intensity values are retrieved from frame buffer and displayed on the screen one row (scan linc) at a time. Each screen point is referred to as a pixel. Each pixel on the screen can be specified by its row and column number. Thus by specifying row and column number we can specify the pixel position on the screen, ‘The capability of a raster-scan. system to store intensity information for each screen point makes it well suited for the realistic display of scenes containing subtle shading and colour patterns. Figure 2,6 shows the architecture of a raster display, it consists of display controller, CPU, video controller, refresh buffer, keyboard, mouse and the CRT.Graphies Primitives: ——$—$ $$ $$$ is 13 has been an inexpensive way to produce colour in random-scan monitors, but only four colours are possible and quality of picture is not as good as with other methods. Advantages: The biggest advantage is that it is at half cost of shadow mask and its resolution is better, Disadvantage: The main problom arises at the time of switching colours, when the beam-accelerating potential needs to be changed by significant amounts in order to prevent smear and flicker of the image. The hardware or the software must be designed to introduce adequate delays between colour changes, so that there is time for voltage to settle. So biggest disadvantage is that change of colour takes time which doesn't suit interactive graphics at all To prevent frequent delays and consequent flicker all the red elements of the picture should be displayed first, then the accelerating potential can be changed to display the yellow elements and so on through all the different colours. Shadow Mask CRT Shadow-mask methods are commonly used in raster-scan systems (including colour TV) because they produce a much wider range of colour than the beam penetration method. A shadow-mask CRT has three phosphor colour dots at each pixel position. One phosphor dot emits a red light, another emits a green light, and the emits a blue light. This type of CRT has three electron guns, one for each colour dot, ai dow-mask grid just behind the phosphor coated screen. Before the stream of electrons produced by the CRTs cathode reaches the phosphor-coated faceplate, it encounters the shadow mask, a sheet of metal engraved with a pattern of holes. The mask is positioned in the glass funnel of the CRT during manufacture and the phosphor is coated on to the screen so that electrons coming from the red, green and blue gun positions only land on the appropriate phosphor. Stray electrons strike the shadow mask and are absorbed by it, generating a great deal of heat, which in turn causes the metal to expand. To allow flatter CRTs to be made, the metal most commonly used now for shadow masks is Invar, an alloy of iron and nickel. The metal has a low coefficient of expansion and its mame derives from the supposed invariability of its dimensions when heat is applied. In reality, its dimensions are not completely invariable and the build up of heat in a shadow mask can let to form of distortion known as: doming, where the center of the mask bulges towards the faceplate slightly. Figure 2.3 illustrates the delta-delta shadow-mask method, commonly used in colour CRT systems. The three-electron beam are deflected and focused as a group onto the shadow mask, which contains a series of holes aligned with theSraphics Primitives W 2.2. CATHODE RAY TUBE (CRT) The simplest version of a cathode ray tube consists of a gas-filled glass tube in which two metal plates, one negatively charged (the cathode) and the other positively charged (the been placed. When a very large voltage is placed across the electrodes, the ne inside the tube will ionize into conducting plasma, and a current will flow as electrons travel from the cathode to the other side, cathode ray tube (CRT) is a type of analog display device. Cathode ray tubes are special, electronic vacuum tubes that use focused electron beams to display images. Though tubes of this type are used for many purposes. """ one Cathode ray tubes are most famous for their use in such things as televisions, oscilloscopes, computer and radar Fig. 2.1. displays, and automated teller machines, Cathode ray tubes are also used in video game equipment. A cathode ray tube has a cathode or negatively charged terminal. In a cathode ray tube, this terminal is a heated filament, much like the filament seen in a light bulb. The filament is contained inside a vacuum with a glass tube. Inside the tube, a beam of electrons is allowed to flow from the filament into the vacuum. The flow of the electrons is natural, not forced. When used inside a television set, a CRT’s electrons are concentrated in a light beam by a positively charged terminal, called an anode. An accelerating anode is then used to speed up the movement of the electrons. These fast-moving electrons fly through the tube’s vacuum, hitting the phosphor-coated screen and making it glow. Cathode-ray tubes are found in oscilloscopes, and similar devices are used in TV picture tubes and computer displays. The name goes back to the early 1900s. Cathode-ray tubes use an electron beam; before the basic nature of the beam was understood, it was called a cathode ray because it originated from the cathode (negative electrode) of a vacuum. Figure 2.2 is a schematic diagram of the principal elements of a cathode-ray tube. The interior of the tube is a very good vacuum, with a pressure of around 0.01 Pa (10-7 atm) or less. At any greater pressure, collisions of electrons with air molecules would scatter the electron beam excessively.Introduction to Computer Graphics To apply image processing methods, we first digitize a photograph and other pictures into an image file, Then digital methods can be applied to modify picture parts, to enhance color or to improve the quality of shading. A revolutionary development in this field is interactive image processing in which human input via graphical interaction techniques and menus assists to regulate various subprocesses while transformation of images are displayed on the screen. For example scanned in images or photographs are electronically enhanced by touching, cropping and combining with other images, some applications of digital image processing a (a) Medical image processing (b) Face detection (c) Microscopic image processing (d) Pattern detection ete Ei BW Summary Computer graphies is the field of computer science in which we are interested in generating objects and image using pixels (picture element). Computer graphics, has been classified into two categories: Non- interactive computer graphics and interactive computer graphics. When the observer have no control over the image this type of graphics to called non-interactive and when the observer have the control over the image then this type of computer graphics is called Interactive computer graphics. Basically, creation and manipulation the image with the aid of computor is known as computers graphics. Interactive computor graphics consists of three components: digital memory buffer, Monitor and display controller. Computer Graphics has been widely used such a graphics presentation, point systems, CAD, image processing simulation and virtual reality and entertainment. Graphics has had a tremendows affect on society. For example, graphics are used in battles and their simulation, medical diagnosis crime re-enactment, cartoons and films. In computer graphics, a computer is used to create a picture. On the other hand image processing applies, used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate 35 mm slides or transparencies for use with projectors. Typical cxamples of presentation graphics are bir charts, pie charts line graphs etc. 1. What are the major application areas of computer graphics? 2. What do you understand by computer graphics? Define in detail (a) computer Art (©) Visualization (©) Computer vision What is the difference between computer oe What are the two principal applicationsThe Modifier Keys ‘The SHIFT, ALT, and CTRL keys are called modifier keys because they modify the input - of other keys. In other words, if we hold down a modifier key while preasing another key, then we changing the second key's input in some way. | The Numeric Keyboard ‘The numeric keyboard is usually located on the right side of the keyboard. The numeric keypad looks like a calculator's keypad, with its 10 digits and mathematical operators (+,-,*/ ee eee also features a NUM LOCK key, which forces the numeric keys to input numbers. When NUM LOCK is deactivated, the numeric keypad’s keys perform cursor movement iota ane and other functions. function keys, which aro labeled F- F12, are usually arranged in a row along the top They allow ee te tnt commands without typing long strings of characters Be cia Ychide « sot of carsac-moroment keys whicd lot us move without using mouse. ier, all IBM-compatible keyboards feature Siieie each of which performs a unique function such as START, SHORTCUT pts Input from the Keyboard ey on a keyboard we might think the keyboard simply sends that letter that is what appears to happen. Actually it is more complex than p, called the keyboard controller, notes that a key has been pressed. er places a code into a part of its memory called the keyboard buffer, ‘was pressed. This code is called the key’s scan code. The keyboard the computers system software that some thing has happened at the pecify what has occurred, just that some thing has. The signal that m ‘is a special kind of message called an interrupt request. The iterrupt request to the system software, when it is receive a ‘system software receives an interrupt request, it evaluates the \e ee When a key press has occurred the system \ in the keyboard buffer that contains the scan code of the key that | the key's scan code to the CPU. 2 ne 14. 3B eee ae zGraphics Primitives —— (1) Key && pressed on the keyboard ————__. * Flexible keyboards * Wireless keyboard mice or mouses) functions as a pointing devices by detecting two- GUI (Graphical d operating system, ¢.g., Windows. il hand-held box used to position the screen cursor. Wheels or rollers on } mouse can be used to record the amount and direction of movement detecting mouse motion is with an optical sensor. For these systems, the OF a special mouse pad that has a grid of horizontal and vertical lines. The ts movement across the lines in the grid. based on mechanism 2. Optical Mouse Se: @ rubber ball that makes contact with wheels hen it is rolled on a pad or desktop. light to detect movement. It emits a light as it is moved. Early optical mice required it today’s devices can be rolled over traditional mouse as well as over almost any surface irs two main benefits, First the mouse lets us gr anywhere on the screen quickly without using Fig. 2.18. MouseComputer Graphics and Multimodtia Fig. 223. Various models of Joy stick Fig, 2.24, Touchscreen ATM 2.14.6. Touch-Screen A touch-screen is a computer display screen that is sensitive to human touch, allowing a user to interact with the computer by touching pictures or words on the screen. * Touch-screen systems accept input directly though the monitor. * Touch screens use sensors to detect the touch of a finger. They are useful where environmental conditions prohibit the use of a keyboard or mouse. * Toouch-screen systems are useful for selecting options from menus. Most touch-screen computers use sensors on the screen's surface to detect the touch of a finger, but other touch-screen technologies are in use, as well. Touch-screen work well in environment where dirt or weather would render keyboards and pointing devices useless. and whore a simple intuitive interface is important. Thus, touch screens are used with automated teller machine (ATM), information kiosks, computer-based training devices, 1nd systems designed to help individuals who have difficulty manipulating a mouse or keyboard. Touch input can be recorded using optical, electrical, or Woualcomen luck aceon < Ina typical optical touch panel, light “emitting diodes (LED) are mounted in adjacent edges one vertical and one horizontal. Thé opposite vertical and horizontal edges contain light detectors. € ‘These detectors instantly identifies which Unioem etectrc fois two orthogonal light beams emitted by the LEDs are blocked by « finger or other pointing device and thereby records the x, Youd eae cuert oom ‘y coordinates of the screen position touched = each comer of lest held Ieee comune assures he “An electrical touch panel is constructed = with two transparent plates seperated by Fig. 2.25. as isc wit anc af loce 24 knc the hor oth iso The £001 stylComputer Graphics and Multimedia xximately one inch from the tablet surface. It is important to note that, unlike the RAND 1, modern tablets do not require electronics in the stylus and any tool that provides an ale “point be used with the pad. In some tablets multiple button hand-cursor is stead of stylus. Graphics tablets are available in various sizes and price ranges. A6- ablets being relatively inexpensive and A3-sized tablets being far more expensive. very time user may not wish to enter stylus position into the computer. In such cases can lift the stylus or make the tablet off by pressing a switch provided on the stylus, “ther graphical tablet technologies use sound (sonic) coupling and resistive coupling. sonic tablet uses sound waves to couple the stylus to microphones positioned on the hery of the digitizing area. Sound brust are created by an electrical spark at the tip of tylus. Tho time between when the «park occurs and when its sound arrives at each phone is proportional to the distance from the stylus to each microphone. The sonic Sts mainly used in 3D positioning the devices, The resistive tablet uses a battery powered 8 that cmits high-frequency radio signals. The tablet is a picce of glass coated with a glayer of conducting material in which an electrical potential is induced by the radio “ils. The strength of the signals at the edges of the tablet is inversely proportional to the nee to the stylus and ean thus be used to calculate the stylus position. 8. Light Pen light pen is a pointing device shaped like a and is connectod to the computer. The tip of ht pen contains a light-sensitive element electric cell) which, when placed against the mn, detects the light from the screen. enabling “omputer to identify the location of the pen on icreen, Vnlike other devices which have associated ware to track the'device and determine x an y the light pen needs software support (some ‘of tracking program). A light pen can work any CRT-based monitor, but not with LCD ‘ins, projectors or other display devices, 0 light pen aetually works by sensing the n small change in brightness of a point on the soting exactly where the scanning has reached at that moment, the x, y position of the ean be resolved, The pen position is updated on every refresh of the screen. Although light pens are still with us, they are not much popular because of several vantages. One such disadvantago is that when light pen is pointed at the screen, part ® screen image is obscured by the hand and pen, And prolonged use of the light pen can it. Another disadvantage is that they cannot detect position with in black to sclect positions in any screen area with a light pen, we must have some to each screen pixel. In addition, light pens sometimes give false lighting that uses position tracking sensors and fiber optic to a compatible computer, the movement Graphics Pr of the han: the compu the user to in the s1 animated (wearing t and do th with a re devices, ts the user v or the amc or hands : is not actu glove is a virtual re Figur Actually i end and a where it i Tost, 80 le: The in ‘Thus by w them. 2.14.10. V The vo voice oF 5} trigger gri particular spoken) a by the sar and if fou then the ¢ 214.11. § In con scans ima and conve become ar last few y used in m °Fvucs Primitives — 37 ¢ hand and fingers are displayed live on computer monitor which in-turn allows wser to virtually touch an object displayed he same monitor. With the object sated it would appear that the user ring the data glove) can pick up an object do things with it just as he would ¢ a real object. In modern data glo ces, tactile sensors are used to provide aser with an additional feeling of touch ve amount of pressure or force the fingers ands are exerting even though the user it actually touching anything. Thus data e is an agent to transport the user to sal reality. Pigure 2.29 shows the data glove. jially in data glove, each sensor is a short length of fiberoptic cable, with a LED at one and a phototransistor at tl rend, The surface of a cable ix roughend in the area re it is to be sensitive to bending. When the cable is flexed, some of the LED's lig! so less light is received by the phototransistor. The input from the glove can bo used to pos s by wearing the data glovo, a user can grasp, mov 2. 110. Voice System The voice-system or specch recognition system is a sophisti ce that 1 © or speech input from the user and transforms it to digital data that can be used to fer graphic operations or enter data in specific fields. A dictionary is established for a dicular operator (voice) by recording the frequency-patterns of the v ten) and corresponding function to be performed. Later whe comm rehes for a frequency-pattern match in the dictionary is triggered. Ifa different operator is to use the system ‘athe dictionary has to be restablished with the new operator's atterns. 4.11. Scanner In computing, a scanner is a device that optically bs images, printed text, handwriting, or an object, converts it to a digital image. Scanners have ‘me an important part of the home office over the \few years. Scanner technology is everywhere and din many ways: * Flatbed scanners, also called desktop scanners, are the most versatile and com- Fig. 2.29. Data glove objects in a virtual scene. te objects and then dey mmands (words ad is given avo! Fig. 2.30. Scanner3 SSB §|§|\|_ — computor Grapnics anct Muttimocio * Handheld scanners use the same basic technology as a flatbed scanner, but rely on the user to move them instead of a motorized belt. This type of scanner typically does not provide good image quality. However, it can be useful for quickly captur: ing text. * Drum seanners are used by the publishing industry to capture incredibly detailed images. They use a technology called a photo multiplier tube (PMT). In PMT, the document to be scanned is mounted on a glass cylinder. At the center of the cylinder is a sensor that splits light bounced from the document into three beams. Each beam is sent through a colour filter into a photo multiplier tube where the light is changed into an electrical signal, The core component of the scanner is the CCD (Charge-coupled device) array. CCD is the most common technology for image capture in scanners. CCD is a collection of tiny light- sensitive diodes, which convort photons (light) into electrons (electrical charge). These diodes are called photosites. Each photosite is sensitive \o light-the brighter the light that hits a single Fig. 2.31. Close-up of the CCD array photosite, the greater the electrical charge that will accumulate at that site. The image of the document that we scan reaches the CCD array through a series of mirrors, filters and lenses The Scanning Process © The document is placed on the glass plate and the cover is closed. The inside of the cover in most scanners is flat white, although a few are black. The cover provides a uniform background that the scanner software can use as a reference point for determining the size of the document being scanned. Most flatbed scanners allow the cover to be removed for scanning a bulky object, such as a page in a thick book. * A lamp is used to illuminate the document. The lamp in newer scanners is either ‘a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) or a xenon lamp, while older scanners may have a standard fluorescent lamp. © The entire mechanism (mirrors, lens, filter Flatbed and CCD array) makes up the scan head. _ The scan head is moved slowly across the a belt that is attached to a The scan head is attached to Jens focuses the image through ngement vary based on the mn Each pass uses a dif- is and CCD array. After the Graphics F tt in “M es fi 8 rea Anott is contact with rows consisting the glass to provid: scanners resolutior Scant resolutior number 0 precision Inter resolutior scanned | example, then the: Anott refers tot 24 bits ne Many of perform i the incre: 2.15. HA Monitor « analysis, and plott 245.1. P ‘The 5 decade, tl have beo consumer Basec printer a) the size « increases that a p technolog.0 —_——_S Computer Graphics and Multimection 1, Impact: These printers have a mechanism whereby formed character faces are pressed against an inked ribbon on to the paper in order to create an image, ¢.£.. dot matrix printer, line printer. Non-impact: These printer do not touch the paper rather use laser techniques, ink sprays xerographic processes and electrostic methods to produce image on paper. For example laser printer, ink-jet printer, electrostatic printer, drum plotter, flatbed plotter ete. 3. Dot Matrix Printers: In the early years of computing, dot matrix printers were the most commonly used printing devices. Dot matrix printers are popular in business and acade: settings because they are relatively fast and inexpensive to operate and they do a good job of printing text and simple graphics. A dot matrix printer creates an image by using a mechanism called a print head, which contain’ a cluster (or matrix) of short pins arranged in one or more columns. On receiving instructions from the PC, the printer can:push any of the pins out in any combination. By pushing out pins in various combinations the print head can create alphanumeric characters. When pushed out from the cluster the protruding pins’ ends strike a ribbon, which is held in place between the print head and the paper. When the pins strike the ribbon, they press ink from the ribbon onto the paper. The print head normally prints along every raster row of the printer paper and the colour of print is the colour of the ink of the ribbon. Thus, a dot matrix printer forms a character by creating a series of dots. Pp eae oL tise. so. Output from Oct matrix printer The more pins that a print head contains, the higher the printer's resolution. The lowest resolution dot matrix printers have only 9 pins and the highest resolution printers have 24 pins. ‘The speed of dot matrix printers is measured in characters per second (CPS). The slowest dot matrix printers create 50 to 70 characters per second and the fastest printer more than 500 cps. Line Printer: A line printer is a special type of impact printer. It works like a dot matrix printer but uses a special wide print head that can print an entire line of text ata4 the band, pressing the cha ist. Depending on t lines of text per minute. er against a ribbon. Band printers are character set used a good quality band printer rs: A inkjet printer ia a non-impact printer that places extremel: pap to create an image. The di yea! per are extremely I twe ») and 60 microns diameter) and ar i very precise of up to 1440 * 720 dpi. The dots can have different colours combined together ite photo-quality image compared to laser printers, the operating cost of an ink: ris relative Many ink-jet printers use one cartrid for black-and-white printing. This * colour printing. ur printing and a ate black on saves mo of an inkjet pri to spray drops of ink int head assembly (print bh nical ¢ r is the print head that con’ ink is contained in ink cartri¢ and ink cartridges) back tion of the printer is controlled by a small cireuit board and memory. in a series of nozzles that proce De a ama Fig. 2.34. Stour inkjet printers have four ink nozzles: cyan ) magnetic (red), 4, they are often known as CMYK printers. Notice oe colours are different from the primary additive # (red. greem and bluc) used in monitors printed is the result of light source. Consequently, cyan, eta, yellow and black are sometimes called factive colours and colour printing is sometimes four-colour printing. Fig, 2.35. 2. thermal inkjet printer, tiny resistors create a bubble. As the bubble ex-2 oaeeSSemeaoa SS Computer Graphics and Muitime ction pands, some of the ink is pushed out of a nozzle onto the paper, When the bubble pops” (collapses), a vacuum is created. This pulls more ink into the print head from the cartridge. A typical bubble jet print head has 300 or 600 tiny nozzles, and I of them can fire a droplet simultaneously. + Piezoelectric: It is patented by Epson. This technology uses piezo crystal. A crys- tal is located at the back of the ink reservoir of each nozzle. The crystal receives a tiny electric charge that causes it to vibrate. When the crystal vibrates inward, it forces a tiny amount of ink out of the nozzle. When it vibrates out, it pulls some more ink into the reservoir to replace the ink sprayed out. Laser Printer: As the name implies, a laser is at the heart of these printers. A CPU and memory are built into the printer to interpret the data that it receives from the computer and to control the laser, The result is a complicated piece of equipment that uses technology similar to that in photocopies. Figure shows how a laser printer works. Just as the electron gun in a monitor can target any pixel, the laser in a laser printer can aim at any point on a drum, creating an electrical charge. Toner, which is composed of tiny particles of ink, sticks to the drum in the places the laser has charged. Then, with presure and heat, the toner is transferred off the drum onto the paper. The amount of memory that laser printers contain determines the speed at which documents are printed. 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