Producing drawings

Drawings are produced on standard sized sheets, ranging from AO to A4.

Drawings may be made in three ways:
freehand sketching
by hand with drafting equipment
computer assisted using computer software to produce the drawing (computer
aided drafting - CAD)
Copying or !reproducing drawings
Depending olmsize, drawings may be reproduced by:
phowcopYing
dye:lii:Ie reproduction
cOlmrputer plotting
inkjpt printing
Ask the to show you some samples
Drawing s-tandards
Engineering dl1'awings and other technical drawings have to be done in ways that all
engineers can; recognise. These ways are called standards or conventions.
Drawings are made to standard so that they:
use the same symbols, lines, dimensioning techniques etc.
can be understood in different places, that is interstate or internationally.
Australian Standards are usually shortened to AS. The drawings in this module are on
standard sized sheets as stated in AS1100.
There are several drawing standards available both nationally and internationally. For
this module all: our drawings should follow the rules of:
Australian Standard 1100 - Technical Drawing - Part 101 - General Principles
Aus,tralian Standard 1102 - Graphic Symbols for Electrotechnology. (Parts 1 -
15 as appropriate.)
:MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package ", ii J
December, 1995-
6
Standard Drawing Sheets
Size
There are five sizes ranging from AO, the largest, to A4, the smallest. As you go from
size AO to size A4, each sheet is half the previous sheet. See the figure shown below.
420mm
A3
210mm
E
A4
E
t'-
Cl)
N
AD is 841 x 1198
A1
AO
841mm
841mm
E
E
t'-
Cl)
N
A4
E
E

Cl)
tn
420mm
E
A2
E

Cl)
tn
MEC076 - 1 - 1 I
Border
The suggested border is proportional in size to the size of the sheet. In the drawing
below the borders on an AO sheet are larger than the borders on an A 1 sheet, and so on
down to A4
5
7
A4
I
~ (200)
A3t
10
(283)
7 (283)
A2
14
~ ( 4 ~ 0 )
A1
(400)
10
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package
December, 1995-
14
!
7
20
28
-10
(566)
(566)
14
10
(801)
14
(1133)
Preferred Series sheets
k " iI 'II
7
20
AD
(801
20
28
20
MEC076 - 1 - 2 I
Title block Information
The title block identifies a
range of data relating to
the drawing;. It includes the
name of the;company, the
name of what is drawn, the
drawing sheet: number for
storage and; r.eference
purposes, who drew the
drawing, who)checked the
drawing, andi0ther
important inwrmation
regarding thfi;drawing,
along with a1 fJistory of any
changes that:. have been
made since tlire drawing
was originally,rdrawn.
Each companD' has its own
title block.
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package
December, 1995-
C
A
f-
B
l-
C
l-
D
ISSUE
1 I 2
DATE ZONE CHANGE BY CKD
AMENDMENTS
1 I ? I
3 4 5 I 6
DO NOT SCALE
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
A
f-
SAMPLE OF A STANDARD
SHEET LAYOUT
B
WITH A BLANK TITLE BLOCK
THE LAYOUT VARIES FROM
ORGANISATION TO ORGANISATION
t>
f-
C
f-
UNLESS NOTED OTHER'MSE
~ - - E I -
DRAWN
D
TOLERANCES ARE: TRACED
MATERiAl CHECKED
LINEAR
AffROVED TITLE
ISSUED
ANGULAR
RECORD OF ISSUE
DRAWlNG PRACTICE
FINISH
'" I
I I I
I SIZE I DRG N' I SHT
AS 1100 I I I I
SCALE
::\ 4 ~ 6
V
1 MEC076 - 1 - 31
8
Parts of a title block
The next few pages will explain what information is conveyed by each part of a title block.
The name of the company
Each company designs its own title block and has quantities of each size of drawing sheets
printed.
TAFE ENGINEERING PTY LTD
The above designation has been used as an example to identify drawings used in TAFE, and will
be seen on all the examples shown.
UNLESS N01E.D
E3-
D!<AWN
TOLERANCES ME: 1MCED
MAm",L CHECKED
UNEAR
A"""DYED TITLE

DRAWING PRACTICE
FINISH
SCALE
AS 1100 I I
3 4
Title
This is a description of what is drawn on the sheet
Below are two examples
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
TOLERANCES ME:
UNEAR
ANGU!.AR
DRAWING PRACTICE
A51100
3
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
TOLERANCES ARE:
ANGUlAR
-cG
MATERIAL
FINISH
D<AWN
1MCED
CHEmD
_DYED
TITLE
I
" I
SCALE
I I
4
TITLE
SCALE
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation I
Resource Package
December, 199/f
TAFE ENGINEERING PTY LTD
10
EXHAUST DUeTING ASSEMBLY
I S1;E
DRGN'
I
324
5 6
TAFE ENGINEERING PTY LTD 10
EXHAUST DUCT
DUeTING DETAILS
I S1;E
DRGW
I
324
5 6
TAFE ENGINEERING PTY LTD
h ., .. iI 'II
9
Size, Scale and Drawing Number
The drawing number or sheet number may be abbreviated to DRWG N. or DWG Nand SHT N.
TAFE ENGINEERING PTY LTD
TITLE
EXHAUST DUCT
DUeTING DETAILS
SCALE iSIZE IDRWG N".
A31 324
/
Sheet Number. (SHT). Optional. Every sheet
in a set of drawings for a particular device or
assembly is numbered.
Drawing Number. (DRWG No. or DRG No.). This number
is a number given by the company to a particular drawing
or set of drawings for something to be constructed.
Where sheet numbers are not used drawing numbers are
usually in sequence, for example 1010, 1011, 1012, etc.
'------ Size. This is the size of the original sheet that
the drawing was drawn on. It is not necessarily
the size of the sheet you are looking at because
you may be looking at a coPy that has been
reduced or expanded.
Scale. Not all components or constructions are drawn full size. ego The plans
for a house are not drawn full size for obvious reasons. Hence, large objects are
drawn to reduced scale such as \1, full size (1:2), 1110 full size, (1:10) full size (1:1)
etc.
The scale box for full sized drawings are usually marked 1:1 or full size. A half size
drawing would be marked 1:2, a 1/10 full size 1:10 and so on.
On the other hand, very small components are drawn larger than full size. ego
Twice full size would be marked as 2:1, five times full size would be marked 5:1 and
so on.
Students should now attempt
questions 1 to 4 Exercise 1-1 page 14
I MEC076 - 1 - 4 I
The next section provides reference material which you may need to refer back to while
completing the module.
Drawn, Traced, Checked, Approved, Issued and Record of Issue
(Refer to sample sheet on page 16)
Drawn (Zone D4)
The draftsperson places either their name or initials in this box.
Traced (Zone D4)
The tracer who made the ink tracing places either their name or initials in this box. Tracing
has now virtually been replaced by CAD.
Checked (Zone D4)
The person who checks the drawing for accuracy, errors, correct quantities, spelling, safety
considerations etc. places their name or initials in this box.
Approved (Zone D4)
The chief design engineer is often the one who goes over the drawings for another opinion and
safeguard. They then sign or initial this box.
Issued (Zone D4)
This is the date when, after thorough checking, the drawings are issued to the workshop or
subcontractors and construction started or tenders called for.
Record of issue (optional) (Zone D4)
On the sample sheet there are ten small squares for this function. The first issue is A. If any
changes or modifications are carried out, this is noted in the amendments box as a later
issue B, C, D etc.
The drawings then have to be reissued with the amendment shown as issue B. All issue 'A'
drawings, must be destroyed. Any previous 'A' issue drawings that are now incorrect and do
not get destroyed could cause catastrophic problems in production.
From this it becomes very obvious that it is critical that before making anything, it must be
ensured that,the drawings being used are the latest issues. Old drawings that have been on
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package
December, 1995-
10
the bench, under the bench or in drawers for months or years pose a real threat to industry.
All this can be overcome by a simple phone call to the drawing office in most cases. Otherwise
if any doubt exists a check should be made with your immediate supervisor.
Projection symbols
First angle projection
Third angle projection
{@--f----}
{----}-@
The two symbols shown above represent two methods of placing views on a drawing. Even
though Third angle is the preferred or standard for engineering drawings in Australia, some
industries still use first angle. It is imperative that both systems are understood so that
costly and embarrassing errors are not made. On some drawings, even an experienced
draftsperson has to look carefully to determine which system has been used. A comparison
between first angle and third angle is demonstrated in the next sheet using pictures of a car.
Material (Zone D4)
This box is for listing the types of material that the object is made from. This can not always
be used because there are often a number of objects made from different materials drawn on
the one sheet. In this case the type of material will have to be noted under each object.
Finish (Zone D4)
The designer of any object must determine how smooth each surface has to be. Most things
need to have a range of different surface finishes on them. If the object is basically the same
all over the surface finish is placed in the box followed by the letters UNO. (unless noted
otherwise)
Students should attem t uestions 5, 6, 7 and 8 in Exercise 1-1 age 14
I MEC076 - 1 - 5 I
Drawn below is a practical example of first angle projection. Note that the respective view is
projected to the opposite side that you are looking at.
First angle rojection
Projection symbol
Right end view C
(Back of car)
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Packa$e
December, 1996
I I
I
L::::.=.
~ c D
\II
DSZ
I
Bottom view E
(Underneath of car)
-f
D
I
,
E
Front view A
(Side of car)
Top view D
(Top of car)
--c
-==;--A
Left end view B
(Front of car)
h " iI ill
11
Drawn below is a practical example of third angle projection. Note that the respective view is
projected to the same side that you are looking at (mirror image).
Third angle rojection
Projection symbol
Left end view B
(Front of car)
---A
B--
r---:/
'------\
/ I
I
L::::.=.
~ ' D ~
\1
1
[5 I
Top view D
(Top of car)
D
~
t
E
Front view A
(Side of car)
q
Bottom view E
(Underneath of car)
A ~
---C
Note: All drawings in this book will be using third angle projection.
Right end view C
(Back of car)
I MEC076 - 1 - 6 I
(Refer again to Drawing No. 5210 - 1A Sheet 2 of 4 on page 16)
All dimensions in millimetres (Zone A3, A4)
This notation saves the draftsperson from having to write 'mm' after each dimension that is
placed on a drawing.
Tolerance (Zone D3)
Tolerance is the amount of variation permitted in the size of a component.
Drawing practice (Zone D1, D2)
This box denotes the standard to which the drawing is drawn.
Amendments (Zone D1, D2)
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
TOLERANCE
LINEAR
ANGULAR
DRAWING PRACTICE
AS 1100
This is a critical area on the draWing. Quite often pieces of equipment or components are
modified for a wide range of reasons. When a modification is made and the modified drawing is
distributed, it means that there is the possibility that the previous drawing/s are still sitting
around somewhere. Unless all earlier copies are recovered and destroyed, there is the
possibility that future work could be carried out using the wrong drawing/so
Note: It is critical when working to any drawing, that it is verified that the drawing is the
latest issue before commencing work. Always be careful about working from
draWings that look as though they have been around for a considerable time. they
may be out of date.
Issues may be recorded using the alphabet; A, B, C, D .... or numerically; 1, 2, 3,4 .....
The date the change has been made is noted.
The next column is deSignated 'zone'. Zone is where to find the change on the drawing. It is
similar to a street directory in that there are letters A, B, C, D down the page and the
numbers 1, 2, 3,4 ..... across the page. This allows the draftsperson to indicate where to look
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package-
December, 1995-
k " iI J
12
on the sheet to find the change that has been made. If directly under a number and beside a
letter it would be noted for example B4. If between numbers it may appear as B4 or B5 and
you would need to look for it. Some companies identify changes by showing the issue in a
triangle near to the change. See Zone B3.
Change is where the description of the change in the drawing is placed. It gives a record of
what it was originally.
There are a number of columns that will vary from company to company, depending on what
they want to record, however, the initials of the draftsperson who drew the change/s and the
initials of who checked the change/s is standard procedure.
ECN = Engineering change notice. This is a form issued by some companies to drafters
instructing them to carry out the change.
ISSUE DATE ZONE CHANGE ECN BY CKD
AMENDMENTS
Parts list or materials list (See page 20 for an example Zone D5 and D6)
This box of information is a summary of every component that goes to make up whatever is
drawn. Where there are many drawings that make up the full set for a particular
construction, there is usually a column that contains the drawing number for each component
or components on that sheet.
Look at the drawing on the next page for a summary of what has been covered so far.
Students should now com lete exercise 1-1 on age 14 and 15
MEC076 - 1 - 7 I
1 I 2 I 3 4 I 5 I
ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETRES
DO NOT SCALE
MAIN FEATURES OF A DRAWING SHEET
1
A
1. Border
2. Zones
I--
3. Amendments Chart
4. Title Block
B
5. Projection Symbol
6. Material
~
7. Finish
8. Drawing Standards Number
9. Tolerances
c 10. Parts List
I-
2
...
D
ISSUE DATE ZONE
1
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package
December, 1995-
\
\
\
\
\
\
3
/
/
/
/
..
\ CHANGE
\ AMENDMENTS
I ?
to highlight the drawing area.
for finding a location on the drawing - similar to a street
directory - for example Dl
this shows any changes made to a drawing. It is important for
a tradesperson to have the latest drawing to work from.
for identifying the drawing and filing it. It also contains other
useful information.
to show the method of orthographic projection used.
to specify the type of material used, ego aluminium.
the quality or type offinish required.
the particular standard the drawing conforms to.
the allowable size range acceptable for the parts.
list and description of the parts shown on the drawing.
5
ITEM No DESCRIPTION MATERIAL
PARTS LIST
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
~ - 8
DRAWN
TOLERANCES ARE: TRACED
CHECKED
G)
MATERIAL
LINEAR
@
APPROVED TITLE
ISSUED
ANGULAR
RECORD OF ISSUE
BY CKD
DRAWING PRACTICE (8 '
FINISH
(7)
A, I I I I I SIZE I DRG N
SCALE
AS 1100 U I I I I
I ~ 4 I
"
I
V
", iI if!
13
6
A
f-
B
10
I- ~
c
f-
No. REQUIRED
D
G)
I SHT
R
I MEC076 - 1 - 8 I
Student Exercises 1 - 1
Referring to the drawing No. 5210 - 1A sheet 2 of 4, (page 16) answer the following
questions.
1. How many drawing sheets make up the full set for the hydraulic punch?
2. What company owns this set of drawings?
3. To what" scale is each component drawn to?
4. What siire sheet was the original drawing drawn on?
-----------------------------------------------------------
5. When wet1e the drawings first issued?
6. Where do)you find out what material each component is made from?
7. In the fii:1ish box are the letters UNO. What do the letters stand for and what do
they mean?
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource PackaEe
December, 1998"
14
8. The punching diameter'C' of the punch can be made to different diameters.
Referring to the chart, how many different diameters can be ordered?
9. What is the tolerance on all linear dimensions?
10. What material is the cup seal made from?
11. What is the date of the last issue of the drawing?
12. The material for the cup seal has been changed since the original issue of the
drawings. What material was it originally made from?
13. What component is named at zone B5?
14. What Australian Standard has the drawing been drawn to?
15. Is the drawing drawn to first angle projection or third angle projection?
I MEC076 - 1 - 9 I
16. Can you tell if the drawing is first or third angle projection from the information in
the Title Block (yes/no)
17. How many of each of these components is required when assembling the finished
hydraulic punch?
18. What angular tolerance applies to angles on the components?
19. What are the initials of the person who approves the original drawings?
20. What are the initials of the person who checked the latest amendments?
21. How are the ends of the sleeve spring and punch spring to be finished off in
manufacture?
22. What drawing number is shown in zone D6?
23. What angle of projection does this symbol represent?
MEC076 Engineering Drawing Interpretation 1
Resource Package
December, 199&
@)------}
24. What units are all the dimensions in?
25. What is the drawing title?
h I, iii '"
I MEC076 - 1 - 10 I
15
MEC076 - 1 - 11
Page 16
1
1
2 3 4 5
1
6
ALL DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DO NOT SCALE
50
I" 140 1
,,,.

0.
4 HOLES EQUISPACED
25 110 FREE LENGTH
ON.0 30 P.C.D.
--A- -
--n-
-45
DRill RI5 x 20 DEEP
;p
I 5 U'CUT TO.077
TAP M6 xl x 15

A r-'
r
1.1
2x45'-
"-
A
R3--.,. 651D - - -- -
./ ""-
L
.075.0e
r .0 35
C B
/ \
.065
( I \
- --'--r,t-:- -- .0!iO -
. - -- .065
-
\ I / I
-
LMQ
/
'"

V
R6
-
KG-
!10/
16
Allover

DRIll.031 THRU

UNO
TAP RP1I25
"""'1:2'
0
nO
SLEEVE SPRING
I .080.00
27
0
CD PISTON
.079.95
MATl - SPRING STEEL CUP SEAL
SCREWCUT
TWO FUll TURNS CLOCKWISE
MATl - MOULDED
M80x2-
B BOTH ENDS SQUARED & GROUND MATl - M.S.
o CYLINDER HEAD
B
REQD -1 OFF REQD -1 OFF REQD-lOFF
MATl -C.I.
REQD -1 OFF
- -
4 HOLES EQUISPACED
ON.030 P.C.D. 45
PART 0C
TOL
DRlll.06.5 THRU I FREE lENGTH' I NUMBER NOM
C'SINK.012 x 90 INC
rfA- \7r -r -
-0.01
50 30 5
P521012 12
-0.02
-I- r I ,;\
-0.01

2911)- I \Y, -
P521014 14
-0.02 .028.5,
-.022
- -
L -(d.- P521016 16
:8:8k
F
/r'-
.03J.99 C
' '\ -
C
-

.04
P521018 18

r---i--- ---

"'<--
- -

P521020 20
:8Bb
@
30
45
Rl
\..1 x45
PUNCH SPRING
P521022 22 lYP
JL
.054.5 MATl - SPRING 5TEEL
@

I-- PUNCH
I--
3.5 FULL TURNS ANTICLOCKWISE
@
BOTH ENDS SQUARED & GROUND MATl - DIE STEEL HEAT TREATED TO BS 1407
PACKING PLATE REQD -1 OFF REQD -1 OFF
MATl- M.S.
REQD -1 OFF
D
UNLESS NOTED OTHERWISE
-@--E3-
DRAWN Wl
..m.J
MANUFACTURING AND ENGINEERING
D
TOLERANCES ARE:
TRACED SK EDUCATIONAL SERVICES DIVISION
MATERIAL
CHECKED
,ID
TITLE
LINEAR 0,25
APPROVED AP, COMPONENTS
B 18 -12 - 97 B3 CUP SEAL WAS lEATHER 36975 TAG DS AS LISTED
ISSUED 1;:> -1;:> - 87
HYDRAULIC PUNCH
A 12 -12 - 97 ISSUED FOR PRODUCTION DS TAG
ANGULAR 015'
RECORD OF ISSUE
ISSUE DATE ZONE CHANGE ECN BY CKD DRAWING PRACTICE
FINISH
X B I I SCALE SIZE I DRG N" SHT
AMENDMENTS AS 1100
I I
1: Z A3
5210 -1A
ZOF4
1
1
2 3 4 5
1
6