JEE/NEET

Electro Magnetic Induction

 ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION

Magnetic flux
The magnetic flux through a small area d A placed in a magnetic field B is defined as:
d  B  d A  B(dA cos ) . The magnetic flux can be positive, negative or zero depending on the angle . The
magnetic flux is taken as negative if field lines enter the area and positive if field lines leave the area. The SI
unit of magnetic flux is weber. The cgs unit is maxwell. (1 weber = l08 maxwell). Also 1 weber = 1 Tesla-m2.
1 If, the field is uniform and the area is plane, then the total magnetic flux through the area A is:
  B  A  BA cos 

2 The magnetic flux through a curved surface is given by the integral:    B  d A

3 The magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero, i.e., .    B  d A  0 . The statement that
   B  d A  0 is the Gauss' theorem for magnetostatics. It is equivalent to the fact that isolated
magnetic monopoles do not exist.
4 The magnetic flux is a measure of the total number of lines of B through a given area. The
   B  d A  0 also means that lines of B are continuous, i.e., do not end at south pole of magnet but
pass through the magnet coming out of the north pole.
Electromagnetic induction and Faraday's experiments
E.M. induction is the phenomenon of production of induced electric current and induced e.m.f in a conducting
loop whenever the magnetic flux linked with the loop is changed. This phenomenon was discovered by
Faraday.
Whenever there is a relative motion between coil and the magnet, induced e.m.f. is produced in the coil and
induced current flows in the circuit. The induced current exists till there is a relative motion.
The magnitude of induced current or e.m.f. is large if relative velocity is large. The polarity of induced e.m.f.
changes if the relative velocity is reversed in direction.
Laws of electromagnetic induction
First law: Whenever there occurs a change in the magnetic flux linked with a coil, there is an induced e.m.f.
in the coil. The induced e.m.f. lasts so long as the change in flux is taking place. There is an induced current
only when coil circuit is complete.
Second law: The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change in the magnetic
flux, i.e. e  (d/dt). For N turns, e  N(d/dt).
Lenz's law: The direction of the induced current is such that it tends to oppose the cause producing it.
a. Combining the second and third law: e = -N(d/dt).
b. Lenz's law is based on law of conservation of energy.
Fleming's right hand rule: Stretch the thumb and two nearby fingers of your right hand in three mutually
perpendicular directions such that if the forefinger points along the direction of magnetic field and thumb
along the direction of motion of the conductor, then the central finger points in the direction of induced
current.
1 Induced e.m.f. and induced current are in no way different from the e.m.fs. and currents provided by a
battery connected to a conducting loop.
2 The induced e.m.f. in a circuit does not depend on the resistance of the circuit as e = -(d/dt). However,
e 1  d 
the induced current in the circuit does depend on the resistance. I     
R R  dt 
3 The induced charge that flows in the circuit depends on the change of flux only and not on how fast or
dq 1  d  d
slow the flux changes.     or dq   .
dt R  dt  R
(1   2 )
On integrating, the total charge that flows in the circuit is found to be: q  . Thus q does not
R
depend on rate of change of the flux but it depends on total flux change and R in the circuit.
N(1   2 )
If the number of turns in the coil is N, then the charge that flows through the coil is: q 
R
Induced E.M.F. across a conducting rod
Conducting rod moving in a uniform magnetic field: When a conducting rod of length l moves with a
velocity v in a uniform magnetic field of induction B such that the l makes an angle  with B , then the
magnitude of the average induced e.m.f. |e| is given by: |e| = vBl sin 
Conducting rod rotating with angular velocity  in a uniform magnetic field: When a rod of length l
rotates with angular velocity  in a uniform magnetic field B, then induced e.m.f. across the ends of the
rotating rod is;
e = (1/2)Bl2 = Bfl2 = Baf where A = l2 = area swept by the rod in one rotation and f is the frequency of
rotation.
Metallic disc rotating with angular velocity  in a uniform magnetic field: When a metallic disc of radius
R rotates with angular velocity  in a uniform magnetic field B, then induced e.m.f. across centre of disc and
rim is e = (1/2)BR2
Self-inductance
When a current I flows through a coil, it produces a magnetic flux  through it. Then   I or  = LI where L is
constant, called the coefficient of self-induction or self-inductance of the coil. The unit of L in MKS system is
henry.
Further, e = -(d/dt) = - d(LI)/dt == -L(dI/dt)
Self-inductance L of a solenoid of N turns, length l, area of cross-section A, with a core material of relative
  N2A
permeability r is given by: L  r o
l
Mutual inductance
When a current I flowing in the primary coil produces a magnetic flux  in the secondary coil, then   I or 
= MI, where M is a constant, called the coefficient of mutual induction or mutual inductance. The unit of M in
MKS system is henry e = - d/dt = - d(MI)/dt = -M(dl/dt)
 r  o N1N2 A
Mutual inductance M of two co-axial solenoids is given by: M  where N1 and N2 represent the
l
total number of turns in the primary coil and the secondary coil.

Series and parallel combination of inductances

1 Two inductors of self-inductances L1 and L2 are kept so far apart that their mutual inductance is zero.
These are connected in series. Then the equivalent inductance is: L = L1 + L2
2 Two inductors of self-inductances L1 and L2 are connected in series and they have mutual inductance M.
Then the equivalent inductance of the combination is: L = L1 + L2 ± 2M. The plus sign occurs if windings
in the two coils are in the same sense, while minus sign occurs if windings are in opposite sense.
3 Two inductors of self-inductances L1 and L2 are connected in parallel. The inductors are so far apart that
their mutual inductance is negligible. Then equivalent inductance is: L = L1L2 / L1 + L2 or
1/L = 1/ L1 + 1/ L2
4 If two coils of self-inductances L1 and L2 are wound over each other, the mutual inductance is given by:
M = K (L1L2)1/2 (where K is called coupling constant). The maximum coupling (K = 1) occurs
when the two coils are wound over each other, over a ferromagnetic core.