EI-ECTRIC-{-

110

direction of force and torque on the conductor may remain t}re same. This reversal of curr=:
by commutator andbrush gear.
The armature current, in a motor, is flowing in the opposite direction to the gener:^:=':
-----
called back e.m.f. Therefore, in a motor the current to be reversed in a coil, when r'illll,,

short-circuited by a brush, is in the opposite direction to that of the current in the :."
Consequently, the e.rn.f. required to force the reuersal of cutent is also in opposite dire::
-

--
required. for a generalor. If the D.C. motor has no interpoles, tlne brushes must be retarit
good"o**.ttation. Inageneratorthebrusheshauetobegiuenaforwardlead.If t}re mo:-: ' i
*ithint".poles,thepolarityoftheinterpolesmustbeoppositetothatina'generator'.Thus:.-,-: L

of an intet"pole, in a'D.C. motor,'must be the polarity of tlte main pole immediately pr:.'-: ;';x'
interpole. It may be added that if the operation of a machine, with interpoles, is cha:;-. nt

geneiator to motor, the direction of armature current reuerses. Since the interpoles are -r : i,

armature current, the polarities of the interpoles automatically reuerse to the proper poi:- ' :

SHUNT MOTORS
Example 5.1. Determine the torque deueloped when a current of a 30 A passes ;i. - . -flttr'

armature of a motor with. the following particulars : lap winding, 310 conductors, 4-pole. :'
16.2 cm long subtending an angle of 60' at the centre, bore radius 16.2 crn, flux densit;' .' ::'

0.7 tesla.
Solution. Number of poles, P=4
Number of parallel paths, .q = P = 4
Number of armature conductors, Z = 3I0
Length of pole shoe = 16.2 cm
Bore radius = 16'2 cm
gap,
Flux density in air B = 0.7 tesla
Armature current, 1" = 30 A
Torque developed, T:
We know that,
Pole-shoe arc = nD xffi =
"fz
x 16.2)'
,% = 16.e6? cm

.'. Pole area = pole-shoe length x pole-shoe arc

= (76.2 x 10-2) x (16.967 x 10-2)
= 16.2 x 16.967 x 10-a m2 = 0.02748 m2
Also flux, Q=B"Polearea
= 0.7 x 0.02748 = 0.01924Wb
lt^\
Using the relation, T = 0.75szqp = 0.15e x 310 x 0.01e24 x 4 x -
I ; I
= 28.45 Nm.
Hence, torque developed = 28.45 N'm. (Ans.)
Example 5.2. A 230 V D.C. shunt motor takes 32 A at fuII loacl. Find the back e -'. '
toad if the resistances of motor armature and shunt fi.eld windings are 0.2 ohm ani
respectiuely.
Solution. Supply voltage, V = 230 Volts
Full load current, I=324
 -
qsruq/dorP 13P:--u
AI= oU o?uelstsa J o Jfl1€a--x;
'
ulqo Z'0 =
'luallnc Pec- --T ;
Vzzl=I 'luallnc PIag :-*: rl:f
vz=utl ,paads p€:'-:\\
'urd'.r 691= og
'1uer.rnc Pe:--ltn
v L=oI'
sllo^ 009 = A 'a8ello^,{1ddng'uo$n{ur$' -": rnmr
'poo\ lnJ uo 1i
F
OE
SuaqDamuo,lJcDalaln?putJv.A[=lFnJqldolppnluoc.u]qo6.9.=aJuDlslsalaJn],DLuJt:':|"nfll
p"q:!.'1''"t'i'i"'i"'-''"'"Jo Tuattnc
pp! lunqs ' ;.' : lllr
v z,zr sa4Dt r'1,'oro'ill"p')-a'
ggyEuoqpaadspoo1-ouaqt'pDol-ouuovt']i'itL'*Junq'nggga1od-vy'y'9e1dun345
uo rolour;o paads
'a::;L
('suv) 'urd"r 9'999 = p€ol lInJ
'urd'"t 9'999 =
0I7x90'0*9-n, rY
5" gg" WZ
9x09 VZ7'
x =
N,. ort t go'o 9 i
??09 _ an '1Bql .$o:r. tt
Nz6d-
''
x x 07 - 082 =
'J u'a sr{'f,
IY1ZZ = I Z-I'0 ^ '{p€ol II.J uo
saqsnrq lt d;; -""f t - ,l=:g orlrli-i.rt
v 0? = ;- fi J'it i I ="1'lua.rrnc
OtZ - ltU = vtr '1ua;lnc Plag 1::: l$'
vI=oez= A- r
: 1,,1 'Peo1 11n] uo rolour 1o PeadS'
'
qsruqTdorp 1:?::'r:
A T =
.*qo iii = 'acu€lstsor plar-i '::- ,'r:
'"y 'acuelsrsat orr'l!----t
uqo-f'g = "g 'a1od ra: r* ;
raqol\ 90'0 = O --l ;
'luarJnc P€ri-
V' I? = I r?i'-r* 'r
arnlslur€ Jo
0I?
" = 7'slolcnpuoc
[pelcauuoc-del;ureqrolotrN] Z=", 'J;ol$:""tff:l':"ff.;
'[oo7 1n7 1o 'tolo'w Jo l-ot "y:^'::.':'-'"::.
''Cyamlcadsat sluqo )tZ' :
'At = USnJqnd dotp lcnluoC
a'qJ 'rd(lottt vu u ": "r- ' aldursa
alp saJuzls.,tsat p\a! puo alnlpulJD
arpsaruDls:tsatp.a!punarnl,ut-*'^:i:::"ZZt:Vi*::W::!',:;:l';y';;#'
irtu rolou lunqs A \tz papauuor-dDfff".;J lJloa-ns y'8'9
rI 'sropnpuo" u'n,o*'o ow >IcBq'a:-:;'*
J;;';
('suv) 'Lvzz= pBo[ IInJ uo'J'IIl'o
Lvzz= Z'0 x 0t ^
-otz= ,peo1 'J'uIe F. r'r
o?f - A='g
I 1n3 uo
'luaJJnc aJnleu;-:-i
V0t= Z,-ZE=qsl-I=Dl
9II = \"1 '1Ua.rtnc plau ::;-:i:
Yz=ffi qO r';'1u'a
: -!]*E
qtg 'acuelsrsal ,sBuIPuI,r\ Plag :;: ld
surqo g11 =
DU 'acuelsrsar oJrtl?=-*t
urqo Z'0 =
-'-
UOIOI I I\:!:
rLl
 172 ELECTRICAL '

FIux at full load, /100-4\

d=t..-t0o=0.9600
'\100)
Full load speed, N:
At no-load:
Ios=Is-Ish=7-2=5A
- Io&o - contact drop at brushes
Eao = V
= 500- 5x0.2-2xI=497Y.
At full-load:
Io=I-I"n=I22-2=120A
Ea -- V - I"R"- contact drop at brushes
= 500- 720 x 0.2 -2 x 1 = 500 - 24 - 2 = 474V
We know that, Eoo o QoNo
and E6o<QN
E6ON
Ebo=on"Nn
474 0.9600 N
+gz= Qo "zso
w=
ffiffi= T4b r.p.m. app.
Hence, full-load speed of the motor = Z4b r.p.m. app. (Ans.)
u9Example 5.5. A 440 V, 4-pole,lap connected shunt motor has a no-load input cunen: :,
andashuntfieldcunentof l0A.Atfullloadittakesacunentof 150A. Ifarmatureresistance= _ _

flux per pole on no-load = 0.05 weber, number of armature conductors = ZS0 and, contact c-::
brush = 1V, calculate :
(i) No-load speed (ii) Full load speed
. (iii) Speed regulation.
Armature reaction weakens the field by 1.5% on full toad.
Solution. Supply voltage, V = 440 Volts
Number of poles, P=4
Number of parallel paths, a=p=4 lMotor being Iap-con: :,:uq[
Armature resistance, Ro = 0.1 ohm
Flux per pole on no-load, 0o = 0.05 weber
Number of armature conductors, Z = 750
Contact drop per brush, = 1V
No-load input current, 1o=15A
Shunt field current, 1sn=10A
Full load current, 1=150A
No-load speedl Ns:
Full load speed, N :
Speed regulation:
(j) No load speed:
Armature current, Ioo = Io - Ish = 15 - 10 = 5 A
Em = V - Io&o- bn_rsh contact drop
= 440 -5 x 0.1 -2 x 1 = 437.5 V

rt
 vov=z"I 'luaunc aJnlE-:i--
-
/t'Z = dorp lce:::
surqo 961 = '?1sg 'acuelslsel pIaU tur. a!
tul{o f,'Q = Dg 'ecuelstsal oJnle=j-ir
'urd'.r ggg = rP 'peads:a:-
V09=11 'lueunJ;?:-
sllo^ 092 = 1t 'a8e11orr dlddng'uoun{,or
'uoqcoar atnlnuttt to sycalJa atp qca'-:;,
v 0, s! JuaJJnc arnlDlu): ?tiil
.ta'd'L gggT aq tCout paads aql ?pqy rapro ut a1od nd xn! aql ul uolpnpar aSoluactad au; 1l
'v g st iuarrn) pool-ou aql 11 paads pDol-o \;
:'q
'A t = llsnrqldorp lcoluoC 'rC1antpadsat sulto gGI puD utqo 6'0 aro sacuDlslsar p1arJ pu: t*t
s17 'ut'd'.t 00g 1p sunr puD V 0g Jo ?uarrnc auq p saqDl rolotu lunqs A 096 y'9'9 alduer4
paads a8eluec.rad 'ar:;l
('suv) 'obLtg'I = uollBln8o.r
r8e'r = ool' nr##hoz =
paads peol gng
OOT X
paads peol IInJ - paads P€ol ou
uo11e1n5el paeds o8€luacJad ni
('suv) 'ru'd'.r 8/.'889 = poads peot tlnJ '3J::;:i,
to18o6'o
'ru'd'.r g1'sg, - ,Wx oor = N
o0ggo'oxg'tgt_oot
00 N 127
g,. Tg = ry : uorr€lar aql Eu:;--.
oQagN
o0 ggo'o =
lluaa rad g'I dq plag
aql sua{eal$, uorlcear aJnlelure aculs] o0 (9ro'o - r) = 0
LTZV = I x 7, - I'0 x 07I - A?' =
do.rp peluoa qsruq - "fI - A= qg
V 07I = 0I - 0gI = 4s1- 1= D7 '1uel;nc eJnfec;-r
i peads p€ol -"r
- IInJ
('suv) 'ru'd'.r 661 = paeds pBoI ou 'acua::
.ur.d..r nnr. 091 x 90'0 x t
yvl _ =0N
7x0gxg.Lg,
7x09
0Nt09lX900x? = 9'LEl
oo?
s
, == on, : uoIlEIaJ aq1 Erns---
06y\Qd
ELI uoron rNlruu,l':
 ELECTRICAL \i1
174

Load speed, Nz = 1000 r.P.m.

No load current, Io=6A
illlllliill l

No load sPeedl Ns :
ijn
Pencentage reduction influ:dpole :

Shunt field current, trn =ffi= Z A'

At no load: il
Ioo=Io-Ish=6-2=44
Eao=V-Io&o-brushdroP 1

= 250 - 4 x 0.2 - 2x | = 2472Y li

load (I1 = 60 A) :
^dt
Iot=Ir-lsh=60-2 = 58A
Ett =V - IorRo- brush droP
=250-58 x 0.2 -2xl = 236'4V

using the retation, fr = #. H

sincethemotorisshuntwoundandarmaturereactioneffectisnegligiblesofTr'-:'-;r'
proportional to the back e'm'f' deve- -:'r'*-'
assumed to be constanf and therefore speed is directly
N1 Ear
=
A/. Ert
800= 236.4
No 24i..2

I'u
7s^ =990:?+l']
236.4
= 886.b r.p.m.

Hence, no load speed = 836.5 r.p'm' (Ans')

At armature current, I"2 = 40 A
Let the flux be reduced to $2
E uz = V- IozRo - brush droP
=250-40x0.2-2xl=24OY
Usingthe relation, Y
N1=t*"Y
En Qz
1000- 240
or 800 236.4"0r
0z

o'= -?19'999'
01
- 1000 x236.4 =0.812

.'. Percentage reduction in flux

-02 x 100 l r
Qr
- 0r = -&)
At/ "
too = (1-0.812) x 100 = 16.E,
\
Hence, qce.ge red.ulction in flux = ]fi'g%u' (Ans')
 I x 7'- I'0 x 9L - 027' =
A 9'0IZ = ''g'ure 1:: g
do.rp qsn.rq -"*"1* 1= zag :SI
x 002 = ('J'ula
Iyzlz = I x z-I'0 09 - rqg W€E
dorp qsn.rq -"arol - A-
'Y gL = z"I
zrll0g.0=09xIO
7n1zq = rDllb
3Li31'1 @'
luelsuot sursru"l
AJ-!::i
lua^Iol "IQ'"J
r0g.0 = 10(02'0 - t) =
,^(oor_,\=.0
Pboz[q'paua{ea.^ASIxnUcr1au3euacuISl'q\oe_l).,.-,,o. L=Zol 'c -{
=
-
qsruq/doJp 1c€iu: I=
A
arn',ler;-i'r
luqo I'0 = 'g''ecuelSISOJ
'ul.o'r 008 = rN 'y 09 18 IFal:
tol 'IUAJJnJ p€r-
17
Y nq
vv = - lI =
Fur1ae13o511
l]uarrna plalJ lunqs Iy1ZZ= a8e11o,r dlddng 'uollnlq;
' s u'tD u) a r p a do 7a aa p a n b t o 1 i
1uo 7 ri-o" ^t-t^t.;.;''
'17 = lsn.tQ nd dotP lr;j'-
rolout ?unqs A 066 v t
fqpaua4namslxnT|cl1auhtlluaFlJl?uallncalnloutJDpunpaadsaq?au11ilJalao.uluoL.0.i
gg
arnl'Dutrn uD sD'q 17
'*'i"' 008'i.3utuun't "* 'u'1o1
' :H
surqo 9'7 uoqa{ Jolottr
oql Jo paads 'aJ;;::
L'v68=sorJas
u[ palcauuoc sI acuElslsor
'urd'.r 1'769 = = t"
onio9tooi
oor oet ro :#=Y
-= zN zsg- try
ooT -^Anr:": 1
dilce'np sr padoi;-"-el
paarls aq1 o1 1tt'o'podold
'J'ru'a {f,'E
{c€qpuea1ilDsa,lllsu1n1aalxn7|,elo5ela,4,"*o,S,lJolo,tusa,IJas.c,ool]ualJncTndulaq]a:"'.:;
= e"s +
*aYI -
"::
A 00r = (e'? + s'T)02 - ol'i :=
VOZ=ZI=II
auI€SSIluaJJnclndurpueroloulaq}q]Il\SaIIaSuIpalcauuocSIsuqog.?JoacuelslsalBua:;.\t
utgtl - rag ''J'tu'a :i-;: t
x =
A 06T = 9'I 0Z - OZZ 'y= ; 2tr1 'peeds PUTJ
acuelslsa";
srut{o g'? - '"U 'sauas ul palcauuoc
'luarlnc p?:-
v 0z = T - rI p'ol e 1e p+ai;
'*'J'"' oni = ,^1g 'Y 0z Jo luarrnc aroTlnlos
;q;;1 - "'g'aauelsrsar rolour sarros
'lualJnc atarts aqi i'-:te
acuqlslsarsut'qog'7Dql1msauas'?pu'1-?::?:uaqmunrn'?m1?qcPlnTopaadsaqipul['V0'":'
pqrmA0zzro'*'o'T'ggllo'un'uiqog't)'io1"'u'-Jo'o7o*'u'"ui'J'ov'2"9a1tru=rx
uoJ,ol{ INEU:--
sLl
 ELECTRICAL i\l\:
i -- e ri
176
N.r Etz 0r
Using the relation' nt, -- Eo't" O,
Nz 2105 0r
-" o'80r
pr,o= ztz
r'P'm'
",
= H## = eez'e

Speed = 992'9
r'P'm' (Ans')

llmP*': :"

Solution' Supplv voltage' -U 119

=
Y"to i*rle.r
current' /'1 = 105 A

speed,
Armature

resistance'
Armature
il:= l1T",1l
t/lil'",:'

q, = 0.? 0t. Itnlr il

\e"n
(i) Armature curr€rrtr Ia2 :
is same .1.
'
As the torque develoned
Srlor = Qzloz
Qr tal
, _ 0t x10b=1S0A
"^
r!-T
Ioz = = O.ZOr 1r:
Tzx
j:::
1b0 A. (Ans.)
Hence, armature current =
105x0.15 =424.25
=V - lolRo = 440 -
150 x 0.15 = 417.5 v.
Eu,
Now,
ino=V-IozRo=44O-
and
(ii) Speed' Nz:
No Euz 0r
Using the relation' fr-Ear"oz
#=#e'uh
417.5_- I -=1405r.p.m.
" 64fr " O.Z
N2 = 1000
is reduced to 707o ofinitial
of the rnotor when magnetic field
Hence, speed
(Ans') t'- '::
= 1405 r.p.m' . , 1 ^^ -- drndttr,e cu*ent of 50 A at its rated
Exampre u,'g;i , I E> is inserted in se-,"
:*:J:::"T:,;;':';;"X""&;T::i;;i,vil""" "i
percent:fi*'x?::'^':'
240v. rts arnlatur" ,,l!\ .:'i'::::::2i,i"Y;liJ,ii,iii""ra""ntethe the percen
the
un"iolr|j|i,ii'""'"t""late
field,ftu*-r.:yoin, f;rt;91";tf;*"..
the armature and.
't"
i,"irr";;!;:f:":,'i"','!ioA ; V = 240 vous ; Ro =
0.2e' R = 1 Q'
or increase in speed:
Percentage decrease
To6Io
ForaD'C'motor'
 rnot u1 pa?uorro srolcnpuo:' :- " ir'illnul0llll
?.n
(t lo acu,nlslsal ltlc arnlputJ\ un 3u1PP1t puD sq?Dd PIPJnd
w J-
'C'Q"'loa-V ''ttt'd't Tgtt 'A 0gZ'fu\tt gt V'Zl'9 elduer3
6g9 Jo ?p?o' P sPq rolout runqs
('suv) 'm'd'.r 09II = +"ffix 009 = uN
g.o
xotz ="""1 ,q4 = sg
I 0gZ rrt"I 0gZ z1g
zQ rsg ttr7'
'o-.--_
,qt
"rg= "N
zeg ''g'ru'a 1:: g
1r' 086 = 9'0 x 0? - 0gZ = m,iE-\
x tD1 '!lr
v o? = ="#i"'nr = rol =zD1
T " o,
zDfg = ro1rg
z1 = t1 'anb'ro1 PBol lu€lsuor ;: j
ZHst ZA rn
4lts1rzg p"r
d=4
I?s7:o IQ
'uor1e.rn1es crlau5eur Surlre':;',
o9z+ 092
V9'0= = zH"I
092
,lrnclrc pleg aql ur Palresul sI acu€lsrsoJ o 09u I€uoIlIppB ue uaq'&\ lualrnc pleg lu::-i
Dg!|-1y=vg '';'tu'a-':::
t_}?Z=g'0x02-092= r"I
y 0Z = I - I7, = 'luallnc aJnle-;;r
or=g#=ff=',"1 '1uaJ;nc plag 1u:"*i:
: uN.paods $a\
{"tr 'o g'o = oA i s11o'r 097' = A: rraAlc 'uollnn'cs
v Iz =r ''urd'.r 00g = IN 'O 092 =
(gg6r'grvs)
'"";;:t;;;;! , .aqlto ^^^s^ TtaL
..- ,^ paads -^. ;:... ' /rri'
aqr u? pauasuT il acu'ls'tsar z5 0gZ \puo?1lPp, utt Jt 'to\otu
lDu
t--Illr
.y t Z smDrp rololtt aqy;'ut'd.'.r 0Ag p pooy anbtoy luplsuoc o Sutattp uaql6'75 1cZ -' ' j: '!:l
AA t ,v
'e1;i"'e;; .--.^ aldwurg
'c'o
?5 g'a lo acu'ls*ar 2rnl,utr, uD 'D'II
rolo1u lunqs A 7gG v'11'9 ^'.{ffi
:si:{ilirlrl
('suv) 'ob8'I7's1 peeds ur uoqcnPar 'ro paads IBIIIuI Jo obz'gL ol sarnpai
rNgZl'O 9t4,. IN =
' = oBT
= 251
ffirr57
[u0 =
rO roloru lunqs B Jo asst uI] W=T*
A 08r = (z'0 + r)09 - 072 =
(A+E)z"I-A=zcg
A08Z=Z'0x09-0vZ= '$: l(
og].ol- 1=Iag
ZD1
= lD1
'sasn on1 aq1 ur anb'rol p€ol aur€s aql rol
'InJ
IUE?SUOA SI UOI1S1ICXA JOIOIU lunr{s i: ;
"
-J
uorol^l INSU:
LLI
 ELEFTRICAL ltl{Ci]]lWli
L78
an arTnature current of 73 .\
s: w.
rated, power at speed,' the rnotor d.rau)s if ttt'e {l,r'ur
ohm. When it d'elivers a*"tw'!i;;;;';;', ;i;"
-rated' find' new operating
speed TteJr
fi.erd,current of 1.6 A.';;;;rT;;; tn" (A'M'I'E' Summer' lsil,t
'is
red.uced,by 807o "f i;*;;;c;;"r"t-"
f"rii r",i"i"'itop"aturque'
Solution'Gi;;;;eroutput=15kW;V=230volts;N=1150r'P'r'' A 0'i
o'2;' a = 4;lo= 73A; /'r' = 1'6 i 0z =
m'

z =88;,;'"=
Torque develoPed, T": (Refer A:r i
?o = 0.15e Z 0P .* *-* illllii

We know that,

and
no=#=v-t&o
q= ___izN-
(V -l,R) x 60 o

putting the given values, we have jg . 3

(zso -_G10.?l_r = 0.012?4 wb
Q ='-z;Tsz ' trso
T" = 0.159 x 882
x O'O1274' 4'|=
= 130.49-6. (Ans')
To e SIo
Also,
T1 Or1"r
T2 Qzl"z
En Ea
Again,
N* O or QoF
Tt En Nz .Iot
fr- Wt " Euz laz
Y+^-

have
When Tt = Tz(Given), we
Qtlot = Qzloz
rh' 1
A
lo2=Iotxfr=73x* = 91.25

IotRo = 230 - 73 x 0'2 = 2t5.4v

Now
E6y = V -
x 0.2 = 2ll.75y
Etz=Y -IozRo= 230 - 91'25
(i)' we have
Substituting the values in
215.4 Nz 73
t =ffi "Tffi" rt-zs
x 211'75i91'2[ (Ans')
*, - 1150 21b.4x73
I\2=- = tat' r'p'm'

Example5.13.A230vD.C'shuntmotorwitlt'constant^fteld'driuesaloadwhose::*::'uv
o*o"1,^7J"^;:*.:::!!,:,Y::*,:;i1:;:,lii;tirffiu1^::i:*;:::iii&i,!";"i#!i,
'run o 10 9) resistan
if their control winter' "]fi
(A.M.r.E:d;;iri."r Drives and
n"t""tnlorotion. "^^"; 750 r'p'm'
Given, --;tvolts ; /1(= Iat) = 30 A; Nr =
SPeed N2 :
resistance ls ne:-
e.m'f', En = V = 230 Volts ["' Armature
Back
 ::i
zn7zq n zg "'t I
I"IIO ,o IJ 'anb.ro1 JotoI'\
rQrrrg r ("Ar"I - TVil = Isg 'anbrol pBolllnJ 1B J'lu'a rIc€E
(i)"' aql oq I'1 la:
'anbrol peol-llnJ 1E luaJrnc ornleurr€
:
p€ol I1nJ 1€ do.rp eFellol ornlerlrrt-
'ru'd"r 9961 - zN'IJ9'0 - 6J ''urd'r 000I =
rN
,@ : traAIC'uollnlos
=;;1€) ';'d'r 0002 = 0N'sllo^ orl = A 'uoLlcDar ;--" r'r *"'ilrr
r]]]]
(166r srvc) ::.:
.poo| aJnJ,Dlu'rD aqtr puld'ul.d.l g9g7 oJ sas,Dalcui
Jo TcaJla pa73a51 72n! p dolp a3n17on
,san,oasnotnatdlnTroliui"p,urlaSoTTonp,agpuoaSoTToaa.tnlnutro'tlrman1oapayotJocb1gc:i'"rrrr'it'''
.pp1 'tu'd't 0001 :: -; - - ' ri'
st anbtol pDoI fi pio )arqon u"r,1o*"o pacnpar 'anbtoy pno1 77nJ 4tt
nnJ 'c'o A 0v' v'vr'e alduex3
,i, 77 '*:i'" o'ooa Jo =;:tl i-u;;_D s''q'rolout run1q
e::ei;
('suv) 'u'd'.r v'szt = " onz, =
t-m# -*Z ,) '*
0gz _rqa=rN ol€q a1rr'(?) ri':ai i
zsg z1g
60EIx1;--OeZ-
Y Zo'Et = zol
z"Io89 ,Iil
0069 =
Jl
z"loog - 0069 =z"Iotz
082 - 08
zDI
zlrc; _ 0gZ-
Iag
-ID1
"rg- 4
(t,nt\ rnfeg
|/tolr\
- t=,_[)=."F,]g
:Y=#,'rrr
6ng "N
-o'u " l / .\ 6rt
"\"r, tg 251 ..ID1t9g
z11 r1g zDlzag
e^€q a'{\'(??0 PUB (??) ruc; j
zN
(il,r)"' ,*^-tDltqg
znpog-\ z1
N eJ::: i
Dffl' L
(3?) "' 'N=14
zlg z1
na--_
[uo^IC]
N,J
rag rN
lti" ; *-i
(1)"' zcg= z1q'
xnlJ ..']
qg, N
l'luBlsuo? suwural
d oiru
--nN
ttfl
7'sg
ffiffiri; '.i
z"I0l - OEZ = Az"I - A=
: :li[];ll[l: :-
alnleurr€3q1uIro?slsore50IsJouoilJasulqszlgpaadspuBzD'faqluorrncarnlBruJ€aqli3:
doroN rf{EEU -.: *,i.fillllt1{llllll
6LT
 ELECTRIQAL MACF."-*:
180

|'.' rr= |..'..

t*r"" I' ","=.
constant' Qz = Qr
As the field voltage is held
T1 Qrlot - o
gt/'z)= q2h2- -
,o2-
,Iol
2

torque
/ 'o- Ig'n")""'*'
Back e.m.f. at half rated ' 'o'= \n
En Nr .0r
From (i) and (ii), we have Eb2= -Nzq;
440-I,,rRa-1000x0r-20
-2r
--i-=1050*01
44o -+
R"
/I^,\ n"
2t\440- lo1Eo) = 20 -;
[440 )

g24O
- 2Il arLo= 8800 - l0I olRo
ILIolRo = 440
or lolEo = 40 V
or
...Armaturedropatfult.load-=IoLRo=40v.(Ans.)
*-'i'rmrr
at 7000 r'p'm' with' armature ::"
Example5.l5.A230v,1000r.p"m.o.c.,t"untmctorhasfield'resistanceofl]J..:l'u
n"{ii" ;,,o'o''
arma,ture circuit r"rr:;;;;""iEz.et o.i
"i 'u"
-o,f
4A and' with futl field flux' - ^^*n,,to nrma.tttr€ current and. speed' of the motc-
armature cu'
(i) For a d'euelope'd' torqae of 80-Nm' compute r'p'm'' d'etermine th'e ualue of e-r:' -'ur'
I hw at 1250
d.euelops
(ii) lf it i, a"r,i{uithat'rnator
in series ,,irin"rn"n firrd winding' saturation ";l;T##:.::iffi
resistance that must be inserted.
are negkctedion. =4A
230 volts ; Nr (= No) = 1991:'P'o''
1oo ;
Given z v=
Q' ?o = 80 Nm
Rrl = 115 Q' Ro = 0'5
(l) I'; Nz :
,.-v
- Rsh=23o=ze,
rsft 115

At no load:
E6o=V -I*Ro
=2g0-4x0.5 =228V
Tt. -LqzN
uoo
Also, 60 a

2zs =1,ry)'+P * o#='%# = 13 68

or

Now torque in Nm'

, =r2n\(egZ'1.t.
o' )

or
80=$pxI"
 "I0oJ
: ('ppB)tIsU,ecuelsrse.l lrncJrc plarJ-lunqs IBrroIlIppV
'urd'"t gggl = zly ''urd'.r 008 = rN
,O Dgis11o,r
:y OZ= r"1 gII = ?sglO 7.0 = 0gZ= A : uoaT0.uorlnlN
(t66I (roluTn Snw) 'au4 7t13rct7s D aq q anrnr uolloz4auSotu alun::i"
'yncJlc p7a{-7unqs aq; :: : i l-,,iiilniNllrlr
aq $nu loql acuplslsar aql putt ''ut'd't 0001 ol ggg utotl paslor aq 01 s1 paads .roqout fi ,u , - , ulir, .tnr
V 06 Jo luarrno arnlp'tttJp uo satlDl puo pDoI anbto| ?uDlsuoc D san'tJp rolo1il slqJ '?5 g I L ;'': ;: r" : rlnrrnruur.
pia{ puo 75 ,'0 Jo acuplsrsar Trncrlc-arnlplurD up soq rololu runqs .C.O A 056 V.gl.g elduex3
('suv)'AV'OV = 9TT - r'99I =
Surpurn plag eql qlr^\ sarras ur palJasur aq o1 acu€lsrsar l€uorlrppli
o 7.ggT
_ 8t'I _24'I =2,!")t
0gzAu
ve?'T =.'ffifi+ "m=
w"I xy,!!- ="r"1 ou,
r/v- alg
zl'I
I!'I *teg 21tr
zqq-rN
z$..rag IN
I0 zsg zlg
aAEq e^ 'luBlsuoc ur€ruoJ lou soop xnu u;- ,
A 90'IIZ = g'0 x 6' Lt - 0gZ, = "fI - A = qg
[u8rs ea - dpo Suqe;]
v6'r8=ffi#ffi
ffi="t
0 = 0009I + "109? - *ior
z"I
7"1
g'o -"IoEz = oooS ;!il
"a ,oI -"IA= "I(f I-n =
"I*ag=0008
'ru'd'.r 9961 1e padola,rap oq o1 .raznod
,1A{ S ;_ ;
: r(yleuaelxa po$osrrT aq ol acr.rBlsrsar l€uorlTppy l
('suv) 'u'd'.r z'g16 = ,ffix 000I = uN ,,/n
Lngg'ffZ=eg=zsg:Lg67=0eg=ng1 F"tg=.ry ,il!'
o'tg
[0 = z0 = I0 .'.] ,,r
zQ rag IN
W=X
'os ---
\" zeg zp
A g9.TIZ = 9.0 x VL.ge _ 0gZ = qg ,ro\
89'8I - Br
('suv) 'V ?4se - uzxoS
'o I
I8I uoJ,on J,Nguutt -i llililillli
182 ELECTRIC..\,L

Since, Tt=Tz
QJot = 4zIoz
d'
Iaz = Iar x 20h where A =
O;= H
At 800 r.p.m., En=230-20x0.4=222V
A 1000 r.p.h., Etz = 230 - 20k x 0.4 = 230 - 8h

We know that,
N2 Em Qr
_-_v_
Nl E,i_.. Qz
or 1000 230 -8k
800 222
or 277.5 = 23Oh - Bh2 or h2 - 28.75k + 84.69 = 0
tr/(r8il;P.i_
" s4s, = 27.49 or
28.7s
0r h- 1.2r
Higher value (27.49) is not feasible.

t=91 =r.26
Qz
Since magnetization curve is linear, therefore,
ot=+41
=t.26
Qz Ish2

But r"6r=ffi=Ze
.'. tIsh2= 1'587 A.
L26 =
Now shunt-fierd circuit resistance = = 144.98 o
#=#s
External resistance that must be inserted in shunt-field circuit,
Rsh(ad.d.) = 144.93
- 115 = 29.93 A. (Ans.)
Example 5.17. A 4-pole lap-wound, 240 V motor has the following particulars j {.- -,,,1,,",
armature conductors 740 ; resistance of armature = 0.3 ohm ; useful
flux per pote = 0.05d li : i il
total torque deueloped by the rnotor is 140 Nm, find, the armature current taken and, the
soee:
Solution. Number of poles, p=4
Number of parallel paths, a=p=4 lMotor being lap -:'
Supply voltage, V = 240 Volts
Number of armature conductors, Z = 740
Armature resistance, /io = 0.3 ohm
Useful flux per pole, 0 = 0.035 wb
Total torque developed, I" = 140 Nm.
(i) Armature current, fr:
We know that, n- 6oo
-PQZN
Db

%_W_4xo.o3bxT4o A^qo
N-60o- 60x4 -v.*oL

Also, *"(?3#)="u'
 ('suv) 'ob8'6L = p€ol ua^r8 ottl lB luaIcIJJa 'acuap
obl'6Lro 861'0 = = = .{cualcgJg
ffi ffi
1v\.8'826, = Z'ILjZ - 0000T =
sassol-1ndur = 1nd1ng
MZ'IL}Z = 9'867I + 9'LLg =
ssol luslsuoc + ssol.raddoc a.rnl€ur.r€ = ssol l€lol,
= ssol .raddoc aJnl€ Lu j-i
M.9.f t9 = 7.9 x ,88
V88=Z-0V= '_1'1ua.rtnc aJnleulxi
snr=
v v/
097' - 1'lueunc 1ndu1
oool x oT
: AU{ 0I s1 lndur uaq\t
'A\.9'867T = V'9 009r = sossol lu€lsuoc
-
,4A. 7'g = v'0 x z? = sassol .raddoc arnl€urrB peol-o-\
V V = Z- g =qtI -o7 = 0D7 '1uat.tnc arnleurJe peol-a\
*r7.=9zr
vo =u"1 'luouna plag luRq:
ogz
1$,00SI=9x092= lndut Peol-o-1
: ,{cuelcg;g r
'surqo 971 = lsg' 'acuelstsa.r plag lunqq
DY 'ecuelstsal arnl€urrt-
ruqo 7'g =
'urd'.r gggl = o1g 'peads P€o1-o\
v9=01 '1ua;.rnc P€ol-o\
Jo?our o1 lndui
,{4,0000I ro i\\>1 0I =
s+IoA 092 = 11 'e8e11orr dlddng'uoI+nIoS
'pool slq? 7o pado1anap anbtol aqJ it1:
! paads aqJ (??) ! ,Ccuantlla aq1 i:
i alplnclDJ 'suqo 9z[ - acuplsis'- : lit':i'
"intttr
?unqs:uqoV'0=acuD?spararn11'.urD''tu'd'.t000I=paadspooy-ou'Vg=?uarrncpPo'l-ou''aL;-:rr
uqq jo uoln"r1tod .nq1o altJ 'IAq 0f sr
rotoltt runuF 'C'O A 7gG D 01 Tndut aql'31'9 aldtrrexg=1
('suv) 'u'd'.r 289 = roloul or[1 Jo peeds 'acua11
'u'd'.r6gs =m=T= *
N 'osfv--
FarlrBa palBlncFCl zEV'0 = ,g
eg
LZ8'6ZZ = 8'0 x 76'88 - \iZ="fI-A=
: p'eolom aql Jo paedg i:r
('suv) 'v t6'88 = Joloru aql /tq ua{Bl lrroJrnc a.InlBrrrJB 'acua11
v?6'gg =1:f{Y9="1
zl?.ox oil
ffi=
i[l
l"\" vz MZ =o.r,
=
\qg ) 09 x 0g xDfg
"I
UOIOI I INAUUOJ -::i$rllliii
€8I
 184

(ii) Speed at the given load, N:

Em = V - Ioffio = 250 - 4 x 0.4 = 248.4V
Et = V - IoRo =250 - 38 x 0.4 = 234.8 V
Using the relation,
A/ Et
the flux to be constant]
M = g,* [Assuming
N _ 234.8
L000 - 248.4

N = looo ,m= 945.2 r.p.m.

Hence, speed at the given load = g4b.2 r.p.m. (Ans.)
(iii) Torque developed at the given load, T :

We know that,
" ( ?# )='u"
EuIox 6o
_ zg4.s ,_g_8_loo 90.18 Nm
'=- 2nN = z"*g4L2 =' =
Hence, the torque developed at the given load
= 90.13 Nm. (Ans.)
u€Example 5.19. A 45 hw,2s0 v, 4-pole, lap-connected D.c. shunt motor h,as 82 s":::
10 conductorslslot. The armature and shunt field resistances are 0.0d ohm and, 125 ohms
resl,.{tx
The fluxlpole is 0.03 wb. If the full-toad efficiency is Ssvo at find,
: full-load,
(i) Useful torque at shaft ; (ii) The speed.
Solution. Motor output = 45 kW or 45000 W
Supply voltage, V = 250 Volts
Number of poles, P=4
Number of armature conductors, Z = 82 x 10 = 820
Number of parallel paths, P=4 lMotor being Iap-con:
Armature resistance, Eo = 0.05 ohm
Shunt field resistance E"i, = 125 ohms
Flux/pole, S = 0.03 Wb
Full load effi.ciency = 857o.
(l) Useful torque, Tuserui !

Input -9u!Put - 45ooo -= b2941 W

= efficiency 0.85
lnput cunent =H=21r.?6A
Shunt field current, t,n =ffi=zt
.'. Armature current, In=I-I"h=2II. 76*2=209.76A
Now, total torque, To = 0.159 ZQp x
(*)
= 0.159 x 820 x 0.08 x 4 820.1? Nm
"rY=
Again, Eo = V IoRo = 250
- - 209.76 x 0.05 = 239.5 V

,l

fG--
 ('suv) 'urN 8?'96 = arrbrol InJosn
'ur-N 8?'96 =
_ NYZ _=rnJasn.tr
000IXuZ = -
bffi ogt ooool ,
{ On tnJdsn,;. .1€q.}
?-r' /t\ou}. =..--
0000I=\N"Zl^\ ; " a
: InJasn*,anb.ro1 InJas:I
Jo l€1ol 'ar':=--:
('suv) 'ur-N Z'gEI = arrbJol arnlBruJ€
000TX116 _ [{!9_=or w
urN * "1Qg
z'gtr = g9 , oOt gsz '=-_--gg
,fg '1eq1 ,louli ;-', -
=
ffi,""t
€1 Jo I€1oI
: 'anb.ro1 a.InlEutr€
'A982 = I x z- z'0 x 09 -09u =
qg '1eq1 .Ltourl ;-'L-
do;P qsruq - "A"I - A-
qsruq 'rad do:':
AI=
'uqo 6'9 = "g 'acuelstsal eJnle ui--i
's"rolcnPuoc Jo Jaqtui'
\i
099= z ilual.rnc PIag 1ur';.:
vr=qtl 'lualrnc aJnl€ui'i'i
V09=".f
'ru'd'r 6991 = 1g 'Paads Pe':-
1nd1no .rar'rod r:-'"
./Y\,0000I ro A\r{ 0I = dldd:';
'a8e11o't
sllo^ 096 = A
'sq1ed 1a1P'red 3o raqur'\
rolotr ll
l'palrauuoc o.{€rr Fulaq tr=a 'sa1od 3o requnN 'uollnlos
'tcuatclJg
alod nd xnTlTnJas^1 ""
sassol r)uoLlDpa (n't) anbtoy lDloJ
"
anbtoy ynJas1 111)
sL acunJslsal arn?D'LuJn sll
'. 17on 1 Jo doLp rt Sununssy'1ttqo 6'0 nt'''
au'tulJalap'qslllqnd p1ni1 puD arn')utut Sutmotp PUD'Li - -
()gg *DU 71
.t.aat'cadr;;;"t p"L V gg Jo s,uattn,
lnSut.uurllua.qm^/V!glsaalSJo]ou.1un,t|spu1"uuui"-,*m'A096,a1od.vv.o7'.ga1dtuex3;.1
'acua1:
('suy) 'u'd'a 4LGVI = paads pBoI-IInJ
'ur d'r 1'tr671 =
ffi;ffi# ##
l;)x aql Bur=--.
00097=\,y"2/" rnr'"n, 'uor1e1a.r
: 11 'peeds P€oI-[InJ ::
1€ alqsll€^€ enb'ro1 InJasn 'acuaI{
(.suv) 'urN A8'982 = lJEqs aql
oJ x 968'0 = T€qs oql 1e onbrol InJesn
urN t8'982 = LI'1Z,tx 968'0 =
g'LEZ11 arnl€uue aql
q padol"^"! ""^od =
e68'o=iffi=Af@ 01 AJnlpulJ€ urorJ Uolssrulsue'r1 'rar"rod;o
dcuatctEf
uEqs
=
ofg
g' LEz}g = gL'607' x 9'682 =
Jo 1ua1e'^rrnbo l€clrlcalS
arnil€urr€ .r, pnoq"i"p rarrlod Iecrusqcaur
uoroN INAUU:II - :llllllllll
981
 186

(iii) Useful flux Per Pole, $ :

Using the relation, tt, = P4ZN

-60a
236x60x2
E6 x 60o : ::
Q=-om = = 0.0126 Wb or L- ltlllnr

4x560x1000
Hence, useful flux per pole = 12.6 mWb' (Ans')
(lu) Rotations losses :
Armature inPut =VIo= 250 x 60 = 15000W
Armature copper loss = I22Ro= 602 x o'2 = 720 W
Brush contact loss =60x2=120W
.'. Power develoPed =VIo- armature copper loss - brush contact lo=l
= 15000 - 720 - 120 = 14160 W
But net power outPut = 10000 W
Rotational losses = power developed - net power output
= 14160 10000 = 4160 W
-
= 4160 W.
(Ans.)
Hence, rotational losses
(u) Efficient of motor' 11 :
Total motor input, =VI =V(Io + 1"1') = 250(60 + 1) = 15250 W

Net Power outPut = 10000 W

.'. Efficiency, Input= +g

I = 9!P* 15250
= 0'656 or 65'6vo

Hence, efficiency of motor = 65'67o' (Ans')

250 v shunt motor takes a cuffent of 41 A and runs at 800
r'p'-'
Example 5.21. A -
load.. Armature and. field. resistances are 0.2 ohm and
250 ohrns respectiuely' If a resistance ' -
is placed in the armature circuit, determ'ine "
(i) Speed at torque (ii) Speed at double full-load torque
full-load
(iii) Stalling torque in tertns of the full-Ioad torque'
Assume that the flux remains constant throughout'
Solution. SuPPIY voltage = 250 V
Full load current, l=474
Armature resistance, Iio = 0.2 ohm
Speed, Nr = 800 r.P.m.
Shunt field resistanee, R"l = 250 ohms
We know that, Tndlo
Since $ is constant, ToIo
need to find onl' i\:
Therefore, in order to find the speed at full load torque, we
corresponding to full-Ioad armature current'
(i) speed at full-load torque with additional resistance in armature circuit'
\1
Full load armature current, Io = I - I"n
But, Irn =250=1A
250
Io =4L- 1 =40A

t[*-*
ua'119ipafrsS11aqlllmpq't\|.fu|tt0t3u12|D1ua,t|l,sqpalqlpqaltluaumJoloutDSDunJo;:i{.,i"]lt!]11]]ll0!|
aldue.x3
sJ*q-snqt\ 0ZZ uo
.* a., gg, to- Eiruun, toqoruuiS Tunqs / q 00[ uanlrp qaqY'27"9
Etn1e+S 'ar-;:--:
('suv) 'anbrol pBoI-IInJ sourll V8'7' = anb'ro1
r.-z=#"=ffi )o anbrol peorllnd
luarJnc arnlEurrE p€ol-llnJ
Y9'8IT ']o
ro onbrol 3ut1P1g
luaJrnc 8uqP1s
"IoJ
lluelsuoc st Q ."]
Z'Z o-t
v 79'8Tr = 0gz=
o="Iz'z-o9z
'sJncao lualrnc 3ur11e1s ua:-t'"
olz'z = ng
- 0gz = (z + z"o)"1 - 092 = (z' + "a)"I - | ua:: M
0=qg'0=N
Nroqg
st paads uaqm sJncco anbtol puD ?uaJJnJ
8ulrr:i:
oJaz 01 ytnba
: :r
: anb.rol pBoI'IInJ Jo srrual u1 anbrol 3u11p1g
(.srrv) 'tu'd'.r g'wT,= anb'ro1 p€ot'[InJ olqnop 1e paadS
'urd'r 9'776 =?: = eN
" 9's89
z9r - 9'989
vL e1g
"og 'uor1e1ar aq1 Sutsn'r::'.
e1g
tcg="!
(z + -A = tsg
lv?L =(z + z'0)08 0gz = - "a)"1
arnlBurrB al{l ur sutqo Z Jo Jolslsar e T:iq'
anb.rol pBofIInJ alqnop 1€ J'tu'a {asq'}IncJlc
'V08= ZxOT=r"I
alqnoi :n'
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; sp anb.rof pBot-IInJ otll olqnop 1e pead5 ::
paads 'acua::
('suv) 'rn'd'e 9'989 = enb'ro1 peot 11nJ 1e
.ur.d..r g'ege = = *
oofl'Zni "
zvz -008
zvt zp
'H=* 'uot1e1a.r aq1 Fut.--
rn"lsuoJ sulBural xnu aculs
+
(z "a)"1- 1= zag
A ZgI = & + z'))ov - o9z =
r';'tu'€ >1ceq '11nc.r1c arnlBurJe aq1 ur peceld sr surqo Z Jo rolslsar € uau-{-r
'LZVZ=Z'0xOT-A9Z=
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uoJol l rNgud.l: *
t8I
IE8 ELECTR'ICAL \,, -

arnrature resistdnce = 0.025 Q, field resi.stance = 60 Q and contact clrop und.er eachbrush = i -,'
a.rno.ture reaction. (A.M.I.E. Summer
Solution. Given : Output power = 100 kW, Ne = 300 r.p.h., V = 220 volts,
R" = 0.025 Q ; R"l = 60 Q, Contact drop = 1 y per br:. "

As generator speed, N*:

Load current, t - 1oo.r1ooo
220 = 4s4.ss A

Shunt field current. r", =H = 8.67 A

Armature current, Io = I + I"n = 454.55 + 3.67 = 458.22 A
Generator e.m.f.. Ee = V + I&u+ brush contact drop
=220+458.22 x0.025 +2xt =283.46V
As rnotor:
lo l-l-ooo
Line current, , - 220
= 4s.46 A

Shunt fieid current, t,n =

* =# =3'67 A
,,\rmature current, tro = I - I,r" = 45.46
- 3.67 = 41.79A
Back e.m.f. Eh = V - 1,,R, - hrush conLact drop
= 220 41.79 x 0.025 - 2 x I = 2IG.?SSV
-
Since shunt field cement is same anci armature action is negligible so flux is same
-:.
c:.:;es and speed of the machine as a motor,
E^
w_=N*.s.
= 3oo x j:** = 278.8r.p.rn. (Ans.)

f<5'Example 5.23. A 440 V, SS kW, 800 r.p.m. sltunt rn.otor. rJriues a loacl hauing
d tno: ;: trl
Lticrti<t of 262 hg-^t. Fincl approximately tirne to attain fult-speecl ulten. startins
fr-o;, resr ::: ,ilii,.
iul!-ixtrJ torque if starting cttrrent uaries betueen 1.6 and 2 times futt-toad
Solution. Supply voltage, V = 440 Volts "rrrr"it,.
i.Ii,.t or" output = 55 kW or 55000 W
Spe.ed, N = 800 r.p.m.
Monrent. of inertia of load, I = 262 kg-*t
Approximate time to attain full-speed :

i,et us suppose that starting currenl has a steady valueof Gq-l 2)= l.gtimesfu--- :ruur

value

We knog'thal, r *(2"4 I= SSOOO. where ? is the full-load torque

160 l

I: 55000 x 60 55000 x 60
zrt/- = 2^ . 8d = 656.43 Nm
Dtrring starting period average available torque
= 1.87 - T = 0.87 = 0.8 x 656.46 = b25.1T Nm
'fhis torque acts on the moment of inertia.
I = 262 kg--2
 tx09 D09-N
8t'0 = 099 x t.T,< ? = z6a- qs
D09
- an
NZ6d-'o
: BI
(Jo+our dq ue>P1 luaJJn:l
-:
ru-N Ozt = "1 'podola'rap anbi:'- ' I -'
an,S0'0=0 al:--"]l
0gg = z 's.iolcnpuoc aJnleurJe Jo
iar-:1
urqo Z0'0 -'"U 'acuelstsa; P[ar.i s,; - d
urqo z'0 = "u 'acuBlslSal oJl-!--'-':
'st{1ed 1e11ered Jo ia:.: - ,,
;o1o1,11
y = cI = o
I puno^\-dei Euraq
,= d 'se1od3o JaqulnN'uorlnrx,|.;'
'paad: " - "i1:
,ut-N y arnl'Dutr'o aql u? pado'laaap anbrol lDpl aqi ,': : 'J rri
a1G ,cq uaqDl luarrnc at17 pu! AGt
arU ara1lJ ''C\ant|cadsat *'l:"19
alod lxttTlaUtJI 'sropnpuor arnl\utrD 0gg 9p,:".:1: :,0";*;*
,,o1oiu'",u,,,s 'pinoit-d'tr A 0rz alod-g v 'sr"s eldwrr!
7i:1":;f'::';:";;;;;,:;;:;;"i
'V l9'8ZT = 082
TIL'6Z=
= suteur urorJ uar€] sl']e'\\ ur :: - '
A\ r'Ir.q6z = #e
=
etrez = be"#"g0t = N"t:ft*y
^\ enb'ro1 InJasn o1 SuipuodseJroJ Sl-!, I.
uJ = inJasnJ
iri-N 00t = 0T - 91g = tsolg -
: 'urd'.l 008 +B rolour.tq ue4e1 luauTrr:l
'uld"r 699 = nr 'tolout oql Jo F=:::
ohgg = '(rua::'----:
-
ul-I\.i 0I - lsolJ 'uol1Dl{ puB uoJI 01 anp lsol ar':: -
ur-N 0I8 = "J 'pedola'l',ap ar'::- '
aEe11o'r dlddng'uollnlot,
A gtz = ':.. : -
sso'Luot|ctlpux'- '
.toJoutaUi,tqua4oiJuarrnoaq?alrlulralapcbgBsttcuan{laaIfifi'ul-N0Is1
5o1 attbLol atlg 'tu'd'L OOS
li Iu-N Att J'o nibto1 sdo1anap rolout salras A 7gG Y 'VZ'g alduex3
SUOIOW SUIUfiS
('suv) 's 8'It = paads-IlnJ uI€+18
ol orull aluurlxo'rdde 'ac':='--
09 x LI'929
s8'T?=
OOgxu7x7,*-rr
tn
,- ?xZ9Z= LI'9ZS
{i9
\008/l.u.
= Lt'sze
#"'n'
xoroN JNSUU ,- *
681
 190 ELECTRIC,.\L

Aiso,
''( ?#-u)= "u"
t=
E6 601o
0-33 x
6OxI^
---r ---i1
N' 2;r = 2n,
0.33 x 60 ,Io
320 =

or Iu =#:#= 1o1b6A
Hence, current taken by motor = 101.56 A. (Ans.)
(il) Speed of motor, N:
Eu=V-Io(Ro+R"n)
- 101.56(0.2
= 240 + 0.02) = 217.66Y
E^
But ; = 0.33 [Already calcu,a:::

"=#=i#=65e6r.pm
[9Example 5.26. A six-pole, lap-wou.nd 400 V series motor has the followir,g data ; )i -
arm,ature conductors = 920, flux lpole, = 0.045 Wb, total motor resistance = 0.6 ohm, iron c-. -
losses = 2 hW. If the current taken. by the motor is 90 A, find :
(i) Total torque ; (ii) Useful torque at the shaft ,
(iii) Power output ;
(iu) Pull at the rim of a pulley of 40 cm diameter connected to tlrc slt aft .

Solution. Number of poies, p=6

Suppiy voitage, V = 400 Volts
Number of parallel paths, a=p=6 [Motor being la:
Number of armature conductors, Z = 920
Flux/pole, 0 = 0.045 Wb
Motor resistance, B- = 0.6 ohm
Iron and friction losses =2kWor2000W
Current taken by the motor, 1"=90A
Radius of the pulley, = 4012 = 20 cm or 0.2 rn
Using the relation, Et, = V - IoR^ = 400 - 90 x 0.6
=346V
AIso, p., =pozN
*, 60a

346 =
9:rAaa!: P?9:lV
60x6
N=
346x60x6
a,. 0{)+s g20 = 501 r'p'm'
"
,rr t"r", torque, T.:
We know that, T" = 0.159 x ZSp x
(3)
ih,
$ill = 0.159 x 920 x 0,045 .6.T=592.4Nrn
ff
Hence, Total torque = 592.04 N-m. (Ans.)
(?66I rauruns 'IoJluoc rlaql puB so^Tr('colg'fl'I'ru'v)
.F'6r sl lualtnr rolola a4 (!i obvv tq pasparcul s1 anbrol ppol aul (1) paads aql a0 -^'-:t !
paJDJniosun paunssD aq upc JTncJ'Ic c4au3o1a aql pun ei 9'0 s? acunls'Isar rolout aqJ 'V 0Z
"':
pDol IlnJ slt tD EullDrado uaqm 'Lu'd'r 00L 1D sunr rolola satras 'C'O A 006 V'82'9 oldusrl
ppBll
('suv)'e5 6'I = I 0- ---y--
(t'0 + PPDg.)SV - OtZ = ZgI ro (g'0 + Prya)ot - A - zqg
00sr
LZgI = 8ZZ x 000I = zsg
82,2, 009r
zsg - 000f
LqZZ,= g'0 x 07 -A?Z=rqg
IqA'_ IN
'.leql .^lous a-,,,'
zqg z1q'
: PP"11 "u'd'J 000I lB anbeol paler uTelqo ol pappe oq ol aouelslsatl ::
'<5 L's = e'0 0t PPDY
- f*,=
Q'g + PPog
-07
0tz
'Y 0? le luelsuoc SUIBIUaJ;::r;ftr
.{q uirrerp luorrnc oql l€q1 snorlqo sr 1r 'sosec aql qloq uI orues aql suleurar ehb.rol aq} aJu:i
: PP"U'3u11re1s 1e enb.rol paleJ ulelqo ol papp€ aq ol acu€lsTsall :
'O g'0 g'''uld'.r
= 00gT = N'V 07 = ("1 =) i s11o,r
7 1VZ = A: troATC'trollnlos
(6661 '.ra1ul6 UII M) 'ut'd't 61i,' ' :s;
pun Sutgtr4s rc (1) anbrol palpr u'rDlqo oj pappD aq lsnu acuoislsar PUm puld 'e5 8'0 sl ZJulji r;iirru
'tu'd't gggy yt 7ndlno paiDr sll Sunt? uaqm V 0? satlDl roloul sauas A 0rZ V 'L6'9 alduexl
('suy) 'N9V'ILLZ = r{e11nd aql Jo tulr aql 1e 1pd 'acua;
N9I,ILLZ = T
6Z'v99=Z'0x,4
r xI = lnJasnJ '1geqs aq1 1e anb;: g
'snrper ar{l sr J pue da11nd aq} Jo urlr aq1 1e 11nd aql st .{ JI :
('suv) 'A$I 80'62 = lnd+no ra^^.od 'acua;
A\{ 80'62 ro V'V8062 =
09
= (#)'**"' = ?ndlno Ja.l\od
I09xMZx6Z'V99
: 1nd1no ro^trod ::
('suy) 'urN 6U'pgg = anbrol InJasn 'acuag
tuN 6z'799 =
o,l InJasn
TI'89 - V'Z6g = r"olJ - = ;
tuN Ir'8s = = = rsorJ
ffi o.*ffioz
1v\,0002 = ssor uopcl4 pu€ uorl = (*4, x r"orJ
)
: tnJasnl ,anb.ro1 lnJasn i::
-flltdlillm
I6t uoJ,ohl J,Nlluu:]tr
 ELECTRICAL :"
it)2
r'p'm'' = 20 A, R,, = \R,, + R"7,) =
0'5 Q
Solution. Given: V = 200 volts ;Nr = ?00
11

Speeds, (Nz, Ns) :

447o
i,; Wfren the load torque is increased'by
z

Tz = l'44Tr
$212 -- I.44
ql1
Iz2 = \.44 lt2
Iz= IJTTI = 20 x 1'2 = 24 L'
or
V
Back e.m.f. Ett =V - I{Ro + Ru") = 200 - 20 x 0'5 = 190
Back e.m.f. n"J=V-Iz(Ro+R'n) = 200 -24x 0'5 = 188V l1
N2 Eaz Sr
Also Ni = Eb1 " 02
Nz 188 20
or xoo= :'f,o" 24
or Nz=577'2r'P'm'(Ans')
(ii) When the motor current is 10 A:
Baek e.m'f., E6=V -13(R' + /i"")
=200-10x0'5=195V
Ns Eas Qr
Also, N1
= Ebl " A3
N3 195 20
?oo=190"10
N3 - 1437 r'P'm' (Ans')
or
Example S.Zg.A220VD.C.seriesmotordriwsfullload'-linecurrentofSsAattlt'erate''
of600r.p.m.Themotorhasarmaturn,n,i,ton"nof0.4aand,theseriesfieldresistanceis0'2-.
iruun ,inose d.rop irrespectiue of load' is 3'0 uolts' find
:

(i) The speed' of ihe motor when the load' cutent drops to 19 A'
the motor takes onlv 1 A f:?:,::::?'n{ront
(ii) speed' on remoual of toad'
The when
nr-
,,"""',
'i,fni::;;;;;;:;;e power deueroped. in each of the aboue cases.
nr ar:-
Nesrect tLte effect of
(A.M.I.E. So--"".'1
reaction and saturation' Q'
Solution.Given I V= 220volts l1r = 38A'N1 = 600 r'p'm''Ro = 0'4
A' 1o = A'
R"" = 0'2 Q, Brush drop - 3Y ; 12 = 19
1

(i) Speed of the motor N2 (at 19 A)

On full'load: drop
Back e.m.f., Eut = V -fr(Eo + R"") - brush voltage
194'2 V'
= 22O- 33(0.4 + 0'2) - 3 =
On load current of 19 A
Back e.m.f., Em = 220 - 19(0'4 + 0'2) - 3 = 205'6 V
Euo = 220 - 1(0'4 + 0'2) - 3 = 216'4
V
No-load, back e.m.f.,

we knrrw that fr = #'H

unsaturated field i'e
X='ffi-'; [,tr..'*i"s
2;0q.6 !9 (Ans.)
N2 = 600 '1s4," 19 = tzzu r.p.m.
 urqo t'0 = ?'u 'acuelslsal oJnle'':;
V gl = "I = I '1ua;lnl ::: -
a8e11o,r d1ddn5'uollnlc5
A 0ZZ =
'JuarJn)o7TouotltodoLdsrxn[ a?rt?lss!- :'- r ' liilililflr]
ritL ruili
aluDs a.Lp JD luarrnc auns a1.U aqq q sDq 1! J? arnJnlurD a'Ll:t 'LU1m sa'Iras u7 pal;''" -
7D aEnTToa
acuplslsalaqlpul[.uqo6.9JoaJuo?SlSaJplat!sauaspltDutqog.gtoacunqslsalaJnJDulJDli:]:'.,i',1]l]xlllls.
altJ.V gy Jo Tuatt* o' airlrtLl uurl*
:*'d'i oos t" sunr ro?o1tt salras A 062 V'1g'9 elduexS -" t
(.suv) 'u'd'.r GZLI, =+ 000r = zN
" ffix
1o?'ox 9oz
z1g
10 ?[?ZZ-o9or
zO tcfl r1g
'1eq1 .Lroux ;-','
I0 zqg zP
-x-=-
Lgltz'Z = (I'0 + 9l'0)qz - 082 =
z'tg iar
(u"tl + "a)zl - A- Llllliilillllllrin
'V gZ Jo luarrnc eurl Surrvrerp a1:;-"'- u "-
A 902 = (I'0 + 9I'0)00I - 082 =
(r"U + "U)II - A- Iqfl
'V 00I Jo luaJrnc ourl Surrrrerp a1:-:-'-
.paadi
: zll
oU
I0?'0 = zQ iV gZ = zI'5I'0 = "U : O 9I'0 =
rNiv00T = 11 is11or o8Z= A :rraalc'troTlnlos
i'urd'.r000I
'" = s't 11 u?'-" * r:rllrrlrrrur
.g.LVC, 'tTddns 1996 tuotJy 96 Sutmotp
(966I ^ ob7' s? V gA Jo luarrnc o o1 SutpuoC;3-
'; *iiirrrrlllllll
at11 lo paads aq1 putJ 'V 00t o7 Sutpuodsattoc 7oq7 Jo 'Iu'c ' t ilrrl
pPlJ a1U puo ?5 gt'y sl acu'lsrcar arn?o1arD sJl 't
aqr reqr Eutunssy al o"Jl u"u,,qirrut
Eutuunta.lnlm sulnLt urti*-JV Ogy1o lurtrni
uit1o'motp rololusaluas 'C'OV'08'9 olduer3
(.suv) .v67;O= #k,= p€olVI Jo luanna ou 1e pedola'lap 'd'H leural:-
(.suv) .r8.e = =
V 6I
*ffi
Jo luarrnc pBoI € 1e pedola'rap
'd'H l€ura::-::
('suv) "g1 = -j'9=9f == =
padola'rap 'd'H leura:'j-
V 88 luarJnc peol E 1e
leurolul ' r::
: (sasec oAoqe aql q) padola,rep'd'H
govgz=
j[- oos =
('s..v) 'u'd'r ' ffi"
i"frx!N=eN
01 lqg
t1 osg
00 Hg I1t1' '.\\o -\
T0 0qg=-or1'
-x
:(vrrg)0N "
uoJ,ohl rNEuu'l: lll
 194
ELECTRICAL \Ia.,
Series field resistance G"" = 0.2 ohm
Nz = 600 r'p'm'
Additional resistance r" o" Ij;::o*t,o'*''
Ear=V-Io1 (Ro+ Rr")
= 220 - 15(0.3 + 0.2) = 2t2.SV
Using the relation, N2 En Qr
Nl Eor " 4z
Since currerrL lerlains Same,
Flux at 800 r.p.m, Qr = flux at 600 r.p.m.,
0z
N2 Ew
M=E
or E^, = 999.21e
sor=Yxt dor 212.5 = 159.3T V
I " 800
But Eaz=V-Ioz(Ro+R"r+R)
159.37 = 220 _ 15(0.8 + 0.2 "r R)
or (0.3 + 0.2 +R) = = 4.04
^iflt
= 3.54 ohms
^R
Hence, additional resistance to be added = B.b4 ohms. (Ans.)
Example 5'32. A 440 V series motor has a load, resistqnce of 0.8 ohm.
th'e rated output at 800 r.p.m. Determine the resistance
It tahes 110 A
of the resistor to be ad.decl to obta:
torque:
(i) At starting
Gi) At 600 r.p.m.
Assume flux is proportional to the current.
Solution. Supply voltage =440V
Load resistance, Er, = 0.8 ohm
Motor current, 1=1o=110A
Nr = 800 r.p.ffi., Nz = 600 r.p.m.
(l) Additional resistance to be added
at starting :
Weknowthat TnQIo
Since flux is proportional to current
, o Io2.
Since the torque remuins constant and, is equal to the
rated output in these cases
.'. 1o will be the same in all these cases
1o=110A
Let .81 be the resistance of the resistor to be added
Then Eo=V-Io(Ry+R1)
At starting, Eo=o
V - Io(R1+ ,R1) =0
or R2+ R1=[,=ffi= 4 ohms
or 0.8+Rt={
OI Rr=4-0.8=B.2ohms
Hence, additional resistance = 8.2 ohns. (Ans.)
 'ru'd.r ZtZ
9.?80I = 98'18 x
\Za^ nmx09Z=zN
[1 -d'.i
#"ffi=w
zl"rna_rN
tJ 419 271
I9"tna_tL'
r0 zs7- W 'uor1e1a.r eql €-.J: :,-
L LZ' LEZ = gI.0 x gg.pg _ 0gZ = *AzI _ zo,
,1 = '3'lu.a s;::
V 9g'?g = z1
Sr],
,paJe.rnt€sunsrplogaqJ z@zill= rz,
IJ-DI o 0 fi
...1 {t=,rt
UQ''IQ'J I rlr} !=z?zq
t,t'l =
"onb.rol aql JI€q Furdolaaep u;.:
t\zgz = 9I.0 x 0m _ agz =
-arl-4=te, .J.u'a::=:
: z1q ,anblot
'tu d'; gg4 JIBq 1e paeOc
:rI,N,v 0zr sr1,rn""i"
V 0ZT = ,+rn"rn""..l
"fi^!"..
ruqo gI.0 = ug ,acuelsrsar
plog pr" n"n,"l__.
ujllillJllllfiJlll
s7 aruDJs'lsar pplj puD arnlDla",
7i701 urirrrr* ,,
; :*i, t, l,'ff:i;#i;*r:":;ff .ilil
(.suy.) .rurlo g.0 "Zio*'"u'ruu, ,1 gga v.gg.g alduex3
= pappe oq o? acu€rlsrsar
leuoltTppt 'aci:=-;
rurlo g'0 = ugr
J&
r.s * s oror? \=='fi !ln_
(zg+g.o)otr_ovv=igz ,,il|rr
(zA +7A)TDJ_11 itrll
=zeg
pappe aq o? ocuelsrsar
I IeuoIlIPP€ aql sr ;5:-
Lvsz=rnr"ffi= ,tg x \ - zq,
c7J
toa tN
uael ,.u.d."r 00g
'rg= zN
= el; le J.ru.e r {ceq aq? sIzq7
JI aroJara-:,
u't palaJiDun LtlD?aar
'82so'- -rj,,
.osID
n?m xn! sasoc IIp ur aLuns aU? sulDtual ", lll'
t:"
'A luarrnc arn?DurrD aql aJi::i
298 =
g'ol 0u -';vv = TgtoJ
- A - rqa
: .ru.d.a 00g tB pappu o1
"q "o.."1sIsar lruoll1ppy :-
s6l
UOJON JN3UUt- :1,
_ I
 F]I-[.-CT'RICAL '.
196

Hence, speed of motor when developing half the torque

= 1084.6 r.p.m. (Ans.)
(
Example 5.34.A460V D.C. series motor runs at 500 r.p.m. tahing a atrrent of 40 A. t", ttw
the speed. anipercentage change in torque if the toad is reduced so that the motor is taking 3 i !- \'
reriitance of tie armature and field circuits is 0.8 Q. Assume flux is proportiortal to the fi.e'; : "t
(B.T.E.A.P.D.C. Machines Nov-
Solution. Given: V = 460 volls ;N = 500 r.p.m. ; IyG I") = 40 A.
12G Io) = 30 A ; R1(Ro + E.,n) =
g.g I
4 o Ir(i.e.1, in this case)
Speed N2 :
Armature current, It=Ia=40A
Back, e.m.f., Et'r=V-IorRt- 460-40 x 0'8 = 428V
Also, Qr o 1or ar'd S2 x Io,
qr=rg=p=o.zs
Qr Iat 40
Euz=460-30x0.8=436V
N2 Eaz Qr
We know that,
N1 En Qz

Nz = 5oo
"ffi, #=680 r.p.m. (Ans.)
Percentage change in torque :
Since torque developes, To QIo
T2 Qzloz 30 I
?,=or/-=u'/ctao=G
Percentage change in torque
=r':r' , roo
-l 1

( To \ t1 q \
= t- too = -10- too = 43.75va. (Ans-
| n J>< | J.
tsExample 5.35. A 240 V series rnotor runs a.t 800 r.p.m. to giue a total torque of 110 \*
current taken by the tnotor at this torque is 90 A. If tlte total resistance of the motor is 0.6 oht.
tlte torque deueloped when motor runs at 1200 r.p.m-
Assume that flux is proportional to cutent.
Solution. Supply voltage = 240Y
Torque developed at 800 r.P.D., ?"r = 110 Nm
Current drawn at the above torque, lor = 90 A
Total resistance of motor, E- = 0.6 ohm
Nr = 800 r'P.m.
Nz = 1200 r.p.m.
Torque developed at 1200 r.P.rn. :

Back e.m.f. at speed 800 r.P.m.,

Eat=V-IorR*.=240-90 x 0.6 = 186V
N2 Eaz Sr
Using lhe relation, N1 Eat
-=-x- Qz

rll

ti

lh----
( 7)-"
r"rr0 1,
tru )
zw=.lwJ
n zDTz$ ,
,277 Pu€ 'al^tr Io1r0
(uar\rc) ".rfi[:,,fr
7N n"7Q o 1
(zFD o zq a:,t;+l;:
'IUAIInC OJnleuu? rlrftr,
zo1 areq,r '(z[z"D sr qcea q8no.rql luarJnc 'sdno.r5 1e1p.red o.&l ul palaauuoc are slroc eqr tra; ,n,r
:zNql
V gT = ID7 = t7,.urd..r 00g = IN : uo/l'T0.uorlnwtrq
(966I'raEurns .q.I.ru.V)
'sasso/ atou?t puo luarrnc aql ol
lpuorlrodold [14ca.np st rnryf aq? lvlll airi r i r-r
'id*nntr
atpnbs sD sasParcul anbrc| pDqI 'salJas ul qcoa om|lo sdnot7 omj ur papauuocar aj; ry! j,,l
7a77ntod
rolo'tu at17 ,tq uazlp? luarrnc puo paads aql apu4sg .sauas ul palcauuo? aro s1loc plaLl 7.-,: u
llD lruflill "r"
g7 3uqt1'7 t\ddns 1002 D uo 'tu'd't ggg yt y.gg.g alduwg
,c\\otu.tou sunr roroLa sauas rwq g r0ilirirtl, '
('suv) 'ur-N gI'19 ='urd'.r 00zI lE padoleaap anb.rol ,s:::i
,uN slrs =.(uffi ) 'or, = ."
zo6 = glT
298'tg zoJ
J"I =toJ
E"t zoJ
lzDT r zg ...1
t"I o
zDfQ n zDl
[to1 r tS ...] o
t"I
ro1t$ n IDl
tu'd'.r 9961 1e anb.rol aql aq zDJ:!--
(ue^rc) urN 0TI = I"J ,.ur.d..r
00g le enb:: -
Y gg'vg = z"I
\vz, = zIL'g
zlg'o-ovz=zITg
,(?3)
1eF arr.r pu€ (r) FuilenL";
Qi"' zlg.0 _ 0?Z =*Az"I _
A=zsfl t:"E
'tu'd'.t
a.uiiurrrilIllr,
9961 1e ,tlaarlaedsar luorrnc orn+Burre puB J'uI'a {c€q oql ate zol pue : i:
(?)'" zo11.g = zag
zolrs =."!q ' ras - zas
bffi x esr = &"Hx
zol
IoI,rqg
zqg-t*z1q.
"I.,Q ?ng
L6t uoJow JNadu:tl -i&ltulilm
198
ELECTRICAL \{i

Since losses are negligible, field coil resistance as well as armature resistance are
neg-4r$um

lt means that armatur" uttd series field voltage drops are negligible" Hence back e.m.f. in ea::- run
equals to supPlY voltage'
N2 Eaz 0r. N2 0r
N1 E; x-becomes:=-,
Qz .lv1 Qz
2
QzI"z Io2
ot It =(H)'
From (i) and (ii), we have f +'l = 611o'
\o,/
Now $1 cc 16 and Qz o lozl2
Ioz i 16 13
ro=f qa,yztl
I"z
-32 or
16- L:,
I-j'= 16 x 323 =524286
vL 'az-L

Ioz = 26'9 A
N2 Qr Iot 2lot
Again from (ii), we have N1 0z Qa2/2) laz
952 r.p.m. (Ans.)
Nz = Nr
"T= 8oo x
#-
ugExampleb.ST.A seriesmotorrunsat1000r.p.m.takingg0Awithll0V.Whatre.;s.
would. be connected in parallel with fietd circuit to get 1500 r.p,m'. speed for deliuering
sd'-'{
torque ? Arntature resistance is 0.08 92 and series fi,eld resistance is 0.06 9). Assume magnett: :;,

is insaturated. (A'M'I'E' Winter' 1

Solution. Given: Nr-1000 r.p.m.;11 (=1o1)=90A, V=110 volts; Nz=1500:lml'
Ro = 0.08 92 ; Rr" = 0.06 Q.
Shunt resistance:
We know that for a series motor
TnQIo
In the first case : 0o/o
T1o Io! o gg2
In the second case let us take the armature current as 1o2 and a resistance to be co:
across the series field (shunt resistance) to reduce the field current to KIo2.
TnQI'nKIoz.IoznKI,Z
As the load torque remains unchanged we have
Tt=Tz
902 = KI,Z
K--8100
I"1z
N2 Eaz I
0r l*1ll
Aiso,
Nr-Ear"Qz
'i

liillilfr l)untl!: !t:

Em N2 Qz 1500 KIoz
o'r="t"01 =tooo" h, :
Em 1500 KIoz 1500 x K1o2
Eb1
=-1ooo" 90 = looorgo
 'urd'.r ggg = zN'zN :o J : O I = ('"U +'U)
rf :sllo^007 = :rroAIC'uollnlos
''ut'd'r 002 = NiV0Z = (1".f =)
(966I salr.rqcsw'calg's'a\. g'J/ ,8|'U'C'S)
.zu.d..tgggTouoJaulao?JpollualJncpunaSoTTonpatyddn.tJciii.':ilillx,|ulilllll]
a
,paads
anbtoy a1# fi '(alnq'tttrD puc 7 "'! n"
ptt! azql sp sauna in1 aq1'un ,p o7 pannbat
Jo a.rcnbs aq? roloul salras Y'8'-'9 elduYx-,
s11
.ttt.d.t OOi lo uoJ n aattp o1 A 00; P V 06 satlal
s1 a)uDlslsar
I
I-I _v"g* IO
ru"IIy
ru"gN = .to
o1- T){"u
q"A-qtAX+Io"gN IO
aJoq.!\
=)I
JO
=zrl"a
="u"a
I
E9Z1'0 -r
('suv) 'tl 770'0 = rE4?lx 90 0
x-r - acrrBlslsoJ lunqs ocuaH
YgO o- rll
)
,Mltl
tgzt'\= '(8tI
o0tt =)f 'il1llilillil
r'0 iil,lmlr
lu8rs a.,r - dPo 8urqe;,) V88I= rll0llll
90'0 x Z _=zor u!0 I
-'i
mr j
0 = ?'66€8 + "IgL'Lg -Q"tso'o
rlur'
v'662 -{tso'o -"IgL'Lg = ooTg
zol z"I9o'o-gL'Lg zol Jor
=
1.66e oor'
t{ D, I I zul
x e0'0 + 8o'o - 0TT =
Iz"t lere'o 00T8
I t#- '.(?)
aABq aia uro{ lf Jo anIB^ aq1 3u1rrr"1
z'1- 0II]9I9'0 = zoIX
[(2,"U + g0'0)
06 x 000I - (y90'0 on'.fi) ZDt
z"I - otr J@r
z"rN sLv.r - zorx = /r'^^.n + 80'0) ^IT
-
##H6 7'16,
0q._q99l- = ==
dm, ooil
- (ygo'o + 80'0) zD1- 0lI
f"A ul zsflpue legJo senl€A aq1 Sutlrr;
"^'(??)
)I 90'0 =
acu€lslsar lunqs pue plag Jo uoll€ulqruoc 1e-11e'red = zasg
(d,rg + gO'O) zJl I 0TI = (z'"U + "&)zol - A= zqg t'ftO\
0rr = ("a + "a)r"I - A= rsg
A t'16 = 190'0 + 80'0)06 -
-'iiillll{llfllulr
uorow rNadd.l:
6bl
 ELECTRICAL \{ -i :'!t!'nl{|mr
200
lrN.*t;jl:.

[2iV2:
Back e.m.f., En =V - It (Ro + R"")
=400-20x1=380V
TnNz "t:
Since
To Nrz ur Qzlz Nzz
01' --=- -=
= --:=
7i
--- NP orlr -- Nr2
-o
1r'=f qlq\2 ('.'0*l,neglectingsat';:
Ir2 \ 2oo
,l

I"
t'u
i= A. (Ans')
Iz = !.51t = 1.5 x 20 = 30
Nz Eaz 0r
Also, Nr-Eor"Qz
---Y-

800 Em 11 Eaz . 1
too=Bsot/2=380*15
fur=#x380x1.5=85V
Yz=Eaz+12(Ro+R)
= 855 + 30 x 1 = 885 V. (Ans')
whichuariesasthe sqi.;.1 rl0l|,

Example5.39.A D.C.seriesmotordrivesaload',thetorqueofCalculate the speed and cL *ullrlull'

of 15 Awhen the speed' is 600 r'p'm'
speed.. TIte mator toher-a as that of field u' i'i;'rqg
t
"uorent
is slt'unted' Uy o afu"ito' of the same resistance
when tlt e motor field, tuind.ing (A'M'I'E' Summer' 1$[l ;il

Mention the assurnptions mad'e if any ' " - iil'

Solution. Given 1 T o N2 ; fr (= 1or) = 15 A, Nr = 600 r'p'm'

Nz ; Iz (= I"2) :
Series field current, Iser = Ial = 15 A
a divemnr
Let the speed be N2 and armature curient 1o2 when the field winding is shunted by
of the same resistance as that of field winding'
.'. Series field current, I*z = iloz
Current /o2 divided equally between series field
('.' and div:r'm"*'

Since ToQIo
T' ('.' neglecting magnetic satun;rumrur
0t/'t =it4
o( .I"",
Tt=V:Z t,,r
o

T2 loz2 i.

T1 ZInt2
T2 Nz' ;'
Also Tr Nrz
Nzz lrz
From (i) and (n ), we have {} =
rR
N2 | Ia2 ii,
Nt-- 6 ht
 ToIzY = J pue
,7 :c o a;a;
: palrJnlesun sr
lrnorro cglau8eru o"** ui
('s'uV) 'LgGI't62,= g'0 x 9z.Ig + g.LLz=zL "U,
,(l ..:-rd
Lg'LLz= x ZZZ = zsg
bffi
(0=Q=I0 ...) tN tna
z7y= zsT
':s'r+
(1) "' #"#=x
9.0 x 9Z.Ig _zr1=zag
('suv) 'v ez'rs = z1
s6 =
.(Uffi )x
tl2 =r,lz to
,"Nr-n=6 "1t7tY="7y
J =
oJ ,cr1e1s
dpeaqs .ra;,: _
oIX oJ
= =
pue luelsuoc d .;;:
: parrrnl's q
llncrlc cglau8eur aul uaq-[- .
"IQY="t aq: j:;
zNrx = J to n I "tolour
'ue3 e ;:;
LZZZ = 7'0 x 0Z - XEZ
"N = rsg ,.ru.d.r ii
oo= :-J rdllr
: 881 ! ?u1 : I't {-t ifillli
qu{uo8='N
.^, g v.0 = -a: srr_T_'.s. = r^,v 0z = tor;T}:3il lrllil
(966r'ratuurns'fi.r.w.v) '' :,f '* :go^Ic.uollnlqi
uto.ttpaJuaq*y .troiai.,i;;."';5
s6,u,7i7i;;:*:i
"i'i{*i,*t:,:,i.;:#T:'::i:,:.,:*,q}
)'C'OV.O?.9 alduexg€x
(.suv) .ru.d..r g.grz
= * oo9 = zN
#y, l0
LZZ.gZ rN
grxz _ zN
?aB art ,(n?)
vIV LZZ.gZ = zD7Fur1n1r1sc:.:
y- Lz6'gz =z"I
V 7'989 = ,(9I) , ZfZ = l&[
[t 6tZ = Q7 ,ri
::rror zI
t"n -- aAPq al,r'1ntS pue (.t31t
4.: ruo: --
(a3)"' z"t zQ r,y
_z"If
r"rr- 12 = 4 =.N---
0
1ue?suoc aoqellol perldde
___ *Erqrr_DE
Fununsse O"rt""n[**
pus rrrnleurJe ur do.rp a8elloa
Eurlcal8al-
nZ
uoJoh.I INAUu.tt,4ltfdtilmi
 ELECTRICAL I.I !
t0l
To = T, K21"2 = KrNz
As q2
/1"r\--le\
-1n'1
Ia'J
Nr on - looo A. (Ans.)
Irr=/orrNr --""" = 2b
I 800
Eus=Vz- 25 x 0'5
Nq Ent Qr Enz lot
--:=-x-==-x;-
AIso, Nr En 0r ltut 1o3

Inl N3
Eus= Eil r ,_ t
"t.
25 1000 = 346'87 V
=222 xfi'ffi .L1i* ".

V' (Ans') t-'

Vr = 346.8? + 25 x 0'5 = 359'37
From (ll),

5.1 1.MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

in
The ProPerties of all motors and' o
foilowing characteristi cs :
(i) Starting ;

andinclude lstart
determined by the rabto 6;
;
o The starting current -151216 $€o€rally
. ?"tart
by the ratro ?*; t
o The starting torque ?"1u'1' determined

o The duration of starting lstart i in start'-:I

by the amount of energy consumed
a The economy or"p"ruti;Il l;t"r*lrr"a
of the starting equipment.
o The cost urrj
'etiuuitity
operatingcharacteristics.Theoperatingcharacteristicsarethosethatgivethe::m
or thearmarure cu*en: :m
between speed',r",n'"^uiiilii"t'"*-i""2f"";;':;!:* and ":.":l':::::
rield circuit'
HnTr"iff:#ffit;;;';""""' theof armature
mlil try*l,T?f :i:*l*?l *':: il:'.x::l'I"#
Mechanicar characteristics'
*".n.#i'*niffi'":1il:3i?ffi:;:;"*ffi '{: oa l:1":,Tin il3
the l,lxllfTJo"?l
^"
armature and field :-r
respectively) ro. "o"ai-"i;;;;;;if:Ti?;u"a '"=ittu"ces
ffi;;i*"tnclude tine brahing characteristics'
Regulationcharacte-ristics.Thesecharacteristicsdeterminet}epropertiesofmotc*:
include
tt ni, ,peni is controlled' These ' t*u*
determined by the ratlo N;; ; ,rilmllilil ilrri,r
a The regulation range rlllffirul ril

.Theeff,rciencyofregulationfromthepointofviewoftheinitialcostoftheequlpme:'i;
maintenance;
or stepped ; and
o The nature of regulation--continuous
and methods'
; it .i*pli"ity of the control apparatus
"
 Ig 'uor1e1e.r aqr ?r: -
zp
zsfl= ]{
'A 8'U0t = V9 - Z"8l - 009 =
(8'0 x 08t) - (7'0 x 80T) - OOg = zqg
do ua,rr8 sr J'w'a {ceq ltrieu aqf 'IsA J'ura {ceq ar{l sE ilrm
'A ggg sr J'rrra Surpuodsar.roc aq1 leq'1 uaas sI lI (ur'd'r 009 1B) alJnc uorlesrlau5eur €q1 trr;
v 8oT = t#! x o8T = ft/# x ss1 =/7
dq ua,rlP sI luerJnc plag aql 'pasn st JofJaArp ua: g
76'9 '31g ra;ag
: ({81 ao) Inrrmr&
r\,\{ 9 = sassol uorl puB uollcl4 'o8Ep:.*
url{o 9'0 = '^lPU rolla^rpJo acu€ls:sar
V08I = 1Ua,r.rnc tr.::-_
urr{o 7'0 -'"U 'aauelsrse.r plog sau€S
urqo 8'0 = 0U 'acuelstse; aJnleE;-r
sllo^ 009 = ,,t 'a8e11on dlddng'uorlnl@i
'anbto7 7nd7no aq+ pu! 'l6tl g s! pool slqi 10 sasso'l uorl puo uotlclt! 'aSoputm Jo utns a'q]
-;: rtffiw,,,l
ssorcD papauuoc sl uqo g'g lo nyantp o puo aSoqoa patTddo papr aUl qrym V 1EI sr lTtarrn: :\,t[llrhi
uatlm paads aql pu1tr 'ulqo ?'0 s't acup?srcar pp! aW puo'ta'qo g'0 sl acuplsrcar arnlpuuD ?'-'
006 09t 9zI 00t 9L : y'luattn? p:ti
0/v 06, 068 ,98 062 : A''!- 7
| ? LJs ua lcDJDqC u o 1+ ::i
?utmo1yoJ aql sDq 'u'd'.r 009 10 Sutuunt rolo'u salras 'C'O 1\ 009 V '17.9 elduryr3gl
'uorlcarrp 3uo.r.u ut 3ur1re1s
roloru Jo .,{lrlrqrssod 8uo.r1s
pu€ deme Suruun.r Joloru
go dlqrqrssod € r{lp\ i(1rgqe1s
-ur paads spr€/r\o1 ,(cuepua;, 1
'{JO/i\ r{JJeasaJ 'luDls | : Pt-:.-
ro3 pa.(oldtug j -uoc lsolulo paads pue enbro;, O I punoduoc r(1iotrya.taltq -
'lorluoc plau
tq.obgzl oldn aq deur 1nq pasn
1ou ,{11ensq : Totluoc paadg o
' obog- gZ oldn'Sulpunoduroc
;o ea.r8ep uodn Surpuadap
'c1a saueld d,ree11 '3ur,{re6 : uo4o1n8at paadg o
: slpru Suilyog
- .a6ggg oldn
i sroda,ruo3 -
- 'lunqs ueql rcq?vq anbrcl?ut
: srolE^alg -lotado ,C.toluataout 1un1a1xDry
- a
:saqrund
: sr€aqs - 'SurpunoduocSo aa;€
: sapnlrur uorlecrldde go splarg - -ap aql uodn Eurpuadap obogy
' uo r
oldn q8rq anbrcq Euryolg o
lce laaqr'.r-{g qlrrr,r
speoq Surlenslnd 'paads lu€lsuoc 'paads SurAre,r alqelsnlpy a
.i1:reg ,i1uo pue anbrol Surgels i pu,1:tt
qErq Suurnba: sa.\Lrp roJ olqBllns O 'paads elqeuen
a punodutoc aaqnlnzunC
: sJolour punoduo'3
TI; uoJ,oN JNAUU-]--
212 ELECTRICAL \L{]
s00

illLr lll 1'

'll!;ll-,1

400 *,0,1
iL i
.ir ;

I,e

300
I ,L

tt
Su
E 200
bJ

100

10 80 120 160 200

Fietd current. A *
Fi4.5.24
Exo LOr.
Nz = Nr x;;= 5oo x
ff
R
= 551'8 r'P'm'

Electrical power developed = EaI" = 402.8 x 180 = 72504 W or 72.504 kW

Stray losses =5kW
Output =72.504-5=67.504kW
Now using the relation,
2nN
Iuseful x6=output

Tu'""' &]ffE = 67 '504x looo

"' "

or ?userur = @###O- = tt68 Nm

Iience, useful torque available = 1168 Nm. (Ans.)
o9pxampl e5.42. The following figures giue the magnetisation curue of a 4-pole lap-wout:
motor.
Field curcent, A Flux, Wb Field current, A Flux, Wb
1.0 0.018 5.0 0.056
2.0 0.034 6.0 0.0595
0.044 7.0 .0.062
3.0
4.0 0.051
 q1$.96s0'0 = 0
q \ 9690'0 sr tu; j- -.
srqt roJ xng ler{l purJ a^\ 'e1ep aloqe aq} uro4 (gz'g '8I.D alrnc uor}esrlau8eur oq1 1o1d ;-r.:
v8s0'e=ffi=t'i
C.0Z t1s
9Z'9'3t.{
+-'sdulD plalJ
9
t0.0
z0'0
t0.0
-rl
i
?0.0
{
g
90.0
I
90.0
: p,paads
3o .rad 86?00'0 = -raddocJo lualclga-oJ e.rnle.radc- -
oIU =sro?anpuoc ornlBurJeJo requi:.ji
C.97 = asu a.rnle.radrua -
surr{o 88 - Surpurrrl plag Jo aauelsrsai:
[' punorrr-de1 3uraq .ro1o1111 i=d=o 'sq1ed 1a1p.red go raer.r:"ri
v=d 'sa1od go raQu:.r[
A08Z= a8e11o,r dlddng .uorlnloq
'C" rf, g7r0g'g = nddocJo luanllta-oc atnlotadutaq aqJ'C"9, tquast.t sDq,l,toc p1a! at1lJo at,:x
a?ntano aql uaqn paads aql pul,I 'O"0A ppc sl rolou aql uaUm suqo gg st Sutputm p1ayf Jo a:";
aUJ '7LZ s't sropnpuoc a.tnqotuto lo raqllnu aqJ 'p.ncrlc A 0gZ uo unr ol pattnbat sl rolola ar. -
f.IZ uoJ,ori JNsuu-.: *
 ELECTRICAI- ','r *
214
.Iilil "

Neglecting armature drop, and using the relation'

E' =PvZN llll,ii: : d
60o llllii r lir"'' :,,

(v-roRo)=w
uu,,,, ,*,, F,
(V - I"R") 60a tillillliltlmnm s
i
,Y - pqz
-(230-0)x60x4
- 4x0.0596x210 f'.' IoRo jijjj]l :li. :,

'f,l]lrr 11..,,,, .i

= 1102.58 r.p.m. lol no-load. and'

20"Q t-:
I
At 65"C
Let us find the new value of shunt winding resistance'
Now Ii2s = Rs(1 + 20 x 0.00428)
and Ros=Ro(1+65x0.00428)
Dividing (il) bY (i), we get
Eas 1+65x0.00428
R1a=T.n"U00423
Ees t.2782
or 38 = 1J856
Ror = 44'74 ohms

Field current at 65.C = #h= 5.141A

FIux at this current = 0.05? Wb lFrom Fig. 5.251

N=
(?30
-- 9]l
4x0.057x210
69]'=4
= 11b2.88 r.p.m. [At no-Load
=-
:

Hence, speed at 65"C = 1152.88 r.p.m. (Ans')

5.14. D.C. MOTOR REVERSING

polarity ai .:
In any D.C. motor, the direction of rotation depends upon the magnetic
tt

tltat fLows in the armature windin'g-i ::-ur

field.s and t;ne d.irection of the conuentional current --.r^-^^ ,,,:+L
with l-fi-L.- - -,
tl"- left-hc-':
the
immersed in the fietds. The direction that results is then in accordance
tnotor actton.
poles in any motor' The n:=::'
The left-hand rule relationship is met under all the field
rrrl

winding the armature, whether lap, wave, or frog leg coils, all accomplish the S1r.ne :. TJF
north and south poles' so each region pulls tn i "'
motor '. the current is clirected' opposifel5' und'er
direction.
summarily, t:ne d,irection of rotcttion is d.etermined by the following factors "

(i) The direction of field coil winding, which is built in'

(ii) The connection polarity of the whole field which may be changed or switched
(ill) The direction of armature coil winding, which is also built in'
(iu) The connection polarity of the brush grouP, which fixes the access point to the a:
lvinding and which may be changed or switched'
Factors (li) and (iu) are accessible mod'ifications and may be manipulated'
th'e current : '-t
In a D.C. motor if the ouerall terminal connection polarities are changed,
in effect, does the same thing as :'
of bottt the armature and the field. are changed,. Since this,
 216 ELECTRIC,{L ,

1J
.g

c
3
!
Series m Series
fietd field

Forword R everse
Fig. 5.28. Compound motor reversing.
Note. The commutating fields and compensating windings, if present, must be left in :.; "

relationshipu'iththearmature,sothereversalmusttaket]nearmaturecircuitasawhole.Ifthe: -*
field or the compensating winding are inadvertently switched in relation to the armature, the : -*
quality would be destroyed. Taking either of these rvindings out oltheir proper relationship is worse .: L,

were not there at all.

5.I5. STARTING OF D.C. MOTORS

-the ;i-gisi.NeGAforqt""-t"*rAmotor atresthasnobackorcountere.m.f.Atstaring::,

armature c:urrent is limiiid itily by the resistance of
the armature circuit. The armatttr,- -.:
; is uery loro, however, and if full voltage were impressed upon the motor terminals at star : .;r-,;,
resulting armature current would be many times full-load value-usually sufficient to i:.. -*p,
machine. For this reason, additional resistance is introduced into the armature circuit a: ;:'!yN
As the motor gains speed, its back e.m.f. builds up and the starting resistance is cut out.
---={ote. Very smaE--D€.-rr}stors, either shunt, series or compound wound, have sufficier.: .-
resistance so that they may be started directly from the line without the use ol a staring resistance ;: :
injury to the motor.
Fig. 5.29 shows the connections of a starting resistance in three types of D.C. mot,:::
(o) A series motor ; (b) A shunt motor ; and
(c) A compound motor.
a In the case of serjes motor [Fig. 5.29 (o)], the armature, fieid and starting
all in series.
St o rti ng reslstonces

Series
fieLd

Fig. 5.29. Circuits incorporating starting resistances

 222
ELECTRICAL !.I

of load' whether intentionally

or not removal of the load from the motor will cause
and possible damage. When the load is removed, the line high moi::
current is reduced, thus redu::
strength of the holding magnets, thereby releasing the arm. The protection
offered by the s:
referred to as no-load release.
where th'e remouar of road is rernote, trrc no-uortage-rerease
' (Fig. 5.35). The advantages of this type of srarteJare
type of starter mc., -,t:
(The four-point starter can be used io start series
sir'itaiio h;"il;_;;;, ,,;
motors prouid,ed. the rattt:,
starttng resistor are not exceeded). The tr'terminal r. ai.""gu.i#;;iJ:r;1il1*
Note' A motor should never be disconnected from the li neby'forcing' r
the arm of the starter to .c
Thrs rvill cause burntng of the first contact because of the breaking :,:rnn
tL" i"id";;il;;;"""t;# :-, ];#
the magnetic field A disconnect or other appropriate device
should "r
be used to connect o. di""o.rr"",
the line. =.,,,r*l
5'15'5' Automatic starters. There is a frequent use of auiomatic
starters
veur lvr D in
'r indus:..-
offer the following od uantages: 'ru
a Motor can be started in the minimum of time.
o Inexperienced operators can start motors without the possibility of blowing
f:*-*nr
causing delays.
Because of the ease of starting and stoppingmotors by
this means, operators
will cor.,
shut down equipment when not in use. rhis iu;/l prolong the
tife of eqyipment and. rec:.
consumption.
The primary requirement of a device which is to work
automatically is that must i.
of sensing a change and then responding to the change.
The .h;;g;, which can be sensed i --;
starting process are the current, voltage and time. Tihese
starters.
ro.- the basis for most - a _;
"rrung."i
5.16. SELF GOVERNING PROPERTIES OF D.C. MOTORS
when a mechanical load is put on a motor, the electrical power
input to motor auii -
changes to match it (load). This is Lxplained below.

Thus the power input to the motor automatically changes

to suit the mechanical .:
motor. =

GRADING OF STARTING RESISTANCE

Example 5.43. Tlrc armature resistance of a 440 v D.C. shunt
motor is 0.24 ohrn ,
th'e ualtt'e of different resistance elements of a starter
for this motor if the rnax.imum c,rr; -
not exceed 110 A and tlte ratio of moxitnum current to
minimum current d.uring startingbc :: ,,in

Solution. Supply voltage, V = 440 Volts

Armature resistance, Ro = 0.2 ohm
 e5 0't = ru '3ur1.re1s 18 acuelslsar IBIoJ
?5 OIZ'0 = "a 'acuelslsar aJnlBurJV
(.suv)*##- ;:T:";;fi:X?'jil :::'
('suv) oSlr'0= 698'0-/,89'0 - LA-nU-9',
('suv) ci 992'0 = 1,89'0 - z0B'0 -
sg - sg = st
('suv) 'o 168'0 = 208'0 - 66T'r = ea -ua - "
('suv) 'o 869'0 = 66I'T - Z6;r =tE - 8U - e',
('suv) 'o 988'0 = z6ll - LLg'z = 8u - zg = zt
('suv)'OgZ8'I = LLT'Z-V=zg-Ig-rt
?5 VZ'O - "U - 8a
v6v'r- D
o6gt.^
u- -rn,
lg9T
o/.reo=#H=#=nt
D
e5z0g.^
v6v'r -
u-oorr-W- -q"'d
,v6v'r - n -tn,
CI66T.-
'- z6L"l
D
az6L,--v6t'r -cn'
'- ugz -
<j LLs.z=ry = #=""
/\
r6t'r =I 4-q l=
,rI\ y / "
I=a-rcl
.a1qeroJa.rd sI '9'T ueql ssal .t11qF11s aqplno.{t{ s}uarIncJo ot:tj
L= u, Lsr.raSalur lsar€au oql acurs
'l
s€ ua{B} sl ?tJI 'g'I usql alotu aq ppo,ta EuarJnc Jo oI+€J aql '9 se ua>1e1 sl UJI Jo I se ua{Bl ar
76.9=
ffi=" u
VEIS'Z"T=rgOl'O
u
/.99'9I ,tot = 9'T '3oI
T
aal 'saPts qloq uo 3o1 8urre1
, ,t"t
,71uee'er)= l,#,J=nt
u/l
suollcas Jo Jaqunu aq1 si I
'",,(#)="
uu=3;; =7='o 'leql /$ou{ a1\
OIIgU
9'I = 1)'1Ua;,tnc runurlullu 01 luarJne uInurIXBIuJO
vorr=r/ luarrna umulxeJt
uorol^l JNEUd.IJ ;
€zz
114 EI,ECTRICAL

The various sections are shown in Fig. 5.36.

1rtzr23rgt,lt5tl 7r78
I

-l ' ,,,^lr.,ru',l o
u,.^ l, ,,,-1. ,,,^f ,.,,,,-lo.,,n-]* 0.24rt (Ra ,l
Fig.5.36

o€Example 5.44. A 250 V, 37 hW, D.C. shunt motor has to exert a maeirnum torque ol , i,
cent of futt-load torque during the starting period. The resistance of arrnature circuit is 0.2 c:t
ttle futt-toad. efficiency is 84 per cent. The number of studs is 8. Determine :
= (r) The upper and, Iower limits of curcent during starting ;
(ii) The resistance of each section.
Solution. Supply voltage, V = 250 Volts
Maximum torque = 1.5 x full-load torque
Resistance of armature circuit, Rz = 0.2 ohm
fll run
Full-load efficiency, = 84Vo
Number of studs, (n+1)=8 lu1il .:

trr = ?, rz=? ,trl r,'" ,,

Resistance of each section = ?

.l --, .
Full-load eurrent =##ffi=176A ft1*.
Torque is proportional to Q/ and as flux is constant, therefore the torque is proportio::: ' ..":
Also, maximum torque = 1.5 x full-load torque - :'::
Maximum current' n *,,,: , !
= i.?: iTit:xHr:"?L"., ' :-:
Number of studs, n + 1= 8
Number of sections, n = 8-I=7
We know that, *, =I=H=0.947 ohm $'c,*

and ^ (Rt'\t"=f
=lo?n''\t"=r.2s
u'z ) =rz
"=l&,J
11
But o=6
Lower limit of current, I, = \ =
# = Ziti^.2A. (Ans.)
Rr
o =9:! 0lb7 e
R. = - 1.25 =
"2-
*" =* =T#= 0.606 e
n-=*=HT=0.484a
n, =
& =W= 0.387 Q

ou=*=qi#=o.Soea
 (
910'0 x z \_ oI
V L9'zz = |,
98x 9€^x9T0'0 )=
x x
71g(D* 9ro'o z= 98 -9€ x 9ro'o
(ua^r0) zJZ = rJ trri{
zI 3Il, x 910.0 :o
" zlzq - zJ I i, -- ..----*.-
.\lJE. Ur!.
9t x 9€l x 910'0 ,o
ITrQ r r,; .i[rx*lh
rur{o zg'o -
n'
- s o}f
' 9'62
qfl
A 9'62 = V'1Li- 009 = - A= "fI
"a"I-A=ag :ntw
\v'01, =
'.1
ls/'9I0'o=O D09
7x09 -od 'uor1e1a.r aqt:-:s'
oo9 x q.o(gt) x 067 x 9ro'o x 7
- NNd-'tr
'"U pug lsrg s: :dri-
: zN ?a&dg
'urd'r gg9 = r4'
sraqa^{ s.o/ x gTo'o = 0
06V = Z 's.rolcnpuoc go raqrr ri
,lualrm E,er*
V gg = II
A 009 = e8e11o.,'.i1i::c
[punorrr-de1 Suteq to1otr41] V- d=o 'sq1ed1a1p.redyo raqu:rr'
tr = d 'se1od go raqunN 'uorlnl@S
'patou?t aq tout sasso7 .,.=*s
'unr lrm rolout aql qrtu * w
alq aplncpr 'paaf)q qloq dro anbtoy pua a?nqoa ,C1ddns fi 'luarrnc ro?ola aql s? I araqm s-;a:,^l;
gt a
0'0 = S : uo4n1at atlq ,Cq passatdxa st aTod nd xn{ puo sropnpuoc 06f U4* punom-do1 s':-
aqJ 'A 009 1D y gg 3u1t1o7 pooy-11nJ uo 'ut'd'.t 009 4D sunr rolout 2'q a1od-V V'gr'g a1duq4
SNOIJS gnb SNOTJ,VTIUIIVXS flAITIIfl dI/\IOC/TVCIdI'I
'O l?6'0 = IU 'Fur1.re?s Jo aauBlsrsa'r I€loJ,
O 002'0 = acuBlslsar arn?€uuv
O l7l'0 = sluaualaJo acuBlslsar Ie+oJ
O l,?0'0 = 0Z'0 - LVZ'1 = 8g - Lg : L.t i
O 290'0 = LVZ'y - 608'0 = LA - eU - g, rl t
ej gt0'0 = 609'0 - /,88'0 = eA -eA - s"
ea vg = vt
?5 1,60'0 = 188'0 - 78t'0 = -
?5 ZZT'0 = ?8t'0 - 909'0 -
tg -8a - t"
ej I9T'0 = 909'0 - LgL'0 - 8A' - zA - z"
CI06I.0 = LgL'1- 116'0=zll- Ig= I.1 $:t(
oA
O Z'0 = =8A
?iLtz'o=33'r sg=Lyq
608'0=o
9T.a UOIOhI INEdX-;l
226 ELECTRIC.{L

Ett = 470.4Y ICalcula-"-:

Also, Euz=V-IzRo
= 250 - 22.67 x 0.82 = 237.4V

N2 Etz 0r
Using the relation,
N1 En 0z
N2 23I.4 0.016 x (36)0
5
=
600 4704 " 0fi6 " (2257)os
... N2=372r.p.m. (Ans.)
Example 5.46. Calculate the torque on an armature carrying a total of 220,'
cond.uctors, the d.iameter of the corebeing 0.9 m, the length 0.3 m, the pole arc 65Vo anrJthe ,i.
in th,e air gap 0.7 tesla.
Solution. Ampere conductors, ZI = 22000
Diameter of core, D=0.9m
Length of core, L=0.3m
Effective number of conductors = 0.65 Z
FIux density in the air gap, B = 0.7 tesla
We know that, force per conductor is
=BIL
=0.7x1x0.3=0.2L1
(L and / being length and current in each conductor respectively).
Total force = 0.21 x 0.652 = 0.2 x 0.6521
= 0.2 x 0.65 x 22000
= 2860 N
Torque, ? = force x radius

= 2860 ,DU = zeeo'ry = 1287 N-m.

Hence, torque developed = 1287 N-m. (Ans.)
Example 5.47. A 10 kW, 240 V D.C. shunt motor draws a line current of 5.2 A u,hti;
at no-load speed of 1200 r.p.m. from a 240 V D.C. supply. It has an armature resistance of {.t ^
a fietd. resistance of 160 e). Estimate the effi.ciency of the motor when it deliuers rated loaci
(GATL
Solution. Given: Shaft power = 10 kW ;V = 240 volts, 16 = 5.2 A,
No = 1200 r.P.ffi., Ro = 0.25 Q, ft"I, = 160 a
Efficiency of the motor ;

Constant shunt field cunent, I* =H= 1.5 A

No-load armature current, Ioo = Io - Ish = 5.2 - 1.5 = 3.7 A
Constant no-load rotational.loss,
w --woo- IoER"
= 240 x g.7 - (3'T2 x 0.25 = 884.6 W
Power developed = EJo = shaft power + no-load rotational losses
(240 - Io x 0.25)Io= 10000 + 884.6 = 10884'6
(^lISraATun qBfrrBd) 'v 0, s! luarrnc arnlDL!:r
'la'd'r 009 aq .cwtu paads aql rcIfl rapro u1 alod r?d xnil attl u? uoqcnpal a?n\uactad a1fl
G! y ; ?,
au|l pDol-ou az1| lt paads pporou aw e) alplncloc do.tp qsntq 1 6 3utmo77v puo uollra&- tu"
Jo s,calta az|l 3ut7capa71 'f,\aa4cadsa.t a ga puo a v'a aro socuajslsal p\a! puo arnlDlli,: iw \
luarrnr au1\ o saTDl puo ,c.\ddns
1996 uto.tJ 'tu'd'.t 969 1D sunr rolo1a runqs v.67.g alduwp
('suv) 'urd'a 6'zt6 = 698 =
ffix
qg
xN=oN
osg
.p€or_!|: ln
3o paads puE aures sr xnu aql os peol-ou uo sB IIr^\ sB peol-llnJ 1B aures sr luaJrna plag a;l;rr;
lpBol pal€r lB s€ aurBs oql sr pBol 'ou 1e a8e11o^ acurs]
L9V0'LIZ = 9'Z x ZgT'T - 0ZZ, = - 1= oeg
"f"I '3'ru'a ne'6
Yz8r.r =ffi=*fu=
l'pelraxa dlaleledes sr auil{cetr 0D7 o
J ...] luoJJnc ourl = ' 1ua.r.rnc Jnjls;.$r:
[ua^rC " " "uor1erado peoi-llnJ
puB pEol-ou uaa^t?aq lu€lsuoc urBural sassoT ."]
1vl,0gZ-sassol=1ndu1
: pBol-ou ltf
(uo^rc) 'u'd'r 699 = 1tr 'pd:r3i
Iy 0ZZ = 9'Z x qg
I- 0ZZ = "{I -A= J'rrra rf,qf
,4& 092 = 00gI - 0gl,I = 04 - 14 = sassortr
1l\091,I =gx0ZZ=11=14 ra.trod tnia-
1y\.009I = /!\{ 9'T - od 'Jalrod ::r*
: (v g) pEoI palEr !t
3 op.peeds p€ol-ol5
V 8 = 1l a g'Z - DU.: 'ur.d.r 699 = N
'1y\>I g'I -04' '.rarrrod 1nd1n6 : sllo^
0ZZ = A : uollC .uorlnlo*
i rolout aql Jo paads pDol-ou aql aq ulm 10qm 'poo\ papt anl'n aql 70 pax! a.rc a30110t a-:
Jo
a1ll puD luarrnr pp! a111 'uo4lpuoc
h pool parcr p g smDrp
v Jo luarrnc 1? puD ?5 g.z ic a,n,,
arnjDlurD saq rotoul .C.O parycxa ,C1a1o.todas ,.tu.d..r 69g ,fulq g.I ,A
0ZA V.gp.g eldurrg
(.suv) .obss.rs=
ooT xffi= ffi= zfcuercr;ya rolol{
s.r x olz + sz.o* :
1tts7r1 'a'!) ssol plag lunqs + ssol "Gt.m#8fiil]
"g
peol 11n1 + DTag =
611 lndur.ro::116
(alqeerpe;d lou anl€A raqlo) v ZL,L, = "l
v zL.L,lv sa.zro =
w#_* ovz=
9Z'0 x z
=oI
9'?880I x 9Z'0 x V - z0?Z /\t |VZ
0 = g'7gg0r +"ITvz-
""Igz'0
LTa doJ-om INSUX -.:
228 ELECTRICAL ,n:-,

Solution. Given z v = 250volts;1= 50A;Nr = 600 r.p.m.;

Ro= 0.4 e), ft"t, = 125 e ; ilr,,1,

Brush drop =2V 10 = 5A ilaz= 40A;Nz = g00 r.p.m. il:t

Percentage reduction in flux:
Shunt field current, =v
I"t
R"l,=250-eA
I25
When line current (Ir) is b0 A:
Armature current, Iat=It-I"h=50-2=4gA
Back e.m.f., Ea=V-IorRo-brushdrop
= 250 - 48 x 0.4 -2 = 228.8V
When no-load current (Io) is 5 A:
No-load armature current, Ioo = Io- Ish = 5 2 = B A
-
Back e.m.f., Eao=V-Io&o-brushdrop
=250-3x0.4-2=246.8Y
Since the motor is shunt wound and armature reaction effect is negligible so
assumed to be constanl and, therefore, speed is directiy proportional to the baci e.m.f.
/iu .r,u,**
de,_e.,^wt
No Em
A/t = Ert

No = Nr r'P'm'
"H= 600
'm= 647 (Ans.)
When the armature current (I"z) is 40 A:
Back e.m.f. developed, Euz =V - IozRo- brush drop
= 250 - 40 x 0.4 -2 = 232Y
Let the flux be reduced to Q2.
E6
Since .lV oc
-0
N2 Euz 0r
Nr En" Qz
Qz Em N1
0r En" Nz
232 600
=2252xffi=0.76
Percentage reduction in flux

-Qr-oz,roo=lr
Qrl. -#)=(1-o'76)xroo
= 24Vo. (Ans.)
Example 5.50. A 6-pole, 2s0 v D.c. series motor has a flux per pole of 4 m wb I am:
working range of the magnetization curue which is assumed. to be linear. The load" :
proportional to speed squared and its ualue is 20 Nm at 800 r.p.m. There are 452 wc,L.e-::.
conductors and th.e total resistance of the rnotor is 1.0 Q. Determine the m.otor speed, and. ct;--: - il-
this motor is connected to rated supply uoltage. (NagpurUni'r
Solution. Given: p = 6 ; V = 230volts ; 0 = 4 x 10-3Wb/amp. ; ? x -1,-
lir = 800 r.p.m. ; Tr=20Nm ;Z = 432 ;a = 2 lfio - _i_
 n.t0)z,to'o x x = I' Ilno'1 x X = J
"ILY = t ':5i.qii.
?5I=--J3-=og
lecuelsrsal aJnlpruJe _ Dg.
a.rar111]
"A, gZ + gZ, = 0g,
oAoI+qg=A
'ro1oru.C'0 lrr[
LgZV = ,x0g
00gx00gxgg00x7 =iffi=n,
q/$' 980'0 = ,V
SZI Q_gI x l.I) = O rcj
9Z
'I|(z-0Ixl'I)=0 aril;
_ j'rilJ '*
: oos z,srro^onu
(786r "s'\rD
=T,;.t' rrA^rh..,^-.-
i.l)r; ! =r;,ou=="o uaalc'uolrn0urs t:
.""::- ^"'::.:- : -
'
:':*:':;'!7";",::iI:::::,::!:f,#tf;:::;,'i;r*T:"::'ff:#fr
s 0I G-lr x L'r) = o ,:,:"::! sr al.od)ad xn4!:: i::ix:
'A 09, ?D
V 9a saqpt pup poo.
j:;r;;;;;:0;;;;;';;i:ffiA;:i
.tu.d..t
pn! uo #I,
ggs tp sunr)o7oi:j.q a'od_vy.I9.9
alauwq
('suy) -?jZTO.V- 299x7980'0+I
= o,
082 '
1aE a,u ,(nl) ul ,.ru.d.t
.ru.d..r 699- = 1g3o anlE^ aql Fullnrir*::r$
('suv) zgg = ggg.rgg = ru ,qcrq.u.
rn;;,6
ir,ftgeO'o * r I
= zNs-or x 9zr'g
zl-lgz JgzS'o
,suorlrpuoc
. "q =; alels ,{pea1s .rarn -
'tu'd'.r7tu1i
s-or x szr.e =
4P = "
7@08) X = 0Z
(ua^rc) ,zl{)I ='J
I - ', zNoJ rE-,r
lMtg8o'o+T I
=
.[ -- ]sze'o "t
aleq o:l\ ,(13) ul o73o anprr eql Fullnllls:nl;
(o!)"' ND9g0.0+I=,,
oqz t
"I - ogz = ,rN r9go.o
(!?!)"' aABq aAr ,(ll, pu€ (? r E- -;
"I _ OgZ,= (*U + "A)"1 _
A = qg :T![
(os)
(3r"'
,"1gzl'o= 09 x --=Aryq- -\ n"z ) -'L
"I'"INvg1on- -atsg- =- "
(r"' "f N rueO'O 7, x 09
=N x = na
zE?" '4-or , 7
'l ffi=
q.&t"1e-orxi=0 ''7go luar.rnc Jolou .ud
:21 l: \
6ZZ
UOJOW INTU{i:
230
ELECTRIC.{I r,, r
T
i=fx0.o1?(12)r'5 fi" 'tl"rmp

T _Kx0.017(25)1.5 /25 \1.5 illli

(r/2)- r,.o^orz(t/3=lr, -2
2!r.
,/ sllllr.'. r:

I, =(z)'', = 1b.75 A. il -,,

"
New armature current, Io2 = Iz = 15.75 A
lllr I"l
Eu, = (+ - 15.?b x r = 2oe.2ly
')
ll 'rf
\" )
rli: il

ill ;tr
Eu = 425 V ; Nt = 600 r.p.m. i Qr = 0.085 Wb lrl
Qz = Q.7 x 10-2) x (15.75)0 5 = O.O6ZS Wt ,ui, $tn:'

Also, Nz _Ew _Qt t,,

Nl Eri,^ Qz .Wll"rl:: r:

nt !rn"
Nz=Nrr:!?"ot
rtil Qz .\flllr',1, Lr::l

= 6oo x j#'bffi = 372 r'p'm' (Ans.) Ittl . l.l

,lt :i::
.. lflilF +i,r!
HIGHLIGHTS
til j.ii-
1. The electric motor is a machine which
o conuerts erectricar energy into mechanicar lfllllrL,
LLltl
Voltage equation of a motor is V Eu a energy.
= 1"p". rilr ii- I
3. Condition for maximum power deueloped in
armature i, Eb t, n
=y .
{lXil:Ifl"f':l

4. Armature torque of a motor is giuen Iltluil lila ,.ir

W To= 0.15g Zgp ,b **.

5. Shaft. or useful torque is giuen by 7"1
= U# *^ illt 'qli$i;

Torq ue I ost in i ron and friction /osses = 0. I Sg x lron a ndtlllion I osses ,ilr l:!x
*
^. l:{c.:
6. Speed of a D.C. motor is giuen bv W 9! ( 9!g\
= ,

t- Speed regulation of a
\6 )''o'*'
*.r.rirr"rrr'r.rr-ur'
Percentage speed regulation no-load s29ec!:,full-baclgteed.
- L[l ]. -*:
full-load speed
8. In a D'c' motor reuersal is accomplished' ,[]l,t:,
.::;u :
by changing the polarity of either the armature or
not by changing both. t;. Lru Ter- *

mJ -.
ulr iltr* i"I

A. Choose the Correct Answer:

l. No-load speed of which of the following
motor will be highest
i;:B iI
?
(a) Shunt motor
rlltli'i,l-: *r
(c) cumularive compound
motor 8] 3il::"ff::ly _oto..
"on'po,,.,d
il ll:la I--