OUR LADY OF FATIMA

UNIVERSITY
Antipolo City Camp
PHARMACY DRUG AND SUPPLIES
MONITORING
 Learning Objectives:
At the end of this unit, the students
are expected to:

• Demonstrate competence on the

identification of drug product,
prescription and non-prescription, drug
products, dispensing and adult
vaccination
 Topic
•
Outline:
Drug classifications
• Housekeeping, expiry and medicine
monitoring
• Return process
• Dispensing process
• Processing the prescription
• Pricing for senior citizen/ pwd / athletes
• Counterfeit drug monitoring and
verific ation
• Packaging and labelling
Drug classification
 Drug classification
Drugc an be categorized in a number
ways. of
• Therapeutic classification
• Pharmacologic classification (based on
mechanism of a ction and mode of
action)
• Chemical classification
• Amalgamated classification
• Legal classification (Controlled
Substances, Drug Schedules, and
Teratogenic Risks)
 Therapeutic classification
Therapeutic classification is diffed as organizing drug
based on their therapeutic usefulness in treating
particular disease.

• Drugs acting for CNS

• Musculo-skeletal drug
• Drugs acting in uterine
• Gastrointestinal
• Cardiovascular
• Antibacterial
• Drugs acting in Eyes
• Respiratory drugs
 DRUGS ACTING ON Central
Nervous System
• Analgesic • Anxiolytic
• Local • Anti-
Anesthetic depressant
• Anticonvulsant • Hypnotic
• Anti-gout • Anti-psychotic
• Anti-migraine • Anti-emetic
• Anti- • Anti-vertigo
parkinsons • Antimotion-
• Anti-pyretic sickness
An analgesic, or painkiller,
is any member of the group
of drugs used to achieve
analgesia — relief from pain.

Drinking alcohol while taking

aspirin and ibuprofen can
increase the risk of stomach
irritation and discomfort.
Example:
Mild- NSAIDs, Acetaminophen
Strong- Morphine, Codeine,
Fentanyl
Anesthesia is a drug that
numbs part of your body or
makes you unconscious
so that you don't
experience pain during a
procedure like surgery.

Example:
Local- Cocaine, Lidocaine
General- Halothane, Nitrous Oxide
Also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or
as antiseizure drugs are a diverse group of
pharmaceuticals used in the treatment
of epileptic seizures.
Example: Phenytoin (Dilantin), Phenobarbital
A drug that reduces tissue deposits of uric acid in
general gout or suppress the intense inflammatory
reaction of acute gout.

Example: Allopurinol (Llanol)

Anti-migraine agents are Pain relieving drugs can
used to treat migraine be taken as soon as the
headaches. pain begins and include
agents in the drug classes
Migraines are different from such as
other headaches because they 1. Ergots
occur with symptoms such as 2. Triptans
nausea, vomiting, or (Sumatriptan)
sensitivity to light. 3. NSAID's.
 An anti-parkinsons is a type
of drug which is intended to
treat and relieve the
symptoms of Parkinson's
disease.

The primary symptoms are

muscular rigidity, slowness
of movement, a resting
tremor, and postural
instability

Example: Levodopa + Carbidopa (Sinimet)

Antipyretics are drugs that
reduce elevated body
temperature (fever) to
normal levels.

Example:
1. Ibuprofen (Medicol, Advil)
2. Aspirin
3. Paracetamol (Biogesic,
Tempra)
 Hypnotics are a class of
Sedatives are a class of psychoactive drugs whose
psychoactive drugs whose primary function is
primary function is to to induce sleep and to
induce calmness. be used in the
of insomnia (sleeplessness)
treatment

Example:
1. Diazepam (Valium)
2. Zolpidem
3. Zaleplon
An anxiolytic (also anti-
panic or antianxiety agent)

is a drug used for the

treatment of anxiety, and
its related psychological
and physical symptoms.

Anxiolytics have been shown

to be useful in the treatment
of anxiety disorders.

Example:
Benzodiazepenes
 This is a centrally acting drug that
induces mood elevation, useful in
treating mental depression.

Symptoms of depression include:

• Low or irritable mood most of the time
• A loss of pleasure in usual activities
• Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
• A big change in appetite, often with
weight gain or loss
• Tiredness and lack of energy
• Feelings of worthlessness, self-hate,
and guilt
• Difficulty concentrating
• Slow or fast movements
Example: • Lack of activity and avoiding usual
1. Fluoxetine (Prozac) activities
• Feeling hopeless or helpless
2. Imipramine • Repeated thoughts of death or suicide
(Tofranil)
AKA: Major Tranquilizers
These medications are used
to treat the symptoms of
mental disorders such as:

1. schizophrenia
2. Depression
3. bipolar disorder
(sometimes called manic-
Example:
depressive illness)
1. Chlorpromazine
4. anxiety disorders, and 2. Haloperidol
5. attention deficit- 3. Lithium Carbonate
hyperactivity (Quilonium)
disorder (ADHD).
Drugs used to treat nausea and
vomiting are called antiemetics.
Many types of antiemetics can
decrease the severity of nausea,
although most require a medical
evaluation and prescription.

Medicines available over-the-

counter are mainly recommended
for use in motion sickness and for
cases of mild nausea.

Example:
Meclizine (Bonamine)
Metoclopramide (Plasil)
Vertigo is a type of dizziness where
there is illusion of rotatory
movements.

Antivertigo drugs are used to

suppress dizziness

A drug that suppresses motion-

induced nausea, vomiting, and
vertigo.

Example: Meclizine (Bonamine)

1. NON-STEROIDAL ANTI-
INFLAMMATORY
DRUGS (NSAIDs)

1. MUSCLE RELAXANT

1. ANTI-RHEUMATIC
These drugs are used to alleviate
the symptoms of inflammation and
to diminish its occurrence by
inhibiting the prostaglandin
synthesis. (COX inhibition)
Example:
1. Ibuprofen
2. Mefenamic Acid (Ponstan)
3. Naproxen (Skelan, Flanax)
These are anti-inflammatory
drugs that are used to treat
arthritis and rheumatoid
disorder

Chronic progressive
inflammatory disorder of
joints of unknown etiology.
Inflammation leads to tissue
proliferation

Examples:
1. NSAIDs
2. Methotrexate
Uterine stimulants (uterotonics or
oxytoxic) are medications given to
cause a woman's uterus to contract,
or to increase the frequency and
intensity of the contractions.
Examples:
Oxytocin
Misoprostol
(Cytotec)

Uterine relaxants (tocolytics) are

drug used to suppress premature
labor.
Examples:
Terbutalin
e
Isoxuphrine (Duvadilan)
1. Antacids- Treat hyperacidity
2. Histamine -2 antagonist- for
Peptic Ulcer Disease
3. Anticholinergic
4. Spasmolytic- for abdominal
cramps
5. Anti-motility
6. Laxative- for constipation
7. Anti-emetic- treat nausea &
vomitting
A drug that neutralizes excess
gastric acid

Example:
Aluminum Hydroxide + Magnesium Hydroxide
+ Simethicone (Kremil-S)

A drug that inhibits histamine-

mediated gastric acid secretion
used to treat peptic ulcer and
duodenal ulcers.
Example: Cimetidine
These are drugs that inhibit
motility of visceral smooth
muscles .

Example:
Scopolamine/Hyoscine (Buscopan)

ANTIMOTILITY
Drugs that motility or
suppresses
LAXATIVES
peristalsis
Drugs that eases defecation
 1) Inotropic agent
2) Anti-angina
3) Anti- arrhythmic
4) Anti-lipidemic
Arrhythmia – refers to any change
from the normal sequence of
High blood Pressure – electrical impulses, causing abnormal
persistent elevation of arterial heart rhythms
blood pressure. Heart Failure – inability of the heart
to pump sufficient blood to meet
Hyperlipidemia – Elevation of body’s needs
Cholesterol, Phospholipids and Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) –
triglycerides. Also known as CAD
Lack of oxygen and decreased or
no blood flow to the heart due to
coronary artery narrowing or
obstruction.
Inotropic agents, or inotropes, are
medicines that change the force
of your heart's contractions.

2 TYPES:
1) Positive inotropes strengthen
the heart's contractions, so it can
pump more blood with fewer
heartbeats. Antianginal drugs are
Examples: Digoxin (Lanoxin) medicines that relieve the
2) Negative inotropes weaken symptoms of angina pector
the heart's contractions and slow the is (severe chest pain).
heart rate.
Examples: Beta blockers
 Hypolipidemic agents,
A cardiac depressant useful
or antihyperlipidemic agents,
in suppressing rhythm
are a diverse group
irregularities of the heart.
of pharmaceuticals that are
used in the treatment
of hyperlipidemias.

They are called lipid-lowering

drugs.
Examples:
Statins (Simvastatin)
A drug that kills or inhibits protozoan
parasites such as Entamoeba
histolytics causative organism of
amoebaisis.

Amoebiasis is a type of
gastroenteritis (gastro) caused by a
tiny parasite, Entamoeba histolytica,
which infects the bowel.

The most common symptoms of

amoebiasis are diarrhea (which
may contain blood), stomach
cramps and fever).
 Anything that destroys bacteria
or suppresses their growth or
their ability to reproduce.

Classified as:

1. Bactericidal (Penicillin,
Amoxicillin, Cefalexin)

1. Bacteriostatic
(Tetracycline,
Chloramphenicol)
Drugs that is used for the
treatment of leprosy

Leprosy is an infectious
disease that causes severe,
disfiguring skin sores
and nerve damage in the
arms and legs.

Examples:
1. Dapsone
2. Clofazamine
3. Rifampicin
Anthelmintics are drugs that are
used to treat infections with
parasitic worms. This includes
both flat worms, e.g., flukes and
tapeworms and round worms,
i.e., nematodes.

Helminth is a general term meaning

worm. The helminths are
invertebrates characterized by
elongated, flat or round bodies.
 A drug that kills or inhibits
pathogenic filarial worms.

These parasites are transmitted to

humans through the bite of an
infected mosquito and develop into
adult worms in the lymphatic
vessels, causing severe damage
and swelling.

Lymphatic filariasis is infection with the filarial

worms, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi or B.
timori.
Drugs that kills or inhibits
schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is an acute and

chronic parasitic disease caused
by blood flukes (trematode
worms) of the
genus Schistosoma.

Example: Praziquantel
A drug that kills or inhibits Drug that inhibits viral
pathogenic fungi. infections

Fungal skin infections can Examples:

cause a variety of different Aciclovir (Zovirax)
rashes. Often they cause an Amantadine (Symmetrel)
itchy, scaly, dry, red patch of
skin that slowly gets bigger.
Drugs to prevent or cure malarial
infections

Examples:
Chloroquine, Mefloquine

Malaria is a mosquito-borne
infectious disease of humans and
other animals caused by
parasitic protozoans (a type of
single cell microorganism) of the
Plasmodium type.
Anticoagulants are a FIBRINOLYTIC - A drug
type of anti-clotting that promotes removal of
medicine used to prevent small fibrin clots
harmful blood clots in the
body. Examples: Streptokinase

Examples:
ANTI-FIBRINOLYTIC –
1. Warfarin
A drug that promotes
2. Heparin homeostasis by inhibiting
3. Hirudin clot dissolution

Example: Tranexamic
Acid
1) Anti-asthmatic

1) Antitussive

1) Mucolytic

1) Nasal decongestant

1) Respiratory stimulant
These drugs are used for the
treatment of asthma. They may
be useful either in the
treatment or prevention of
asthma attacks.

1. Reliever medication- treat

asthma attacks

1. Controller medication-
prevent the occurrence of
asthma attacks.
A decongestant or nasal A respiratory stimulant is
decongestant is a type primarily used in addition
of pharmaceutical drug that is to noninvasive ventilation as
used to relieve nasal a means to help increase the
congestion in the upper urge to breathe.
respiratory tract.
Example: Caffeine
Example: Phenylephrine
MIOTIC
Drugs that constrict the pupil.

Example: Pilocarpine

MYDRIATIC
Mydriatic agents are medicines
that cause the pupil of the eye to
dilate.

Example: Atropine
Pharmacologic classification
A pharmacologic classification refers to the
way a drug works at the molecular, tissue,
and body system levels.
 Chemical classification
A chemical name is assigned using standard
nomenclature established by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
A drug has only one chemical name, which
helpful in predicting a substance’s physical and
chemical properties.

Example: Chemical name for aspirin is 2-

acetoxybenzoic acid.
Chemical classification
Amalgamated classes
 Legal classification
• According to law, drugs that have a
significant potential for abuse are placed
into five categories called schedules.
• These scheduled drugs are classified
according to their potential for abuse:
– Schedule I drugs have the highest potential
for abuse
– Schedule V drugs have the lowest potential
for abuse
 Controlled substances, drug
schedules and teratogenic risk
 Controlled substances, drug
schedules and teratogenic risk
 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
Classification with Defined Daily Doses
(ATC/DDD)
• The purpose of the ATC/ DDD
serve
system as is ato tool for utilization
drug in
research orderto quality
improve drug use of
• In the ATC classific ation system . The
drugs are divided into
different groups a ccording
to the organ or
system on which they a ct and
their chemical, pharma
cological and
 Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
Classification with Defined Daily Doses
(ATC/DDD)
• This pharma coding system
divides
ceutical into different groups
drugsor
according syste on which
act, their therapeutic they
m intent or nature, and
the drugs chemical characteristics.
 Pharmacy Standard Operating
Procedure: Housekeeping
Objective: to produce a proper
guidelines regarding the cleanliness
of the drugstores

Scope: within the vicinity of the drugstore

and cleaning of the shelves and good
housekeeping

Responsibility: Pharmacist / Pharmacy

Assistant
 Pharmacy Standard Operating
Procedure: Housekeeping
Procedure:
• Use a clean cloth for cleaning the shelves,
clean mop with detergent or bleaching
agent in cleaning the floors
• Transfer the medicines from the shelves
to an empty box
• Wipe the shelves and clean it with
cloth to remove dust
• In care a rigid smudges/stains, use damped
cloth to clean them
 Pharmacy Standard Operating
Procedure: Housekeeping
Procedure:
• After completion, place the medicines back to
where they belong
• Wash and dry up the cloth used in cleaning.
• Repeat cleaning every week
• Clean the floor with mop
• Throw the garbage when the time of collection is
near. Do not place it outside because scavengers
might scatter it.
• Try to search for pest and make necessary
action to eliminate the,
 Stock management practices:
Expiry and medicine
monitoring
• All good health practitioners will try to
reduce the amount of stock held while
endeavoring not to run out of stock of
items or ending up with expired
medicines.
• The turnover should be calculated and the
minimum target set and stock holdings
reviewed on a regular basis with a
consideration being given to eliminating
 Stock management practices:
Expiry and medicine
monitoring
• Records should be available which
document all activities in the storage
areas including handling of expired stock
• Records should be kept for each delivery
• Medicines with later expiry dates should
be placed behind current stock so that
when needed the medicines with earlier
expiry dates will be taken out first. (FEFO)
 Standard operating procedure: Disposal of
expired, damaged, returned or rejected
products
Scope: Products that are expired,
damaged, rejected or returned by
Responsibilit
customers due toPharmacist,
defect. Owner/Manager,
y: assistant Pharmacy
Procedure:
• Pharmacy assistants are assigned to a specific
shelves for checking near expiry drugs.
• Checking expiry date shall be dine every month and
shall be recorded and inventoried.
• Pharmacist will ask the attention of the supplier to
return nearly expiry drugs, damaged, returned and
rejected so that the product will be pulled out and
disposed
 Product
recall

Objective: to provide guidelines in the

conduct of product recall
 Trigger for product
•
recall
Health product quality/complaints processing
• AE monitoring and ESR reports
• Sampling testing and verifying of health
products
• Post licensing inspection, monitoring
and investigations
• Post-evaluation of acknowledged
notifications
• Advertisements and promotional
articles monitoring
• Coordination with regulatory agencies
 Product
Recall
• Class I Recall – product
defects/conditions that are potentially life
threatening or could result to severe
health risk, health impairment or effects
such as permanent damage to health or
death
• Class II Recall – product defects /
conditions that could cause poisoning or
temporary / medically reversible adverse
 Product
Recall
• Class III Recall – product
defects/conditions that may not pose a
significant hazard to health, but
withdrawal may have been initiated for
other reasons.
Pharmacy Tips for handling
and complying with drug
recalls
Pharmacy Tips for handling
and complying with drug
recalls
 Dispensing
Refers to the sum of performed by
a processes
pharma cist from reading, and
interpreting
validating prescriptions, preparing,
packaging, labeling , keeping,
calculations record dose
information , in andcounseling or
relation to the sale or transfer of
pharma ceutical products with or without giving a
prescription or medication order.
-New Pharmacy Law
 Good dispensing practice
No medicine, pharma ceutical or drug
whatever nature and kind or device shall be
compounded, dispense d, sold or resold, or
otherwise be made available to the
consuming public except through a
prescription drugstore or hospital pharma
cy ….”

RA 5921, Section 25
 What is
dispensing?
Administrative Order No. 63 s. 1989 known
as:

“Rules and Regulations to Implement

Dispensing Requirements under the Generics
Act of 1988 (RA 6675)”

Section 1.1. Dispensing is the act by a validly

registered pharmacist of filling a prescription or
doctor’s order on the patient’s chart.
 Pharmacist’s
function
• Taking the prescription order
• Preparing the drugs according to the
instructions of a physician or medical
practitioner
• Delivering it to the patient or client with
proper instructions.
 Factors affecting good
dispensing practice
• Staff/Personnel

• Premises

• Equipment and Packaging materials

 What is a
prescription?
• Written order and instruction from a
lic ensed prescriber
• Use of drug product for a specific
patient
• Accompanied by directions on its
proper use
Parts of a
prescription
 Medication order
• Requests for medic ations by a lic ensed
prescriber
• Intended for use inside the
hospital/clinic
 Generic Act of 1988
(RA6675)
• “ AN ACT TO PROMOTE,
REQUIRE, AND ENSURE THE
DRUGS AND MEDICINES IDENTIFIED
BY THEIR GENERIC NAMES.”
Incorrect prescriptions: (3 types of
prescriptions based on general
prescribing)
1. Erroneous prescription
2. Violative prescription
3. Impossible prescription
 Record books
• POISON BOOK - 5 years
• PRESCRIPTION BOOK – 2 years
• DANGEROUS DRUGS BOOK – 1
year
 Classification of drugs
1. Prescription or Ethic al drugs

2. Non- prescription drugs

Dispensing
cycle
 Steps in processing the
prescription order
1. Receive the prescription
2. Read and check/ analyze the
prescription
3.Numbering and dating of the
prescription
 Steps in processing the
prescription order
4. Prepare the label
5.Prepare/comp ound and package
the drug
6.Re-check the label of the product vs.
The prescription
7.Check the price of the product and
inform the buyer
 Steps in processing the
prescription order
8. Deliver the product
9. Provide patient counseling
10. Record and file the prescription
Dispensing before and after
pandemic
 Senior citizen and PWD
dispensing
Requirement to avail the 20% discount in
the purchase of medicines:
• Present the national identification (ID)
card and your purchase slip booklet duly
approved by the OSCA chairman.
• Doctor's prescription
Those who cannot afford the consultation
fee of a private doctor can consult at their
nearest health center or government hospital
and get a prescription free of
charge.
 Senior citizen and PWD
dispensing
Under the implementing rules and regulations of
Republic Act No. 9994, senior citizens and PWDs
are entitled to a 20-percent discount and an
exemption from the 12-percent value - added tax
(VAT) on the sale of goods and services.
 How to compute senior citizen
discount?
Product Price: PHP 500
VAT Rate: 12%
Formula: Selling Price ÷ VAT Rate =
VAT Exempt Sales
Total: PHP 500 ÷ 1.12 = PHP 446.43
Formula: VAT Exempt Sales x 20% =
Senior Citizen Discount
Total: PHP 446.43 x 0.20 = PHP 89.29
Formula: VAT Exempt Sales – Senior
Citizen Discount = Billable Amount
Total: PHP 446.43 – PHP 89.29 = PHP
 Counterfeit medicine and
verification

Counterfeit drug / medicine:

• refers to medicinal products with the correct ingredients but not in
the amounts
• is a drug which is deliberately and fraudulently mislabeled with
respect to identity and/or source or with fake pa ckaging, and can
apply to both branded and generic products
Counterfeit medicine and
verification
Determine the counterfeit and
the authentic
Determine the counterfeit and
the authentic
Determine the counterfeit and
the authentic
How to identify counterfeit
medicine?
 Role of Pharma cist in Preventing
Distribution of Counterfeit Medic ations
Pa ckaging and labelling
Red and white label
Auxiliary label
 Video
Dispensing procedure
links:
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFdKArXgMO
8 Counterfeit medicine
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUSvngSSm
bU How to identify fake medicines
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nft0h4yAID
4 Classification of drugs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISARkXro5Ts
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MXIisYuxW
U Categorizing drugs: Classes, Names and
Schedules
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPLzzuwZyMo
Requirement and processes for product defect reporting and
recalls
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OrHKggrjm4
 Reference
s:
Practical Pharmacy in developing countries
• https://www.who.int/management/resources/drugs/practicalph
arm acy21b.pdf
RA 8203
• https://www.fda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/RA-
8203- Counterfeit.pdf
Guidelines for product recall
• https://www.asiaactual.com/wp-
content/uploads/2017/06/FDA- Circular-No.-2016-012.pdf
Therapeutic classification
• https://www.who.int/selection_medicines/country_lists/eth_ed
l_20 07.pdf
ATC / DDD Index 2021
• https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/
 Other
•
references:
Adams, C.H. and Jones, P.D. Therapeutic communication for
health professionals (2011/latest edition) Allen, L.V. & Ansel,
H.C. (2014).
• Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems
10th Ed. Bautista, LMA, Tubon, NT, Cera, EMD (2019)
• Pharmacy Administration, Leadership and Management
Blenkinsopp, A. and Panton, R. Health promotion for pharmacists
(1991/latest edition) Gennaro, A.
• Remington: The Practice of Pharmacy 22nd Edition – Call No.
615/R284
• Modern Dispensing Pharmacy (2011)
• Pharmacists talking with patients: a guide to patient counseling /
Melanie
J. Rantucci. (2012)
• Philippine Practice Standards for Pharmacist (PhilPSP)
• WHO Ensuring Good Dispensing Practice
• WHO Manual for Medicines Good Dispensing Practice
OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
Antipolo City Camp
PHARMACY TECHNOLOGY SYSTEM
 Learning Objectives:
At the end of this unit, the students are
expected to:

• Demonstrate competence on the

cashiering, patient profiling, client
services and efficient and effective
communication
 Topic Outline:
• Systems and references in the
pharmacy
• Cashiering process
• Patient profiling
• Pharmacy informatics
• Product inventory and control
documentation
 Patient management system
Also known as pharmacy information
system, is a system that stores data and
enables functionality that organizes and
maintains the medication use process within
pharmacies.
 PMIS
The PMIS integrates pharmaceutical
data collection and the processing and
presentation of information that helps at
all levels of a country's health system
make evidence-based decision to
manage pharmaceutical services
Functions of PMIS
Functions of PMIS
 Other functions of PMIS
• Clinical Screening: The Pharmacy Information
System can assist in patient care by the
monitoring of drug interactions, drug allergies
and other possible medication-related
complications.
• Prescription Management: The PMIS can also
be use to manage prescription for inpatients
and/or outpatients.
 Other functions of PMIS
• Inventory Management: Pharmacies require a
continuous inventory culture in order to
ensure that drugs do not go out of stock. This
is made even more difficult when there are
multiple dispensing points.
 Other functions of PMIS
• Report Generation: Most Pharmacy Information
Systems can generate reports which range from
determining medication usage patterns in the
hospital to the cost of drugs purchased and /or
dispensed within the given time period.
Information pyramid system
Meeting the information needs of users
with different requirements
• Staff at every level and position use
information to make decisions that affect
overall functioning of a pharmaceutical supply
system.
 Popular PMIS Vendor in the Market
• Cerner Etreby
• Health business system
• Healthcare computer corp.
• OPUS-ism LLC
• Perse/ndc/McKesson
• PDX inc.
• QS/1
• Rx30
A successful PMIS requires effective use of
the information generated, which includes:
• Efficient data processing to reduce large amounts of
data to a manageable number of key indicators
• Presentation of information in graphic form to simplify
interpretation
• Interpretation of information to identify trends and
potential problems
• Appropriate use of technology (for example, email,
websites) to present and share information with a wider
audience in less time
• Action in response to both positive and negative results
• Effective mechanism to provide and receive feedback
 Reference books requirement for opening
drugstore / hospital pharmacy / retail outlet for
non-prescription drugs

• Philippine National Drug Formulary

• RA 3720, RA 6675, RA 5921 and RA
8203
• USP/NF latest edition
• Remington’s Pharmaceutical
Sciences latest edition
• Goodman and Gillman
Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutical (latest edition)
 Pharmacy cashier
Duties and Responsibilities
• Greet customers when they arrive
• Complete their purchase transactions
quickly and efficiently
• Restock retail shelves
• Take inventory of store merchandise
• Build merchandise displays
• Hang sale signs and decorations when
necessary
What does a Pharmacy Cashier Do?
• As a pharmacy cashier, you process
sales for customers. In this role, you
may retrieve filled medication
containers, resolve problems with
payments, and operate a cash register
throughout your shift.
 Patient profiling
Patient profile means a patient record system
that is maintained by all pharmacies for
patients for whom prescriptions are dispensed.
The patient profile shall provide for the
immediate retrieval of information necessary
for the dispensing pharmacist to identify
previously dispensed drugs at the time a
prescription is presented for dispensing.
 Patient profile
• Name of patient
• Address
• Contact details
• Age
• Occupation
• Race / ethnicity
• Gender
• Hobbies / lifestyle
• Education level
 Case history
• Communication
• The chief complaint
• Patient’s ocular history
• Patient’s ocular health
• Medications
• Allergies
• Family ocular and medical history
• Vocational and recreational visual
requirement
 Main objectives of case history
• To elicit reasons for visit
• To ascertain patient’s expectations
• To acquire relevant background
information
• To determine the specific tests or
procedures that should be performed
during the examination
• To form a tentative diagnosis
Pharmacy informatics
Informatics Pharmacist
Role of an informatics pharmacist
Role of an informatics pharmacist
Role of an informatics pharmacist
Technology in Pharmacy Practice
Current Technology
Current Technology
Becoming a Pharmacy Informaticist
Becoming a Pharmacy Informaticist
 Inventory management: Purpose
Ensuring there is adequate stock of medications is only one of the
many reasons to carefully manage a pharmacy’s inventory. Other
reasons:
• Minimizing the occurrence of unexpected out-of-stocks to decrease
the impact on patient care.
• Decreasing the carrying cost of maintaining an inventory.
• Lowering costs of ordering medications from wholesalers.
• Ensuring minimal time is spent ordering medications and
purchasing tasks.
• Preventing costs associated with damage and expiration of
inventory.
• Decreasing total costs to the pharmacy and overall health care
organization by focusing on purchasing products with the lowest
cost.
 Inventory associated costs
• Acquisition costs
• Procurement cost
• Carrying cost
• Shortage cost
Methods of inventory management
Inventory management is defined as the
continuing “process of planning, organizing and
controlling inventory” that aims at “minimizing
the investment in inventory while balancing
supply and demand”
Methods:
• Visual method
• Periodic method
• Perpetual method
 Factors affecting inventory
management
• Product type
• Inventory size
• Returned product policies
• Unclaimed prescriptions
• Inventory shrinkage
• Use of formularies
 Documentation Control
• Document Control is a document
management profession whose purpose
is to enforce controlled processes and
practices for the creation, review,
modification, issuance, distribution and
accessibility of documents.
Establishing document control system
• Identify documents and workflows
• Establish ownership and quality standards
• Name and classify documents
• Create revision protocols
• Manage security and access
• Classify and archive documents to ensure
version control
 Video links
What Is a Pharmacy Information System (PIS)? -
Definition & Uses
• https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-
pharmacy-information-systems-pis-definition-
uses.html
Inventory Management in Pharmacy Practice: A
Review of Literature
• https://archivepp.com/storage/models/article/DFlZ
VT7I7vmWU2Y75qnA4XrlyYFAk2OU52ddmMmkZ7ToO
F8MorE080ZVJrxx/inventory-management-in-
pharmacy-practice-a-review-of-literature.pdf
 References
• American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
ASHP statement on the pharmacist’s role in
informatics. Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2007; 64:200-3.
• Informatics Interchange. Whither pharmacy
informatics. Am J Health-Syst Phar . 2009; 66: 813-15
• Dumitru D, ed. The Pharmacy Informatics Primer.
Bethesda, Md: American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists; 2009.
• Inventory management for Pharmacy technician
• https://s3.amazonaws.com/EliteCME_WebSite_2013
/f/pdf/RPTFL04IMI14.pdf
 OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Valenzuela. Quezon City. Antipolo. Pampanga. Cabanatuan. Laguna

MODULE 7:
PHARMACY CLIENT SERVICES
EXPERIENTIAL PHARMACY PRACTICE IN
COMMUNITY PHARMACY

Name of Lecturer
Instructor- College of Pharmacy Date
COURSE FACILITATOR TIME
1
OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session the
students will be able to:
• 1. Demonstrate competence on the
counseling of patients and efficient
and effective communication skills.
 OUTLINE:
• CLIENT SERVICES
• PATIENT COUNSELLING
• PHARMACOVIGILANCE
• EXPANDED SERVICES
• Adult vaccination services
of Pharmacists
READINGS:

• PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF
COLLEGES OF PHARMACY (PACOP)
• FDA CIRCULAR 2020-003

4
1. CLIENT SERVICING PROCESS
A. Patient counseling:
◦ It is the provision of verbal or written
information about drugs and other
health related information by a
pharmacist to a patient or an agent of
the patient during pharmacist-patient
interaction.
 PATIENT COUNSELING IN THE
COMMUNITY:

⮚Lack of expectation by customers for counseling and advice

should not be a barrier
⮚Counseling on medication is not optional but an integral
part of the dispensing of a prescription
⮚Pharmacists must ensure that they are visible and
accessible in community pharmacies to provide it.
Disadvantages:
1. No formal screening takes place.
2. The process is random.
 Factors which Necessitates Patient
Counseling

⮚Increase in drug use-related problems

⮚Increase in the number of drugs
⮚Increase in the number of drug regimens
⮚Inappropriate prescribing
⮚Increase in self-medication practice
⮚Increase in the use of alternative medicines
 Preparing for the Counseling Session

⮚Pharmacists should spend few moments mentally preparing for

the interchange that is about to occur
⮚Determine the physical state of the patient
⮚Have as much information as possible about the patient
⮚Review the prescription and patient’s medication record; for a
first pharmacy visit, ask the patient to fill out medication
history form if there is no time to complete a medication
history interview at the time the prescription is dispensed
 Process

1. Introduce yourself and identify the patient

2. Ask patient to talk with you about the medication. Explain the purpose and the
importance of the counseling session
3. Update the patient’s medication profile
4. Assess what the patient already knows about the newly prescribed drug and the reason it
was prescribed.
5. Assess whether the patient knows how to take the medication
6. Assess the patient’s understanding of what to expect from medication including the
expected outcomes of the therapy as well as its potential adverse effects
7. Ask the patient if he or she has any concerns or questions that have not been addressed
in the previous discussion
8. Check patient understanding of the information discussed in the counseling session
9. Close the session
 Content or Scope of Patient
Counseling
Any counseling episode may contain one or more of the
following information as deemed appropriate:
1. Trade name or generic name of drug
2. Use, action, and onset of action
3. Route, dosage form, and storage
4. Direction for use
5. Action in case of missed dose
 Content or Scope of Patient
Counseling
Any counseling episode may contain one or more of the
following information as deemed appropriate:
6. Precautions
7. Side effects and adverse effects
8. Techniques for self-monitoring
9. Potential drug interactions
10. Contraindications
12
 Content or Scope of Patient
Counseling
Any counseling episode may contain one or more of the
following information as deemed appropriate:

11. Relationship with laboratory and other procedures

12. Disposal of drug and devices
13. Any other health information unique to an
individual patient, disease or medication
 AIDS IN COUNSELING

⮚Patient information leaflets

⮚Placebo devices
⮚Warning cards
 Different Types of Patient
• Elderly
• Children/ Adolescent
• Person with Disability
• Pregnant

15
Counseling Children and Adolescents

1. Talk to parents and children about how to

protect young children from accidental
poisoning and what to do if it occurs
2. When children are old enough to
understand, speak directly with them
about their medicines. Tell children what
you expect them to do and why.
3. Encourage children to ask you questions
about their illness and treatment
 Counseling the Elderly Patient

1. Elderly Patient may have functional

barriers
1. Vision and hearing are often impaired
2. Patient may have difficulty removing child-proof tops,
self-injecting insulin, or applying creams and
ointments.
3. Many elderly have low literacy skills
4. Cognitive impairments become more common with
increasing age
5. AS patients age, chronic condition and the number of
medication prescribed increase,
 Counseling the Elderly Patient
2. Additional time may be required to address the needs of the
patient
3. Written information and compliance reminder aids are
particularly helpful with large number if prescription
products.
4. Provide small pieces of specific information coupled with a
reminder aid and verbal reinforcement of the information.
5. Consider their own feelings about aging. One recommendation
to increase empathy for elderly patient is to consider what
the patient and the world were like when he/she was younger
and to remember that patient was not always old
 Communicating with Persons with
Disabilities
1. Speak and interact directly with the person
2. Identify yourself and other persons in the group to the
person who is virtually impaired.
3. Stoop or squat to communicate with a person in a
wheelchair; position yourself in front and at an eye level
4. Avoid leaning or sitting on a person’s wheelchair; use care
for handling assistive aids
5. Make the person who has hearing impairment aware of your
presence
6. Be patient and listen carefully when interacting with a
person who has difficulty speaking, use questions that
require brief responses.
 B. Pharmacovigilance
DEFINITION OF TERMS

▷ Pharmacovigilance is the science and activities relating to the

detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of
adverse effects or any other medicine/vaccine related
problem.

▷ Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) is a response to a drug which is

noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally
used in man for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of
disease, or for the modification of physiological function.
 B. Pharmacovigilance
DEFINITION OF TERMS
▷ Serious adverse reaction is an adverse reaction which results
in death, is life threatening* requires inpatient
hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization,
results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity or is
associated with a congenital anomaly/'birth defect.

▷ Non-serious adverse reaction is an adverse reaction that

does not meet the definition of a serious adverse reaction

▷ Safety concern is an important identified risk, important

potential risk or missing information.
 THE QUALIFIED PERSON FOR
PHARMACOVIGILANCE FUNCTIONS:
▷ The Market Authorization Holder must designate a
pharmacovigilance officer which also refers to as Qualified
Person for Pharmacovigilance (QPPV) who shall assume the
following functions:

• maintain an effective Pharmacovigilance system of the

MAH

• ensure conduct of pharmacovigilance and submission of

all pharmacovigilance related documents in accordance
with legal requirements
THE QUALIFIED PERSON FOR
PHARMACOVIGILANCE FUNCTIONS:
• have an overview of the safety profiles and any
emerging safety concerns in relation to the products for
which the MAH holds authorizations

• act as a single contact point during inspection and

monitoring and respond promptly for any request/inquiry
from FDA

• maintain and update company database of all adverse

reactions involving their products and have on file all
reported cases
 REQUIREMENTS:
1. The MAH must ensure the competence of their QPPV, the
QPPV must be a holder of any baccalaureate degree in
medically related courses. The MAH shall assess the
qualification of the QPPV prior to appointment.

1. Must be residing in the Philippines.

1. The name of the designated QPPV shall be submitted and

updated as part of the licensing requirements for distributors
(MAH).
WHAT TO REPORT

1. Local Serious Spontaneous Reports

2. Solicited Reports
3. Consumer Reports
4. Lack of efficacy
5. Overdose and Off-label use
6. Medication Error
7. Product Defects
8. Outcomes of Use during Pregnancy
9. ADR Reports from the Internet and Social Media (after verification)
10. Local Case Reports from Scientific Literature
11. Suspended, Cancelled or Withdrawn Product Registration

25
HOW TO REPORT ADRS/ SIDE
EFFECTS
REPORTING OF ADVERSE DRUG REACTION
TYPES OF ADR REPORTING

1. Online
2. Manual Application

28
TYPES OF ADR REPORTING

1. Online

29
TYPES OF ADR REPORTING

2. Manual Application

30
TYPES OF ADR REPORTING

2. Manual Application

31
 2. EXPANDED SERVICES
A. Adult vaccination services of Pharmacists

INTRODUCTION
The Food and Drug Administration of the
Philippines released an advisory of its plan to
authorize Community Pharmacists in the
Philippines to administer vaccines last
September 9, 2014.

32
 2. EXPANDED SERVICES
A. Adult vaccination services of Pharmacists
ROLE OF PHARMACIST IN VACCINATION

The Pharmacist will also be able to assist in the important

vaccine decisions that are considered part of the global
standards such as recognition of:
(a) The specific disease burden of the country
(b) Assessing severity of the disease
(c) Evaluating vaccine effectiveness and
(d) Vaccine safety

33
EXAMPLES OF VACCINES THAT CAN BE
ADMINISTERED BY PHARMACISTS
The Expanded Program on Immunization
(EPI) in the Philippines started in:

1. BCG ( started in 1976)

2. DPT
3. oral polio vaccine
4. Tetanus toxoid.

34
 TRAINING AND OBJECTIVES
A. REQUIREMENTS:
1. Pharmacist should hold a Certificate of Training under a PRC
accredited institution, to administer adult vaccines.
1. safe administration of adult vaccines
2. management of adverse event following immunization (AEFI)

2. Drugstores should apply for Variation of their License to

Operate, to conduct other activities like Adult Vaccination.
3. Ensure that the vaccine to be administered shall have a
doctor’s prescription which is not more than seven (7) days
old
4. Submit a monthly vaccination report and AEFI report to DOH
regional offices using the prescribed form.
 TRAINING AND OBJECTIVES
B. TRAINING
The Food and Drug Memorandum indicated the following
modules for the training course:
(a) Safe injection techniques;
(b) Cold chain management of vaccines and other biological
products
(c) Pharmacovigilance; including recognition reporting of adverse
event following immunization (AEFI)
(d) Management of anaphylaxis, in the rare case it occurs
 TRAINING AND OBJECTIVES
C. OBJECTIVES
(a) Explain the expansion of the role of pharmacists as vaccine
providers and describe the status of pharmacists’ authorization
to administer vaccine in the Philippines
(b) Demonstrate an understanding of the diseases where
vaccination applies including its etiology, clinical features and
epidemiology
(c) Discuss and compare available adult vaccines in the
Philippines, including dosage and route of administration and
describe important considerations when deciding which vaccines
to offer
 TRAINING AND OBJECTIVES
C. OBJECTIVES
(d) Identify who are eligible to receive adult vaccination under
the Philippine schedule of vaccination and recognize the
implications for a pharmacy immunization service
(e) outline clinical features of the most common adverse events
following immunization and the appropriate management of
these events
(f) Demonstrate the skills necessary in immunization delivery and
(g) Educate patients about the benefits of vaccines and address
common concerns about vaccines.
 TRAINING AND OBJECTIVES
C. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this proposed program are also in line with that
of the APhA which are:
(a) Provide comprehensive immunization education and training
(b) Provide pharmacists with the skills, resources, materials necessary to
establish and promote a successful immunization service
(c) Train pharmacists to identify high-risk patient population needing
immunizations;
(d) Train pharmacists to maintain necessary immunization records the
proposed training objectives in this study is in line with that of the Philippine
Department of Health (DOH) and that of the American Pharmacists
Association (APhA) Immunization Training Certification Program.
TRAINING DESIGN FOR
PHARMACISTS
Questions:
1. What are the factors which Necessitates Patient
Counseling?
2. Can a Pharmacist administer vaccine here in the
Philippines? Yes or No. Explain.
3. In counselling a patient, do we need to consider their
age? And Why?
4. If a kid buys a prescription drug without his/her
guardian but with complete requirements, will you
dispense the drug?
5. Give some examples of Counselling aids that can help a
patient understand his/her medication?

41
REFERENCES:
✔PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF COLLEGES OF PHARMACY (PACOP)
✔https://www.iptsalipur.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/08/BP703T_PP
_II.pdf
✔https://www.pharmacy.gov.my/v2/sites/default/files/document-
upload/gdsp-2016-final.pdf
✔Pharmacovigilance - Food and Drug Administration (fda.gov.ph)
✔fda-circular-no.2020-003.pdf (dataguidance.com)
✔INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
VOLUME 8, ISSUE 08, AUGUST 2019 ISSN 2277-8616
✔FDA ADVISORY 2017-131

42
 Thank you!
Any questions?

You can find me at:

[email protected]

#RisetotheTOP

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