02/03/2023

TP 3:
Cap. 3: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
Problems: 73 e 75
Cap. 4: Newton’s Laws
Problems: 31, 37, 43, 47, 59, 62, 84 e 89

Cap. 4: 84 (82 na 6ª edição)

84 The apparatus in Figure 4-60 is called an Atwood’s machine and is used to measure the free-fall
acceleration g by measuring the acceleration of the two blocks connected by a string over a pulley. Assume a
massless, frictionless pulley and a massless string. (a) Draw the free-body diagram of each block. (b) Use the
free-body diagrams and Newton’s laws to show that the magnitude of the acceleration of either block and
the tension in the string are a = and T = . (c) Do these expressions give plausible results if
= in the limit that ≫ and in the limit that ≪ ? Explain.

Assume that m1 > m2. Choose a coordinate system in which the +y direction is downward for the block whose
mass is m1 and upward for the block whose mass is m2 and draw free-body diagrams for each block. Apply
Newton’s second law to both blocks and solve the resulting equations simultaneously.

(a) The free-body diagrams for the two blocks are:

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Cap. 4: 84 (82 na 6ª edição)

84 The apparatus in Figure 4-60 is called an Atwood’s machine and is used to measure the free-fall
acceleration g by measuring the acceleration of the two blocks connected by a string over a pulley. Assume a
massless, frictionless pulley and a massless string. (a) Draw the free-body diagram of each block. (b) Use the
free-body diagrams and Newton’s laws to show that the magnitude of the acceleration of either block and
the tension in the string are a = and T = . (c) Do these expressions give plausible results if
= in the limit that ≫ and in the limit that ≪ ? Explain.

(b) The sum of all the forces is equal to the mass times acceleration.

For block 1 we get: − =

For block 2 we get: − =

Because the blocks are connected by a taut string, they have

the same acceleration. Let represent their common − = +
acceleration. Adding both equations eliminates T and we get:
−
Solving for we obtain: =
+

Replacing in one of the initial 2

=
equations, we obtain T: +

Cap. 4: 84 (82 na 6ª edição)

84 The apparatus in Figure 4-60 is called an Atwood’s machine and is used to measure the free-fall acceleration g by
measuring the acceleration of the two blocks connected by a string over a pulley. Assume a massless, frictionless pulley and
a massless string. (a) Draw the free-body diagram of each block. (b) Use the free-body diagrams and Newton’s laws to show
that the magnitude of the acceleration of either block and the tension in the string are a = and T = . (c)
Do these expressions give plausible results if = in the limit that ≫ and in the limit that ≪ ? Explain.
∆ 2 + ∆
(ci) Using ∆ as the small difference in mass, we get: =
2 +∆ =
2 +∆
As ∆ approaches zero, approaches zero and approaches , as expected!

(cii) Dividing the numerators and denominators of 1− 2

the two equations by , we get: = ; =
1+ 1+
As gets bigger than , the ratio / approaches zero. Then approaches
and approaches 2 , as expected!

(ciii) Dividing the numerators and denominators of −1 2

the two equations by , we get: = ; =
+1 +1
As gets bigger than , the ratio / approaches zero. Then approaches
− and approaches 2 , as expected!

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Cap. 3: 73 and 75

Cap. 4: 31, 37, 43, 47, 59, 62 and 89

31 A horizontal force of magnitude F0
causes an acceleration of magnitude 3.0
m/s2 when it acts on an object of mass m
sliding on a frictionless surface. Find the
magnitude of the acceleration of the
same object in the circumstances shown
in Figure 4-35a and 4-35b. 59 A box is held in position on a frictionless incline by a cable
47 A 10-kg object on a frictionless table is (Figure 4-46). (a) If = 60° and = 50 kg find the tension in
subjected to two horizontal forces, and , the cable and the normal force exerted by the incline. (b) Find
with magnitudes F1=20 N and F2=30 N, as shown the tension as a function of and m, and check your result for
in Figure 4-40. Find the third horizontal force plausibility in the special cases of = 0° and = 90°.
that must be applied so that the object is in static
equilibrium.
62 A block of mass m slides across a frictionless
floor and then up a frictionless ramp (Figure 4-48).
The angle of the ramp is θ and the speed of the
block before it starts up the ramp is "# .The block
will slide up to some maximum height h above
the floor before stopping. Show that h is
independent of m and by deriving an expression
for h in terms of "# and g.

Cap. 3: 73

The centripetal acceleration experienced by an object traveling "

with a speed v in a circular path of radius r is given by: =
$

The speed of the object is the distance the person travels in one 2%$
"=
revolution divided by the elapsed time (the period T):
2%$
Then: " 4% $
= = =
$ $
The radius of Earth is 6370 km. Thus at the equator, an object undergoes circular motion with radius equal to Earth’s
radius, and a period of 24 h = 86400 s.
The radius of Earth orbit is ~1.496x1011 m and has a period of ~365.25 days (31557600 s).

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Cap. 3: 73

The radius of Earth is 6370 km. Thus at the equator, an object undergoes circular motion with radius equal to Earth’s
radius, and a period of 24 h = 86400 s.

The radius of Earth orbit is ~1.496x1011 m and has a period of ~365.25 days (31557600 s).

Substituting, we get:
4% 6.37 × 102
For the object: '()*+,- = = 0.03369 = 0.343%
86400 4

4% 1.496 × 10
For Earth: '678-9 = = 0.16689 = 1.701%
31557600 4

Cap. 3: 75

4% $ "
From previous problem, we have: ' = = = 4% : $ = ; $
$

=.>
Replacing the acceleration by g, and r=0.8: = 4% : 0.8 ⇔ : = = 0.55733Hz
?@ #.>

To get frequency in revolutions per minute,

: = 0.55733 Hz = 33.4340 rpm
we multiply frequency, in hertz, by 60:

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Cap. 4: 31 (37 na 6ª edição)

31 A horizontal force of magnitude F0 causes an acceleration of magnitude

3.0 m/s2 when it acts on an object of mass m sliding on a frictionless surface.
Find the magnitude of the acceleration of the same object in the
circumstances shown in Figure 4-35a and 4-35b.

The acceleration of an object is related to its mass and the net force acting on it through Newton’s second law. Choose a
coordinate system in which the direction of 2F0 in (b) is the positive direction of x and the direction of the left-most F0 in (a)
is the positive direction of x.
#
As = , we get = and so 3.0 =

(a) As the two forces are at right angles, the magnitude of the ABC = D + = 2 #
net force is given by:

we get 2 #
(F) = = = 2 × 3.0 = 4.2 /4

(b) 2 # is along x and the second force ( # )

makes an angle of 45º. The magnitude of ABC = D + = # 4LM45º + 2 # + # OP445º = 2.80 #
the net force is given by:
2.80 #
we get (F) = = = 2.80 × 3.0 = 8.4 /4

Cap. 4: 37 (41 na 6ª edição)

The acceleration can be found from Newton’s
second law. Because both forces are constant, the
net force and the acceleration are constant; hence,
we can use the constant-acceleration equations to
answer questions concerning the motion of the
object at various times.

(a) Apply Newton’s second law to the 4.0- ⃗ABC ⃗ + ⃗

kg object to obtain: ⃗= =

2R̂ − 3T̂ + 4R̂ − 11T̂ 6R̂ − 14T̂

Substitute numerical values and simplify to evaluate ⃗: ⃗= = = 1.5R̂ − 3.5T̂
4 4

(b) For constant acceleration, the velocity is given by: "⃗ = "⃗# + ⃗U = 1.5UR̂ − 3.5UT̂ ("⃗# = 0)

U U
(c) $⃗ = 1.5 R̂ − 3.5 T̂ + $⃗# ($⃗# = 0) Alternative resolution: As the velocity is linear with time,
2 2 we can use the average velocity to calculate position:
"⃗ 3 − "⃗(0) (1.5 × 3)R̂ − (3.5 × 3)T̂ − 0
For t=3, we get: $⃗ 3 = ×3 = ×3=
9 9 2 2
$⃗ 3 = 1.5 R̂ − 3.5 T̂ = 6.75R̂ − 15.75T̂
2 2 = 6.75R̂ − 15.75T̂

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Cap. 4: 43 (47 in 6th edition) In 6th edition

A 35.0-kg traffic light is supported by two wires as in Figure 4-36.
(a) Draw the light’s free-body diagram and use it to answer the
following question qualitatively: Is the tension in wire 2 greater
than or less than the tension in wire 1? (b) Verify your answer by
applying Newton’s laws and solving for the two tensions.

Because the traffic light is not accelerating, the net force + + W =0

acting on it must be zero.

Horizontal: cos 30º − cos 60º = D =0

Vertical: sin 30º + sin 60º − W = =0

cos 30º
From horizontal: = = 1.732 Thus YZ is bigger than Y[ !
cos 60º

cos 30º
(b) Substituting in vertical equation: sin 30º + sin 60º − =0
cos 60º

35 × 9.81 = 298 N
We get: = = = 172 N and:
2 2

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Cap. 4: 47 (51 na 6ª edição)

47 A 10-kg object on a frictionless table is subjected to two horizontal forces, and

, with magnitudes F1=20 N and F2=30 N, as shown in Figure 4-40. Find the third
horizontal force that must be applied so that the object is in static equilibrium.

The acceleration of any object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it. Choose a
coordinate system in which the positive x direction is the same as that of and the positive
y direction is to the right. Add the two forces to determine the net force and then use
Newton’s second law to find the acceleration of the object. If brings the system into
equilibrium, it must be true that + + = 0.

=− −

= 20R̂ = −30 sin 30º R̂ + 30 cos 30º T̂ = −15R̂ + 26T̂

= −20R̂ − −15R̂ + 26T̂ = −5R̂ − 26T̂

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Cap. 4: 59 (59 na 6ª edição)

59 A box is held in position on a frictionless incline by a cable (Figure 4-46). (a) If = 60° and
= 50 kg find the tension in the cable and the normal force exerted by the incline. (b) Find
the tension as a function of and m, and check your result for plausibility in the special cases
of = 0° and = 90°.

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Cap. 4: 62 (same nº in 6th ediction)

62 A block of mass m slides across a frictionless floor and then up a frictionless ramp
(Figure 4-48). The angle of the ramp is θ and the speed of the block before it starts up
the ramp is "# .The block will slide up to some maximum height h above the floor
before stopping. Show that h is independent of m and by deriving an expression for h
in terms of "# and g.

The free-body diagram for the block sliding up the incline is: The height h is related to
Applying Newton’s second law to the forces acting in the x the distance Δx traveled up
direction will lead us to an expression for ax. Using this the incline:
expression in a constant-acceleration equation will allow us
ℎ = ∆^ sin (1)
to express h as a function of "# and g.

Using a constant-acceleration equation, "D = "#D + 2 D ∆^ → 0 = "#D + 2 D ∆^ ("D L4 0 U Uℎ` UPa)

relate the final speed of the block to its initial
speed, acceleration, and distance travelled: −"#D
∆^ = (2)
2 D
−"#D
Substituting (2) in (1): ℎ= sin (3)
2 D

To find the acceleration we use ∑ D = D: − W sin = D → − sin = D ( W = ) D = − sin (4)

−"#D sin "#D

Using (4) in (3): ℎ= = which is independent of the ramp’s angle θ!
−2 sin 2

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Cap. 4: 89

By reasoning:
At the limit, when the mass in one side is zero, the
tension will be zero. As this mass increases from zero,
the tension increases. The same occurs when we start
with the other mass as zero (the problem is
symmetrical!).
The maximum tension will happen when the two mass
are equal!
(if it is zero at both limits, the tension is higher than
zero in between, and the problem is symmetrical, then
the maximum is at the middle!)
Using: =c−

2 c−
Then: = =2 =2 −
+ +c− c

d 2 2 c
Differentiating: =2 1− Find the maximum: 0=2 1− → =
d c c 2

e f W
We could use the second derivative =− < 0 to prove that this solution is a maximum or use the
e g
reasoning above.

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