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Fundamental Concept

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Fundamental Concept

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Naeem Ahmad
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CHAPTER 12 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS UNIT -3 ALGEBRA ALGEBRA Algebra is a generalized form of arithmetic. In arithmetic, we use numbers like 5, -8, 0:64, etc., each with a definite value, whereas in algebra, we use letters (a, b,c, x. y, Z, etc.) along with numbers. For example : 7x, 3x-2, 5at+b, 2y-5x, x+ 2y-7Z and so on The letters used in algebra are called variables or literal numbers or simply literals. They do not have a fixed value. 12.2| SIGNS AND SYMBOLS In algebra, the signs +, -, and + are used in the same sense as they are used in arithmetic. Also, the following signs and symbols are frequently used in algebra, each with the same meaning in every branch of mathematics. = means “is equal to” 1? means “is not equal to" means “is less than" 1? means “is greater than" 1+ | < ¢ means “is not less than” means “is not greater than" “means = “therefore” s means “because” or “since” - means “difference between" | => means “implies that". WRITING A GIVEN STATEMENT IN ALGEBRAIC FORM Statement Algebraic Form (i) x subtracted from 8 is less than y B-x7 5 multiplied by x is greater than 7 or product of 5 and x is greater than 7 (v) Mi <3 8 divided by y is less than 3. 111 EXERCISE 12 (A) 1. Express each of the following statements in algebrale form : ( (ii) |x decreased by 5 is equal to y. (il) | The sum of 2 and x is greater than y. (iv) | The sum of x and y is less than 24, (v) |15 muttiplied by m gives 3n. (vi) | Product of 8 and y is equal to 3x. (vil) |30 divided by b is equal to p. (vii) |z decreased by 3x is equal to y. (ix) | 12 times of x is equal to 5z. )) |The sum of 8 and x is equal to y. (x) |12 times of x is greater than 52. (xi) | 12 times of x is less than 52. (xii) |3z subtracted from 45 is equal to y. (xii) | 8x divided by y is equal to 22. (xiv) | 7y subtracted from 5x gives 82. (xv) |7y decreased by 5x gives 8z 2. For each of the following algebraic expressions, write a suitable statement in words : (i) |3x4+8=15 T-y>x ay-x<12 5e755 a+2b>18 2x - By = 16 Ba—4b > 14 b+7a<2t (16 + 2a) —x > 25 (x + 12)-y<8a 12.4] CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES In algebra, we come across two types of symbols, namely, constants and variables. A symbol with a fixed numerical value in all situations is called a constant, e.g. 5, 30, 256, -7, 2, %, etc., whereas a symbol whose value changes with situation is called a variable, such as; x, y, P, , 5x, etc. 112 in 3x, 3 is a constant and x a variable but, together, 3x is a variable. Reason : As the value of x will change, the value of 3x will also change accordingly. Similarly 3 is constant and x is variable but, together, each of 3 + x, x ~ 3 and a variable. ‘So, we conclude that every combination of a constant and a variable is always a variable. 12.5 | TERM ‘A term is a constant or a variable or a product or a quotient of constants and variables. For example ()) 4s a term; which is a constant (i) x is a term, which is a variable (iii) 4x is a term; which is the product of a constant and a variable. is 3 (iv) y is a term; which is the quotient of a constant and a variable. A term is called a baat pais if it does not contain any literal (variable). Thus, each of 3, -20, >, -4 , etc. is a constant term. Constants (fixed za and variables (literal numbers) may be combined to form several types of terms. For example : The constants 2, 5, -8, 4, 5, etc., and the vee xX, Ys Z, etc., may be combined to form terms such as 2x, ‘ Bxy, Sxyz, 4x2, 5 Sy. (i) Like Terms : The terms having the same literal coefficients are called like terms. They may differ only in their numeral coefficients. For example : Each having the same literal coetficie (i) xy, Sxy, — 4xy, ete. are like terms (ii) — 8xy, 7xy, 1-5x2y, etc. are like terms and so on. vs (ii) Unlike Terms : The terms that do not have the same literal coefficients are called unlike terms. For example : (i) 6a, Gab and 6ac are unlike terms. (i) 2xy, 2x%y and 2xy? are unlike terms and so on. [12.6] ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS ‘An algebraic expression is a collection of one or more terms, which are separated from each other by the signs + (plus) and/or — (minus). 113 For example Algebraic expressions Number of terms used Terms (i) 5x 1 5x (ii) Bxy? 1 8xy? (iii) 3x + 8z 2 3x and 8z (iv) 4x-y+7 3 4x, y and 7 2a 2a (v) iy ty — 3248 4 Txy, y+ 8z and 8 and so on. In the algebraic expression 4x — y + 7, 7 is the constant term as it does not contain a literal. 2a Similarly, in the algebraic expression 7xy + 7 782 +8: Bis the constant term. 12.7 | TYPES OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS According to the number of terms used to form an algebraic expression, it is called monomial, binomial, trinomial, and so on as explained below. (i) Monomial : An algebraic expression with only one term is called a monomial. For example : -8, z, xy, 2x, 5y, a etc. are all monomials. (ii) Binomial : A binomial is a polynomial An algebraic expression of two unlike terms is called a binomial. (of two terms For example () 5x+2y, 7-x, 4x+y, yezy, etc. (ji) 2a4 g (iii) Trinomial : An algebraic expression containing three unlike terms is called a trinomial. For example ax? + bx +0, 2x2 - 7x +4, xy-x+y?, etc, (iv) Multinomial : An algebraic expression with two or more than two terms is called a multinomial. For example A trinomial isa Polynomial of three terms (i) Each of 8x +2, 5-x, a2-7x is a multinomial of two terms. (i) 7+#x-xy 4 y2 is a multinomial of four terms. (iii) a+ ab —b? + 7x-z is a multinomial of five terms and so on. (v) Polynomial : An algebraic expression with one or more (unlike) terms, is called a polynomial. 114 For example : (i) Each of -20, 8, x, 5x, 3xy?, etc., is a polynomial. (ii) 3x + 2y is a polynomial of two terms. (il) x + 4yz - 72 + 8 is a polynomial of four terms. (iv) Every monomial, every binomial, every trinomial and every multinomial is a polynomial. (v) A polynomial can not be of the form : 3, 30m SK x45' x-5' x?! x? 48 ,etc. Terms are separated by plus (+) and minus (-) signs only. The signs of multiplication (x) and division (+) do not separate terms. Thus, 3p + 5z~ 7y has three terms, whereas Sp x 5z ~ 7y has two terms only. In the same way, 8 - 4x + 7y + 2z has four terms, whereas 8 x 4x x 7y + 2z has only one term. 42.8 | PRODUCTS AND FACTORS ‘A product is the result of the multiplication of two or more constants or literals or of both. For example 5xy is the product of 5, x and y. Each content and each literal multiplied together to form a product is called a factor of that product. 12.9 | COEFFICIENT Any factor or group of factors of a product is known as the coefficient of the remaining factors. For example > In the product 5axy, 5 is the coefficient of axy, 5x is the coefficient of ay, xy is the coefficient of 5a, axy is the coefficient of 5 and so on. Ia factor is a numerical quantity, it is called a numeral coefficient of the remaining factors, and if a factor involves letters, it is called a literal coefficient of the remaining factors. For example In a product 3xy, 3 is a numeral coefficient ot xy, x is a literal coefficient of 3y, xy is a literal coefficient of 3, y is literal coefficient of 3x, 3y is literal coefficient of x and so on. When the coefficient is unity, i.e. 1 (one), itis usually omitted, i.e. 1b is written as b} 42.10 | POWER OF LITERAL QUANTITIES When a quantity is multiplied by itself any number of times, the product is called a power of that quantity. This product is expressed by writing the number of like factors in it to the right of the quantity slightly raised. 115 For example : ax a has 2 like factors, so to express it as : ax a = a2 Similarly, (i) ax axa has 3 like factors, so we write: ax axa=a3, (li) axaxaxaxa has 5 like factors, sowe write: axaxaxaxaz=a’, The following table will make the concept, more clear : Product Write as : Read as : () axa a a squared or _a raised to the power 2. |" W axaxa a a cubed or_a raised to the power 3, (il) mx mxmx mx m mm m raised to the power 5 or fifth power of m. In a®, ais called the base and 8 is called the exponent or the index or the power. Similarly, in x8, x is the base and 5 is the exponent or the index or the power and so on, 1. For all values of x, x1=x ie. 5!=5,8'=8,351=35 and soon 2. For all values of x, x°=1 ie. 59=1,89=1,359=1 andsoon Example 1: Write each of the following products in index form : () mxmxnxnxnxn (i) 3xbxbxbxbxpxpxp Solution : (i) mxmxnxnxnxn= ment (Ans.) (i) 3x bxbxbxbxpxpxp= 3b4p3 (Ans.) Example 2: Write each of the following in product form : (i) 3p4 (ii) 7b2q2 Gil) a®m4n? Solution : (i) 3pt=3xpxpxpxp (Ans.) (i) 7b?q% = 7x bx bxqxqxq (ans.) (ii) m4? =axaxaxmxmxmxmxnaxn (Ans.) POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE AND ITS DEGREE [| When an algeraic expression is made of one variable only, it is called a polynomial in one variable. For example : () 3+ 5x ~ 7x2 is a polynomial in variable x. (ii) 9y8 - Sy? + B is a polynomial in variable y. 116 The degree of a polynomial in one variable is the greatest of the exponents (powers) of its various terms. For example : 1. For polynomial 4x? - 3x5 + 8x® (i) the exponent of the term 4x’ (ii) the exponent of the term 3x5 = 5 and (iii) the exponent of the term &x® = 6. Since the greatest exponent is 6 ‘:. The degree of the polynomial 4x? - 3x° + 8x® = 6 2. The degree of the polynomial 25 - x* is 4. 3, The degree of the polynomial 5x ~ 3 is 1. 4. The degree of the polynomial 4x? - 15x°- 7x® is 8 and so on. ‘The polynomial 3x* — x? + 5x - 7 is in one variable only, the variable being x. ‘The polynomial By5 - 3y? + 8 Is also in one variable only, the variable being y. Polynomials of two or more variables and their degree For example : (i) 3x + xy? - Byz is a polynomial made of three variables, x, y and 2. (i) Sy? - 3y2 + 8x°y? — 3x° is a polynomial of two variables, x and y. In order to find the degrees of such polynomials, find : (a) The sum of the powers of all the variables used in each term of a given polynomial. (b) The greatest of these sum is the degree of the given polynomial. For example : (i) For polynomial 3x + xy? — 8yz The terms used are 3x, xy? and Byz Since the sum of the powers of the variables in 3x used = 1, [x = 3x"] the sum of the powers of the variables in xy?=1+2=3 and the sum of the powers of the variables used in 8yz = 1 + 1 = 2 Clearly, degree of the given polynomial = 3 (i) In Sy = 3y%x + Bx?y? — 3x5 The sum of the powers of the term 5y° = 3 the sum of the powers of the term 3y?x the sum of the powers of the term 6xy?= 2+2=4 and the sum of the powers of the term 3x5 = 5 . The degree of the given polynomial = 5 17 ——_— EXERCISE 12 (Bs) 1. Separate the constants and the ariahies from each of the following : ox 3 Xz 6, 4y, -3) 24 » 7p, 0, —, —, -— 7 * 4 mys 82 7p y 4x 3y 2. Group the like terms legter: : () 4%, -8y,-%, 2x, dy and y. (i) Bxy, ~ayx, a F yz, and yx. (ii) ~ab?, b®a?, 7b%a, -Ga’b® and Zab? — (iv) Sax, — Sy, .Txa and =. 3. State whether true or false : ()) 16 is a constant and y is a variable, but 16y is variable. (i) 5x has two terms 5 and x. (ii) The expression 5 + x has two terms 5 and x. (iv) The expression 2x? + x is a trinomial. (v) ax? + bx + c is a trinomial. (vi) 8 x ab is a binomial, (vii) 8 + ab is a binomial. (vill) _x° - Sxy + 6x + 7 is a polynomial. (ix) x - Sxy + 6x +7 is a multinomial. (x) The coefficient of x in Sx is 5x. (xi) The coefficient of ab in — ab is ~1. (xii) The coefficient of y in ~3xy is -3. 4. State the number of terms in each of the following expressions : () 2a-b (i) 8xx+ 3 (ii) 9x ~ = (iv) a txxb+e ) 8xs24y44 (vi) xy +2 (vil) x+yza (Will) x+y+8ey (i) 2xa4+32b44 5. State whether true or false : (i) xy and -yx are like terms. (ii) x2y and ~y2x are like terms. (ii) a and -a are like terms. (iv) -ba and 2ab are unlike terms, (v) 5 and 5x are like terms. (vi) 8xy and 4xyz are unlike terms. 6. For each expression given below, state whether it is a monomial, or a binomial or a trinomial. @ x (i) xy+x (ii) sy (ivy =a () a®-x45 (vi) -8be+d (vil) 1+#x+y (vill) 1+x2y (ix) xX+xy-y? 7. Write down the coefficient of x in the following monomials : @) x i) -x (iii) -3x (iv) ~Bax ) py (vi) 8. Write the coefficients of : () xin 3xy? i) x in - ax (il) yin-y (iv) y in ay (v)_ xy in -2xyz (vi) ax in — axy? (vii) xy in -Sax2y (viii) xy? in Saxy? 9. State the numeral coeticients of the following monomials : y ~2x (i) Sxy (i) abe (iil) Spqr (iv) ( Ex2 wy) (ui) “I= y (an + 10. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials : (i) x+x? (i) 5x? - 7x42 (ill) x9 - x8 + x10 (iv) 1 - 100x29 (v) 44 4x - 4x3 (vi) 8x2y — By? + x25 (vil) 829 - By@z3 + 7yz5 (villi) 4y? — 3x3 + y2x7 _SKX— 118 —————— REVISION EXERCISE (Chapter 12) 4. Express each of the following statements in algebraic form : (i) The sum of 3x and 4y is 8. (i) 5x decreased by 7 gives y. (iil) 37 added to 4x gives 6x. (iv) 3x subtracted from 89 gives 44. 2. Group the like terms : () Ty, 3x, By, -x and = (ii) 3x2, -5x°, -x2, 5x? and 8x? (iil) x2y8, -5x3y2, 8x3y?, x2y3 and =xy3 3. Write the number of terms in each of the following polynomials : () S+4xe2 (i) 5+ 4x + 2y (ili) 8x2 - 4x +7 2 wy 242-24 (v) 6x2 18-94% 5 7 8 4 4. For each expression given below, state whether it is a monomial, or a binomial or a trinomial: () x+y (i) 5x -4y (iii) 7x2 + 5x +8 (iv) 6a+d+d (vy) 9eaxb (vi) Bab 5. Write the coefficient of xy in: (i) — 7x?yz (ii), Babx?y (iii) - xy 6. Write the coefficient of : (i) xin - Oxy (i) yin - 4y (il) x in = xy? 7. Write the numeral coefficient in : 2x 5 2, ii) = Sy? (i) 7x?y Os (ii) - Zoyz 8. Write the degree of each of the following polynomials : (i) 8 - 6x8 +x (ii) 4x3 - x4 (ill) 4 - x? (iv) x-1 (vy) x2 4x-%3 (vi) 8 - Bxy? + 9 (vil) x7 - 6y4 (vill) 3y? — 2y2z4 (ix) 100x8 — 8x10 9. Write each statement given below in algebraic form : (i) 28 more than twice of x is equal to 45. (i) 3y reduced by 5z Is greater than 6x. (ii) 6x divided by 13y is less than 17. (iv) 9 multiplied by 5x is equal to 2y 10. State whether true or false : (1123 is a constant and x is a variable, 23 + x is a constant. (ji) 1123 is a constant and x is a variable, 23x is a variable. (ji) Wy is a variable and 57 is a constant, y ~ 57 is a variable. (iv) 3x and 2y are variables, each of 3x + 2y, 3x ~ 2y, 3x + 2y and 3x x 2y is a variable, 119

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