CHAPTER 5 Se FRACTIONS 6.1 BASIC CONCEPT If a certain quantity of rice is divided into four equal parts, each part so obtained 1 is said to be one-fourth (3) of the whole quantity of the rice. Similarly, if an apple is divided into five equal parts, each part is one-fith (3) of the whole apple. Now, if two parts of these 5 equal parts are eaten, three parts are left, 3 and we say three-fifths (3) of the apple is lett. 14 3 The numbers as and 3 discussed above, each representing a part of the whole quantity, are called fractions. :. A fraction is a quantity that expresses a part of the whole. To make the concept of fractions more clear : \i\ Draw a circle with any suitable radius. Divide the circle into three equal parts (sectors). Ly) If two parts of the three equal parts be shaded, we say 2 & (tworthrds) of the circle is shaded and $ (one-third) of the circle is not. Inthe fraction 2, ais the numerator ofthe fraction and b is its denominator. NUMERATOR DENOMINATOR FRACTION Thus, in fraction W numerator = 7 and denominator = 11. ~The numerator and the denominator are also known as the terms of a fraction. . Every fraction must be expressed in its lowest terms. In other words, the terms of a fraction 5 out of 7 means a given quantity is divided into seven equal parts and five of these equal must not have any common factor except 1(one). 3 15 7 Fractions 5, pq and 79» are in thelr lowest terms, because the terms of each of these fractions have only 1 (one) as common factor. parts are taken. 5 ‘Thus, 5 out of 7 = 7 395.2| TYPES OF FRACTIONS 1. Proper Fraction : A fraction whose numerator is less than its denominator is called a proper 4 3 101 4 fraction, e.g. 5° 7) 25" 7? 2, etc. 2. Improper Fraction : A fraction whose numerator is greater than or equal to its denominator is called an improper fraction. 0 fd a If the numerator and the denominator of a fraction are equal, the value of the fraction is unity (1). -3 eg Gah 3. Mixed Fraction : A mixed fraction consists of two parts : (i) an integer and (ii) a proper fraction. 2 e.g. a is a mixed fraction, consisting of an integer (4) and a proper fraction ( 3} 1 -|2+— 1d 5 (003) asm Conversely, 3 a+ae 4. Like and Unlike Fractions : Two or more fractions with the same denominator but different numerators are called like fractions. 7 w " eo SB sss’ etc. are like fractions, Two or more fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions. 5731 - ©9. Sgr gig ote 5. Equivalent Fractions : If two or more fractions have the same value, they are called equivalent or equal fractions. 13 6 9 a . 1.3 _= 6 9 e.g.the fractions 3'9' 18 and py are equivalent fractions as 379718727 40The value of a fraction does not change if its numerator and denominator are both muttiplied or divided by the same non-zero number. 4 4x2 4 8 P eg. Zand te, and 77 are equivalent fractions. 7x2 15 1545 153 A let A545. 15 oS i 50, 55 aNd Jorg Fe Bq and Gare equivalent fractions. 5.3| CONVERTING A MIXED FRACTION INTO AN IMPROPER FRACTION Multiply the integral part by the denominator and add the numerator to the product. The result so obtained is the numerator of the required improper fraction. The denominator of the required fraction will be the same as the denominator of the given mixed fraction. 7 Thus, for the mixed fraction 375, . rt i the required lnearoper freation = Integral part x Denominator +Numerator Denominator _ (x15)47 _ 4547 _ 52 “18 “15 ~ 15 23 Similarly, 52 = =3, 5 7x6+5 42+5 47 7327-6 7 6 76 and so on. CONVERTING AN IMPROPER FRACTION INTO A MIXED FRACTION Divide the numerator by the denominator. The quotient of this division is the integral part and the remainder obtained is the numerator of the required mixed fraction. Of course, the denominator will remain the same. 23 _ Gy ouery Remainder _ 53 4 = Quotient Denominator ~ ° 4 and remainder a 7 Rem: Similarly, “g = Quotient Genominator = 4 5 73 1 3745: 72 = 890 and so on. CONVERTING UNLIKE FRACTIONS INTO LIKE FRACTIONS Steps: 4. Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of all the given fractions. 2. Multiply the numerator and the denominator of each fraction by a same suitable number so that the denominator of each fraction becomes equal to the L.C.M. obtained in step 1. aExample 1: 34 i. Convert >, = and g into like fractions. Solution : L.C.M. of denominators 7, 5 and 3 = 105 [Step 1] 3 _ 3x15 _ 45 4 _ 4x21 a4 41 _ 1x35 _ 35 Now. > = 7345 = Gos) 8 = Bxoi = 705 8 9 = axes = Gop — ‘(Step2) 34 4 ong 75 and 3 = 405’ 105 and 105 respectively (Ans.) EXERCISE 5(A) 1. For each expression given below, write a fraction () 2outof7= (il) 5 out of 17 = 2. Fill in the blanks : (ii) three-fitths = fraction. () 2is ) 21s. 2 8 fraction. dil) = fraction. (iv) The value of 2 (v) (vi) fraction. (vii) wit) 23 ang 3 are . fractions. , 8 8 5 (ix) 0) 34 and 35 are not fractions. (xi) (xil) = 43 3. From the following fractions, separate (i) proper fractions and (i 24 7 11-20 «18 27 9° 3° 15’ 20° TT 23° 35 4. Change the following mixed fractions to improper fractions : proper fractions : od ay ad «od popes 25 (i) 33 (ii) 75 (iw) 255 5. Change the following improper fractions to mixed fractions : , 100 . 8t 209 ayy — 113 oF oF (ii), - = (wv) - 55 6. Change the following groups of fractions to like fractions : . 1234 , 571 3 275 9 0 sae | Se aaa (i 6 | REDUCING A FRACTION TO ITS LOWEST TERMS A fraction is said to be in its lowest terms if its numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1, ie. the numerator and the denominator are co-prime. 42To reduce a fraction to its lowest terms : (i) find the H.C.F. of its numerator and denominator. (ii) divide each term of the fraction by the H.C.F. obtained in step (i). For example : ; 48 Consider the fraction &- As the H.C.F. of 48 and 60 is 12, divide both numerator and denominator by 12. 4g _ 48+12 4 Thus, 55 = goxt2 “5° which is the fraction in its lowest terms. If both the terms of a fraction are divided or multiplied by the same number, the value of the fraction remains unchanged. Alternative method First express each term of the given fraction as a product of prime factors; then cancel the common factors. 4g 2x2x2x2xF_ 2x2 _ 4 =E ee: 60 ~ 2x2xaxS ~ 5 In the same way, <= = BSxS 2 and soon. [57 | COMPARING FRACTIONS ‘Comparing fractions means comparing their values to find out which of them is greater or smaller. Example 2 : Which traction is greater, or 35? Solution : Step 1: 4. Convert the given fractions to like fractions. 2. The fraction with the greater numerator is greater. Since the L.C.M. of the denominators 8 and 12 = 24, 3 _ 3x3 _ 9 ang 5 = 5x2 _ 10 == = ind = = =. 8 8x3 ad 72 12x24 If two fractions have the same denominator, the greater fraction has the greater numerator Step 2: See the numerators of these like fractions. The numerator 10 is greater. 10, 5y 7a ie. 35 is greater. (Ans.) Alternative method : Fractions can also be compared by making the numerators equal and then comparing the denominators. In this case, the fraction with the smaller denominator is greater. 43Since the L.C.M. of the numerators 3 and 5 = 15, 3 _ 3x5 _ 15 5 _ 5x3 _ 15 8. 8x5 ~ 40 12° 2x3 ~ 36° For the same numerator, the fraction is greater if the denominator is smaller. 8 ie Si te je fe © is greater. Example 3 : 8 Which of the given fractions is smaller, <2 or 32 Solution : : First method : By making the denominators equal : Since the L.C.M. of denominators 15 and 25 = 75, 2 With equal denominators, the fraction with the smaller numerator With equal numerators, the fraction with the bigger denominator (Ans.) is smaller. (Ans.) is smaller. (Ans.) ‘Making the denominators equal. B _ 8x5 _ 40 4g 12 _ 12x39 _ 36 15 ~ 15x5 ~ 75 7° 25 = d5xa = 75 3 2 Hence >= ie. 55 is smaller. Second method : By making numerators equal : Since the L.C.M. of numerators 8 and 12 = 24, B _ 8x8 My 12 _ sexe _ 24 15 ~ isxs = 45 99 35 = 25x2 = 50 24 12. Hence <> ie. >= is smaller. Example 4 : 2 3 9 A Compare the fractions 34° = and te by writing them in the descending order. Solution : Step 1 Since the L.C.M. of the denominators 3, 4, 12 and 16 = 48, 2 _ 2x16 _ 32 3 _ 3x12 _ 36 3” 3x16 ~ 4g" 4° 4xt2 “48” 5 _ 5x4 20 aq DL 8x8 a7 12 ~ taxa ~ 4g M96 = Taxa = ag° Step 2 . See the numerators of these like fractions. The fraction with the largest numerator is largest. . 3 The largest numerator is 36. ie The smallest numerator is 20. ie. al8 als is the largest fraction. 5 {2 |S the smallest fraction.Thus, the given fractions in descending order of value are : 2 7 Oy 82 8 ong & ag 40°46 2 ag Fg 3 16 OM G2 32,95 ie. 4 > 3 > 46 > 42 (Ans.) Alternative method : (Comparing fractions by making the numerators equal) Taking the same fractions as given in the above example, 23 5 9 leo: a 2 and 75 The L.C.M. of the numerators 2, 3, 5 and 9 = 90 2 _ 2x45 _ 90 3 _ 3x30 _ 90 3” 3x45 "135° 4 ~ 4x30 ~ 120° fiaiichaic rat 5 _ 5x18 9 ng SL SKI equal. q2 ~ taxi 216 76 ~ 16x10~ 160° We know that, with the numerators being the same, the fraction with the smallest denominator is the biggest fraction and the fraction with the largest denominator is the smallest fraction. 90 . : 90 . Thus, 759 is the biggest fraction and ae § the smallest fraction. 90 90 90 90 7. . And so, 720' 135° 160 and 216 are in the descending order of value, 32 9 5 7 a3 and 72 ae in the descending order of value, > (Ans.) >a 16 7 12 <2ed 3° 4° ee, EXERCISE (8) 4. Reduce the given fractions to their lowest terms = 4 3 4 For the example given above, the fraction can be written in ascending order 5 2 o o 2 w = wo o w 2 2. State whether true or false : 3. | Which fraction is greater ? @ 2 or é ( 2 or 3 (ii) 4 or aWhich fraction is smaller ? ) 3. 4 8 4 ai) Zo 10 YO gor 3 (ii) pF (iil) 3g or 39 Arrange the given fractions in descending order of magnitude : 5197 y 121 38 Gy 538 0 We Da 8 () 57S: 20° 4 (OF aay Arrange the given fractions in ascending order of magnitude : 974 . 5 2 8 4 . 25 § 38 0 eqs MEPs Gi) BSS | bought one dozen bananas and ate five of them. What fraction of the total number of bananas was left 7 Insert the symbol ‘=" or ‘>’ or ‘<’ between each of the pairs of fractions given below : »9 & 8 we 2 @ B 7 5 8 O Fm Ge Tm ag GE om Z om Bm Out of 50 identical articles, 36 are broken. Find the fraction of : (i) the total number of articles and the articles broken. (ii) the remaining articles and total number of articles. SSS 5.8 FUNDAMENTAL OPERATIONS ON FRACTIONS The four fundamental operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, 5.9 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION Steps : 1. If any of the given fractions is in mixed form, convert it into an improper fraction. 2. Convert the fractions obtained in step 1 into equivalent fractions. 3. Keeping the denominator same, as obtained in step 2, combine the numerators of the equivalent fractions and obtain a single fraction. 4, Reduce, if required, the fraction so obtained into its lowest terms and then into a mixed fraction. For example : i) 3 2 A 5 5 ate i) 13 - 4 6 L.C.M. of 4 = 2x5 axa § EGNOS -2_8 4x5 5x4 7 6 15 8 12x6 5x7 5,8 = Bxe 20 * 20 7x6 — 6x7 15+8 23 _ 2 3 72 35 _ 72-35 20 ~ 20> 20 42 42 > ae 46an 92 93,44 2 15 9 ji) 22-323 444 - BBLS Converting into (li) 23-94 +49 5 4°72 improper fractions 12x4 15x5 9x10 [L.CM. of 5, 4 and 2 is 20) Bx4 4x5 * 2x10 48 75 , 9048-75490 _ 63 3 2 20*20> 20 20 ——— EXERCISE 5(C) ——__ 4. Add the following fractions = . 138.3 ») 2.2% and = am 12,12 3 () ty and 5 (i) 625g and zy (ii) 1 Ay and 15 wy 32.24 andie 8 nd 3® s) 32,5 and & (iv) 85.2g and15 W) 25+ 9g and3g (vi) 9g. 555 and 75 2. Simplify : y t-8 3 5, 3 13 O42 746 (i) 2g ii) 25 + qa ~ A 8 41 14 3 18 . 48 45 3 ) 95-9 -"q8 ) 6+ 59-45 (wi) 15 425-195 i) 4494-94 ii) 6-92 i) 12-24 3% (i) 4435-35 (ui) 6-35 - (x) 15-25 +85 3 2 ©) (i) 45 5 5.10 | MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION Steps for multiplication : 4. See that each given fraction is in proper form or improper form, i.e. no fraction is in mixed form, 2. Multiply the numerators of the fractions together to get the numerator of the resulting fraction, and also multiply the denominators of the fractions together to get the denominator of the resulting fraction 3. I required, reduce the resulting fraction obtained in step (2) into its lowest terms and then into a mixed fraction. Example 5 : Simplify : . 3 a 2 5 @ 7x5 (i) QE Solution : , 3 3 5 _3x5_15 43 Oy gxsadxgagarrt atta (Ans.) 2 5 12 & _ 12x5 _ 2x2x8Ks (i) 25% 4g = 5 *% te = 5x18 ~ BKBKSxZ (Ans.)For division Multiply the dividend (the first fraction) by the reciprocal of the divisor (the second fraction). , Or a 1. Reciprocal of 2 =, reciprocal of 7; = -g and so on. 1 4 1 2. Since, = © reciprocal of § = 5 . Simiaty, reciprocal of 8 = reciprocal of 15 = 7— and so on. For example : a2 2 f= 4 375 =3*%37 9 7'9 1| COMBINED OPERATIONS OF MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION In such cases, first the operation of division is completed and then of multiplication. Example 6 : . 3.4.01 Simply: § + 7% B Solution : 4 7 3,4_.3,7_.4 Reciprocal of > is Since, at77=a*%47 2 734 44 2a 2txt at A 7*2 > 32% 2 = 32x2 ~ 6a (Ans) . 49 4_ 38.7 4 3x7xt 21 or, directly : 7%27=8%4*% 2" Ex4xd = 64 (Ans.) [522] USING ‘of’ ALONG WITH MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION Apart from Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, there is one more operation, termed ‘of’. The word ‘of written in between two fractions or numbers is to be worked out just as if it were a multiplication sign, but it is to come even before division and multiplication. For example : © Zo 3.3 Operating ‘of we get: — of — [ pe 9 get 2° 4 NI@@IN wiy CIN NIG who x ale jw 2ot BMA ajo C10 210 ajo x 2° BX7x2 7 14 14 48USING ‘BODMAS’ ‘BODMAS" is the acronym (abbreviation) formed by taking the initial letters of the six operations, where : “B’ stands for “BRACKET” “O’ stands for “OF” ‘D’ stands, for “DIVISION” ‘M’ stands for “MULTIPLICATION” ‘A’ stands for “ADDITION” *S’ stands for’ “SUBTRACTION” Fractions inside brackets are to be operated (combined) first must be the same as in the order of letters used in 'BODMAS' While simplifying an expression involving three or more operations, the order of operations For example : o tp% 7 Using BODMAS; (i) zt . bracket is simplified first. Example 7: al= 2,5). 9 2.4 ‘Simplify = (+8) forts * 57 Solution : t= nie elnEXERCISE 5(D) Simplify $2 i) 4,2 ii) Fe W) 3xF (ii) Gy x8 wv co 3 gh ) tots’ ( go ) 35 x35 W) porgxG » 3 5 441 ot 12 4 Wi) Fxg x4 (wil) 13 x15 of ty Simplify : ) 2k i) 42.4 ii) 122 @ 345 l) 45495 (ii) 145 w 4.4 ot 212 ) 22x32 204 @™ 979 ™ 25219 (vi) 25 x85 +29 Simplify : ) st ofe2 a3 ) wtytaat 7 3 @ GrAres (i) 19% R419 (ii) 67 xOx55 wy 3.41.3 55 1.2 1.2 ~ (34 1 (wy GZ xt1g +7 25 W) 2geForigx Zs wi (F+a) od (i) (iil) an + (3 + 34) (iv) 4 (1,54 FF G3 x 25) (vi) -1)4(2-5),f8-2 Wi) (a7 s)%la~i2)*le 7 72 Simplify : . (1,1 14 _ (24.65) 3 o) (+3)+(2-3) i) (Ststslxe 3.4 2°04 1,7). (5_3 (ii) Z of By - 5 fey (wv) 35 of (5+ %)+(§-3) ) at -33 x 3 +25 (vi) 48(33 +7) 1 1)(3_4 1_2,14 wn 2a(8-g)or2 ww ($-4) (2-4) (2-244)m £-2($+%) w 42 .(3-3 y 1 3 oz sot (x) 3 ofdd4 1G 25 +25 x0 5.14] PROBLEMS INVOLVING FRACTIONS Example & : Aman earns ® 7,500 per month. If he saves ¢ of his earning, find : (a) his savings per month (b) his expenditure per month. Solution : 1 (a) Savings per month = % of his eaming 1 = 4 0f 87,500 = + x 7,500 = 1,875 (Ans.) (b) His expenditure per month = & 7,500 — & 1,875 = % 5,625 (ans.) Alternative method In fractions, the whole quantity is taken as 1. a 1 ; 7 Since the man saves 7 of his earnings, his expenditure = 1 — + = 2 of his earings. = Expenditure per month = 4 of & 7,500 = € 5,625 (ans.) Example 9 : 4 5 1 There are 12 dozen bananas in a basket. 57 ‘of them are rotten and 3 of them get eaten. How many bananas are left ? Solution : Total number of bananas = e dozen = % x12= No. of rotten bananas = a of 144 = = x 144 = 30 No. of bananas eaten = z of 144 = 3 x 144 = 48 Since 30 + 48 = 78 No. of bananas left = 144 - 78 = 66 (Ans.) Example 10: A man spends = 2 ot his money and is left with % 30. How much did he initially have ? Solution = Remember, while solving problems on fractions, the whole quanty is always considered 1+ 51Example 17: 2 Since the man spends 3 of his money, 2 Money left with him = (: - 2) of his money = 2 of his money Given : 3 of his initial money = = 30 5 Initially he had = % 30x 2 = %50 (Ans.) After travelling 10 km, Dev found that z of his journey was still left. How long was his total joumey ? Solution : 1 Since 3 of the journey is left, 1 2 therefore, 1 — 373 of the journey is completed. 2 Given : 3 of the total joumey = 10 km Total journey = 10 km x 3 =15km (Ans.) EXERCISE 5(E) 1 5 From a rope 10:5 m long, 475 m is cut off. Find the length of the remaining rope. A piece of cloth is 5 m long. After washing, it shrinks by x of its length. What is the length of the cloth after washing ? 1 3 1 | bought wheat worth & 12>, rice worth % 257 and vegetables worth & 107. II gave a hundred-rupee note to the shopkeeper; how much did he retum to me ? Out of are 500 oranges in a box, = are bad and zt are kept for some guests. How many are left ? An omament piece is made of gold and copper. Its total weight is 96 g. If + of the ‘omament is copper, find the weight of gold in it A girl did half of some work on Monday and one-third of it on Tuesday. How much will she have to do on Wednesday in order to complete the work 7 A man spends 2 of his money and still has & 720 left with him. How much money did he have at first ? Ina school, ¢ of the students are boys, and the number of girs is 100. Find the number of boys. Alter finishing 3 of my journey, | find that 12 km of my journey is covered. How much distance is stil left to be covered ? When Ajit travelled 15 km, he found that one-fourth of his journey was stil left. What was the full length of the journey ? 5241. Ina particular month, a man ears & 7,200. Out of this income, he spends 2 ‘on food, 1 1 2 = on house-rent, 7” insurance and =o holidays. How much did he save in that month ? ————— Revision Exercise (Chapter 5) 34 2 ang 5 1. Show that 7 lies between 5 and 7 oe 2 ana & 7 will lie between 5 and 7 2,355,2.3.5 5777 7%5<7<7 on comparing 2, $ and £, we tind: 2 < 5 < xo 3 2 8 es 7 lies between = and 7. 2. Show that 4 ies between 3 3. Evaluate : 5 _ 44 2 ) 38 — 1 2 0 33 - 45 (98 5 8 7 y yt (iy Fol ZG eext 4 oy 2. 8 wy VW of a ot wy 8 - {st - (3 7 24) 4, Mr. Mehra gave one-third of his money to his son, one-fifth of his money to his daughter, and the remaining amount to his wife. If his wife got < 91,000, how much money did Mr. Mehra have originally ? 5. A sum of © 84,000 is divided among three persons : A, B and C. If A gets one-fourth of it and B gets one-fifth of it, how much did C get ? 1 6. none hour Rohit walks 32 km. How much distance will he cover in 2 hours ? 7. An 84 m long string Is cut into pieces, each of length 5. m. How many pieces are obtained? 8. In buying a ready-made shir, two-fifths of my pocket money is spent. If & 540 is still left with me, find : (i) the money I had before | bought the shir. (il) the cost of the shirt. 9, Mohan leaves % 1,20,000 to his wife and three children such that two-fifths of this money is aiven to his wife and the remaining is distributed equally among the children. Find how much each child gets ? 10. Simplify : 38 of 22 +13 8° 3 8 344143 of 28 Byte Sof 2h win "3°79 %8 ae 8 8 8