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136 viewsIrrational Numbers
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Naeem AhmadCopyright
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/ 26
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
1.1 TYPES OF DECIMAL NUMBERS
(1) Terminating decimals. See the following divisions :
@ 2 =25 (i) Z = 28 (iy 3
From the above examples (i), (ii) and (iti), we note that the division is exact; such
decimal numbers are called terminating decimals.
(2) Non-terminating decimals. See the following divisions :
@ ; = 333333... (ii) 2 = 1:1666666 ... (iii) a = 081818181 ...
125.
(iv) 8 = 2142857142857 ...
From the above examples (i) to (iv), we note that the division is not exact; such
decimal numbers are called non-terminating decimals.
In the representation of 1, the digit 3 goes on repeating; in the representation of
Z, the first digit after decimal point is 1 and thereafter the digit 6 goes on repeating;
in the representation of =°, the first digit after the decimal point is 0 and thereafter
two digits 81 go on repeating; in the representation of 42, after the decimal point the
block of the digits 142857 goes on repeating, Repeating decimals are called recurring (or
periodic) decimals. The repeating digit or the block of repeating digits is called the
period of the recurring decimal.
There also exist non-terminating and non-repeating decimals. We shall see such
decimal numbers in section 1.3 of this chapter.
Srinivas Ramanujan (1887-1920) was a remarkable genius in Mathematics. Due to poverty,
he could not receive university education in India and was invited to Cambridge by Prof.
HG. Hardy in 1914 where he worked in collaboration with him. He was ‘the first Indian to
be selected for the fellowship of Royal Society of England in 1918, and was awarded the
distinguished title of ERS, at the young age of 31. His researches were mostly in the”
theory of numbers.
APC IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = J Notation for recurring decimals.
(i) If the recurring decimal contains:only one repeating digit, put a dot or line
(called vinculum) above the repeating digit. For example,
2293933 3 or 3, 2 = 1166666 ... 116 or 116.
(ii) If the recurring decimal contains two repeating digits, put a dot above each
repeating digit or a line above both the repeating digits. For example,
ji = 70818181.
(iii) If the recurring decimal contains more than two repeating digits, put a dot on
the first repeating digit and another on the last digit or draw a line covering,
the entire block of the repeating digits. For example,
48 = 2.142857 142857
= 2142857 or 2
081 or 081.
is
mA fraction (in its lowest terms) is a terminating decimal only when its,
denominator
negative inte;
can be expressed as n= 2" 5%, where p and q are non-
1S.
mA fraction & (in its Towest terms) is a recurring decimal only when its:
denominator ie. has a prime factor other than 2 or 5
Every fraction has either a terminating decimal expansion or a recurring
decimal expansion.
m Every terminating decimal can be converted into a decimal fraction.
Every recurring decimal can be converted into a vulgar fraction,
TOTS CESS cass
Example 1. Wrile 0-075 as a fraction in the lowest terms.
i 75 = 1000
Solution. 0-075 = 0.075 x Toy
To00
Example 2. Convert the following fractions to decimal numbers :
9 a 13 1
os w8 (i 3.
Solution. By actual division, we get 8181...
11) 9-0000
@ 2 = 181. —
n 20
oe a“ 1
= -81 or -81.
2 = uspenstavon 1CSE MATHEMATICS - 1 APC (ii)
= 236 or -236.
(ii) 3 = 0142857142857...
— 14285714
= Oat? 7) 0000...
neu
Remainder = 3
Remainder = 2
Remainder = 6
Remainder = 4
Remainder = 5
Remainder = 1
Remainder = 3
Remainder = 2
Solution. By actual division, we get
2 = 3142857142857 ...
2
1429 correct to 4 decimal places.
Solution. L.C.M. of 3, 9, 8, 12
=2x2x3x3x2=72
Write the given fractions as equivalent like fractions.
3x2 72' 9" 9x8” 72’
5x9 45 7 7x6 42
8x9” 72' 12" 126" 72°
ela win
APC i division, find whic
Solution. (i) First, we note that the given fraction £1 is in its lowest terms.
Denominator of the given fraction = 50 = 2 x 25 = 2! x 5%, which is of the form 2°57
where p = 1, 9 = 2.
z. The given fraction ie, 2 is a terminating decimal.
n nu on R | DR _g,
Now Sp raat 7 Wage <2 Bae” Gor =O
(ii) The given fraction = s- , which is in its lowest terms.
0
Its denominator = 25 = 5? = 2° x 52, which is of the form 2°51 where p = 0, q = 2.
. con 4 ie, AB i _ -
+. The fraction 35 ie. x= 48,
0-473 = 6.
(iii) Let x = 2-235 = 2-235555 ... (1)
Multiplying both sides of (1) by 100, we get
100 x = 223-5555 ... +2)
Multiplying both sides of (2) by 10, we get
1000 x = 2235:5555 ... +)
Subtracting (2) from (3), we get
900x = 2012 = 225x=503 x= =
508
2235 = 5.
APC . IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = Ba 5
4. Express we sa decimal number correct to four decimal places.
2a
5. Simplify 2 2 and write the answer correct to three decimal places.
gt-23 °
3 4
. 3 9 5 20. "
6. Arrange the fractions “Pao 7a ascending order.
5 38 WZ: ;
7. Arrange the fractions ata descending order.
8. Arrange in descending order the fractions 4, z. 2, = Find the difference
between the largest and smallest fractions and express it as a decimal number
correct to two places of decimal.
9, Without actual division, find whether the following fractions are terminating
decimals or recurring decimals :
a 7 vy 21 v) 136 in) 3 34
Oe Gi) (ii) $5 (iv) 2 oF
1) 48 sy 44 we 315 , 64 231
(vi) = (vii) = (viii) 0 (ix) re (x) a"
In case of terminating decimals, write their decimal expansions.
10. Without actual division, find which of the following fractions are recurring
decimals :
a3 (i) -2 qi) 2 (i) - 5.
11. Express the following recurring decimals as vulgar fractions :
() 0-4 (if) 016 (iti) 015 (iv) 0703 (v) 2357. i Since the division by zero is not allowed, } is not a rational number ie. the
reciprocal of zero is not allowed.
w When we write a rational number in the form 2, m, 1 Zand n #0, usually
we take n> 0, while m may be positive, negative or zero.
Further, if mand 1 have no common factor except L, it is called in the lowest
terms or simplest farm.
Thus, every rational number can be written in the form f where
pq €Z, q>Oand p,q have no common factor (except 1).
w Every rational number can be expre:
ed either as a terminating decimal or
ly, every terminating decimal or a recurring,
a recurring decimal. Convers
decimal is a rational number.
| w Two rational numbers $ and $ are called equal, written as $= Gand only if
| ad = be.
1.2.1 Properties of rational numbers
Let Q be the set of rational numbers and a, b be any members of Q, then the following
results hold :
(1) a bE Qza+bEQ
+613
For example, 7.5,
2) a, bEQza-bEQ.
127-61 Wich ie a rat
258. 1, which is a rational number.
which is a rational number.
For example,
Q) 4 bEQeadeQ
2
For example, 4 _ which is a rational number.
Zz
a
2
&
(4) abEQ@be0 = 2 EQ
For example, 2, which is a rational number.
(5) The set of rational numbers is ordered i.e. if a, b are any two rational
numbers, then either a < b or a> b or a= b.
(6) Ifa, bare any two different rational numbers, then “" is a rational number
ash
and it lies between them i.e, if a < b then a < < b, Continuing this
process, we find that there are infinitely many rational numbers between two
different rational numbers.
For example,
1,2
3°7 13
. seen 2
aye g isa rational number which lies between > and
APC IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = 7 OSTA aS
2 and 4 and arrange in ascending
Example 1, Insert one rational number between.
order.
Solution. The L.C.M. of 7 and 9 is 63.
4 4x7 28
9” 9x7" 63"
4.5 28445
4,5 28445
A rational number between 4 and $-272.—@—. 3, and numbers in
scendiing order are 4, 2, §
ascending order are 4,
ne
Since infinitely many rational numbers lie between two rational numbers, 2
is not the only rational number between 4 and 3.
Example 2. Insert three rational numbers between 3 and 3-5.
Solution. A rational number between 3 and 3-5 =
A rational number between 3 and 325 = 3+725 -
A rational number between 3 and 3-125 = 3+3475 . 6425 — 3.0625.
We note that 3 < 3-0625 < 3-125 < 3.25 < 35, therefore, three rational numbers
between 3 and 35 are 3.0625, 3-125, 3-25.
Example 3, Find five rational numbers between 3 and 3.
Solution. To find five rational numbers between 3 and 4 in one step, we proceed
as under :
Dividing the numetrator and the denominator of each of the given numbers by 5
+ Lie. by 6, we get 3 and 24, which are equivalent to the given numbers.
As 18 < 19 < 20< 21 <22<23< 24,
9 0 NR Bm
22 aie 222
3.9 1 4
em Beet eb eB ed
7 42
Five rational numbers between the given numbers 2 and + are :
19 10 1 11 23
42721'2' 21°42"
UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX
APC | Example 4. Find six rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Solution. To find six rational numbers between + and 2 in one step, we proceed
as under :
Writing the given numbers with same denominator 6 (L.C.M. of 2 and 3), we get
1.3 204
ze md se
Dividing the numerator and the denominator of each of these numbers by 6 + 1
2%
ie. by 7, we get 2 and #, which are equivalent to the given numbers.
As 21 < 22 < 23 < 24 < 25 < 26 < 27< 28,
2.2 BM Bw Te
aa eee nae
au BB
2°21 42 57 42° 21
Six rational numbers between given numbers ; and 3 are :
Exercise 1.2
1. Insert a rational number between 3 and 2, and arrange in descending order.
2. Insert two rational numbers between 5
order.
and +, and arrange in ascending
3. Insert two rational numbers between -4 and -4 and arrange in ascending
order.
| 4, Insert3 rational numbers between + and 4, and arrange in descending order.
5, Insert three rational numbers between 4 and 45.
6. Find five rational numbers between 2 and +.
7. Find four rational numbers between 3 and 2.
1.3 IRRATIONAL NUMBERS AND SURDS:
Theorem 1. Ifa is any (non-zero) integer and p is a prime number such that p divides
a then p divides a.
Theorem 2. If a, b are any (non-zero) integers and p is a prime number such that p
divides ab then p divides a or p divides b or p divides both a and b.
Theorem 3. Ifa is any (non-zero) integer, n (> 1) is a positive integer and p is a prime
such that p divides a" then p divides a.
(We accept the above results without proof.)
APC roxronaL nomens > First we prove that there is no rational number whose square is 2.
Let us suppose that there is a rational number q where p, q are integers,
q> 0, p and q have no common factor (except 1) whose square is 2
"?
ie (2) =2 = 2@
ie (2) pra 2g )
Since 2 divides R.HSS. of (i), so 2 divides LHS. of (i) i, 2 divides pP, therefore, 2
divides p (Theorem 1)
Let p = 2k, where k is an integer.
Substituting this value of p in (), we get
(2kP = 29 = P=2h (ii)
As 2 divides RHS. of (fi), so 2 divides LHS. of (fi) iz. 2 divides q?, therefore, 2
divides q.
Thus p and q have a common factor 2. This contradicts that p and q have no
common factor (except 1).
Hence, our supposition is wrong.
It follows that there is no rational number whose square is 2. The number whose
square is 2, is written as 72. Such numbers are called irrational numbers.
In general, if a is a positive rational number and it is not the square of a rational
number, then ya is an irrational number.
Thus, V2, V3, ¥5,V6, V7, VIS ete. are all irrational numbers. In fact, 3 + V2,
5 - (8, - 6, 3Y7 ete. are also irrational numbers, The numbers wife are not
irrational numbers because 9, 4 are squares of 3, 2 respectively.
Definition. Any number that cannot be expressed in the form , where p, q are integers,
q>0, pand q have no common factor (except 1) is called an irrational number.
Non-terminating non-recurring decimals
It will be found that J2 = 1-41421356 ...
We observe that V2 is a non-terminating and non-recurring decimal.
All non-terminating non-recurring decimals are irrational numbers.
Thus, the numbers 75-1010010001..., 3-27040040004..., 8:2131131113... etc. which
are non-terminating non-recurring decimals are irrational numbers.
‘Surds
We have seen that the numbers of the type 72, V3, V5, VIS, ...“are irrational
numbers. In fact, these are special type of irrational numbers. These are square roots
of some positive rational numbers, which cannot be written as the squares of any
rational numbers. Similarly, ¥/2, ¥5, VI etc. are numbers which are the cube roots of
some positive rational numbers, which cannot be written as the cubes of any rational
number. Such numbers are called surds or radicals.
= UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - X APC In general, if @ is any positive rational number and n (> 1) is a positive integer and if a
cannot be written as the nth power of any rational number, then Ya is (or (a)") is called a
surd of order n.
In other words, Va is a surd (of order n) if
(i) @ is a positive rational number,
(ii) n © 1) is a positive integer, and
(iii) Va is not a rational number.
For example, ¥2, V3, v15 are surds of order 2
¥2,¥5, V10 are surds of order 3
43, 47, Y21 are surds of order 4 etc.
All surds are irrational numbers.
We state some laws of surds (radicals) without proof :
() (Va =a (i) Va Vo = Tab
(iii Buf _ where a and b are positive rational numbers and n(> 1) is a
positive integer.
The number ris irrational, its approximate value is 2.
Some facts about surds of order 2
we 3+ V5 « J545, V5 - V3 x V5-F etc.
we 34/3 «V6 but V3 +3 - 23,
5V2-3v2 = (5-3)v2 = 2V2 etc.
te Ifa and b are positive rational numbers, then
Mei = ala = Savi and [2 - 4.
For example, V2? = 2, V6 = V2x3 = V2 3, V5 = V9x5 = 9S = 35,
Va5 - V5 = V9xS - V5 = 35 - V5 = 25.
te Ifa, b, c,d are rational numbers, Jp is an irrational number and
at+bJp =c+dJp, thena=c and b=d.
w% If Ja and Vb are irrational numbers, then
(i) Va < Wb ifacb (i) Ja > Vb ifa>b.
APC IRRATIONAL NUMBERS « | {] vw If ais a positive rational number and Vb is an irrational number, then
()a< Vb ifa@ Vb if a2 >b.
Rationalisation
The process of multiplying a surd by another surd to get a rational number is called
rationalisation. Each surd is called rationalising factor of the other surd.
For example,
() (4448) (4-8) = 42 -(J3)° = 16 - 3 = 13, therefore, 4+ V3 and 4 V5 are
rationalising factors of each other.
(ii) (WB — vA) (5 + 97) = (vB) (7?
rationalising factors of each other.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Example 1. Prove that ¥3 is an irrational number. —
Solution. Suppose that ¥3 = a where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no
-2, therefore, VS-V7 and V5+ 7 are
w
common factor (except 1)
2
9 = 3-5 = pa=3qe @
As 3 divides 3q? = 3 divides p?
=> 3 divides p (Using theorem 1)
3 Let p = 3k, where k is an integer.
z Substituting this value of p in (i), we get
Gh? =3q = 3h =
As 3 divides 342 => 3 divides q?
= 3 divides q (Using theorem 1)
Thus, p and q have a common factor 3. This contradicts that p and q have no
common factor (except 1).
Hence, our supposition is wrong. It follows that y3 cannot be expressed as o
where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no common factor (except 1). Therefore,
¥3 is an irrational number.
"Example 2. Prove that 6 is an irrational number. ;
Solution. Suppose that 46 = E, where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and 4 have no
common factor (except 1)
= 6= e = pao? wf)
As 2 divides 6q? = 2 divides p*
=> 2 divides p (Using theorem 1)
. J = unpenstanDIN 1cSE MATHEMATICS - APC Let p = 2k, where k is an integer.
Substituting this value of p in (i), we get
Qk = 69 => 2 =39
As 2 divides 2k? => 2 divides 34?
=> 2 divides 3 or 2 divides q? (Using theorem 2)
But 2 does not divide 3, therefore, 2 divides q?
= 2divides q (Using theorem 1)
Thus, p and q have a common factor 2. This contradicts that p and q have no
common factor (except 1).
Hence, our supposition is wrong. It follows that J6 cannot be expressed as £,
4
where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no common factor (except 1). Therefore,
46 is an irrational number.
5 where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no
common factor (except 1)
- 5=(2) = pase wl)
As 5 divides 5q> = 5 divides p*
=> 5 divides p (Using theorem 3)
Let p = 5k, where k is an integer.
Substituting this value of p in (i), we get
(GkP =5q> => 2K = 4G
As 5 divides 251° = 5 divides q°
= 5 divides q (Using theorem 3)
Thus, p and q have a common factor 5. This contradicts that p and q have no
common factor (except 1).
Hence, our supposition is wrong. It follows that 5 cannot be expressed as ra
where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no common factor (except 1). Therefore,
¥S is an irrational number.
Shak S26 is an irrational number,
Solution. Suppose that 3 — V5 is a rational number, say x.
3-\¥5=x = 3-x= V5.
Since x is a rational number, so 3 - x is a rational number
=> 45 is a rational number.
Let 15 = a where p, q are integers, q > 0, p and q have no common factor
(except 1)
APC IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = | 13
Nv = so8 = pa5¢ wali)
As 5 divides 5q? = 5 divides p?
9 = 5S divides p (Using theorem 1)
Let p = 5k, where k is an integer.
Substituting this value of p in (i), we get
(2 =5q? => SR = qr
As 5 divides 54 => 5 divides q?
= 5 divides q (Using theorem 1)
Thus, p and q have a common factor 5. This contradicts that p and q have no
common factor (except 1).
Hence, our supposition is wrong. Therefore, 3 - 5 is an irrational number.
Example 5, State with reason which of the following are surds and which are not:
@) V5 (i) J20 x VBE
3 (iii) V4 x Y54 (iv) 3NI2. + 627. “|
Solution. (i) V45 = J9x5 = V9 x V5 = 3V5, which is not a rational number.
Therefore, V45 is a surd.
(ii) V20 x Ja5 = 20% 45 = 900
= 30, which is a rational number.
Therefore, V20 x V45 is not a surd.
Gil) Vax V54 = Vax 5A = Y216
= Ye = 6, which is a rational number.
Therefore, ¥4 x Y54 is not a surd.
avid «ova = NR MS WG
(iv) 3VI2_ + 627 a EE
7 3» which is a rational number.
Therefore, 3V12 + oe is not a surd.
Example 6. Prove the following :
(i) the negative of an irrational number is irrational.
the sum of a rational and an irrational number is irrational,
z (ii) the product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number i is an
= irrational number.
c Solution. (i) Let x be any irrational number. :
2 If possible, let x be rational
=> -(2) is rational (+ negative of a rational number is rational)
= xis rational, which is wrong.
z Hence, the negative of an irrational number is irrational.
2 Thus, - V2, - V3, - V6, - 47 ete. are irrational.
4 = UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX APC (ii) Let x be a rational number and y be an irrational number.
We have to prove that x + y is irrational.
If possible, let x + y be rational.
As x + y and x are both rational, it follows that (x + y) - x is rational.
(: difference of two rational numbers is rational)
=> y is rational, which is wrong.
Hence, the sum of a rational and an irrational number is irrational.
Thus, 3+ ¥2,-2+ V3, 4 + v6, 5-97 etc. are irrational.
(iii) Let x be any non-zero rational number and y be an irrational number.
We have to prove that xy is irrational.
If possible, let xy be rational.
As xy is rational and x is non-zero rational, it follows that is rational
= ys rational, which is wrong.
Hence, the product of a non-zero rational number and an irrational number is
irrational.
Thus, 5vZ, =2 V5, 3 WF ete. are all irrational.
Example 7. Give examples to show that :
(i) the sum of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
the difference of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
(ii) the product of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
Solution, (i) Let a= 5 + ¥2 and b =3 - V2, then a and b both being the sum of
rational and irrational numbers are irrational.
Their sum =a + b = (5 + 2) + (3 - V2) =8, which is rational.
Hence, the sum of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
(ii) Leta =3 + V5 and b =7 + V5, then a and b are both irrational.
Their difference = a - b = (3 + V5) - (7 + V5) =—4, which is rational.
Hence, the difference of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
(iii) Let a =5- 6 and b =5 + V6, then a and b are both irrational.
Their product = ab = (5 ~ V6) (5 + V6) = 25-6 = 19, which is rational.
Hence, the product of two irrational numbers may not be irrational.
Example 8. Write in ascending order : 4¥5, 5¥3, 10, 3¥7, 6V2.
Solution. Write all the numbers as square roots under one radical.
AN5 = VI6 x V5 = JB0, SV3 = 25 x V3 = V7, 10 - VI00,
3u7 = V9 x \7 = M63 and 6v2 = V36 x V2 = V72.
Since 63 < 72 < 75 < 80 < 100 > J63 < V7 < V7 < VB0 < VI00
= WI <6V2 <5V3 < 45 < 10.
Hence, the given numbers in ascending order are 3¥7, 6V2, 5V3, 4V5, 10.
APC IRRATIONAL NUMBERS = 15 Example 9, Arrange the following numbers in ascending order : V3, ¥5, 48.
Solution. L.C.M. of 2, 3 and 4 is 12.
1 1 1
YS = 53 =(54)2 = (625)2,
1 1 1
4B = 84 =(83)i2 = (512)2.
1 1 1
As 512 < 625 < 729, (512)® < (625) < (729)
= <<.
Hence, the given numbers in ascending order are (8, ¥5, 13.
Example 10. Insert an irrational number between 3 and 5.
Solution. Consider the squares 3? = 9 and B= 25,
Our irrational number can be the square root of any natural number between 9 and
25 except 16. (Why ?)
As9<10<25 => W 17> 15> 14> 13 > 12, it follows that
V8 > VI7 > VIS > Vid > VIS > VIZ, therefore
7, V5, 14, VIB lie between VI8 and VI2 ie. between 3V2 and 2V3.
Hence, four irrational numbers between 3V2 and 2V3 are VI7, VIS, JT4 and Vi3.
THOUY ANVAINOO ONHSMENE WHOUW ANVEIRGO &
) 2 _ 2 3rv5_ 2(3+¥8)
Solution.) 5 = 5B"308 (af
_ 2(3+ 9%)
@ 1-1 a2
NBT W477” 3a-7 (x4)
_ 3-7 _ 23-7
SRT
(i) 2 = 2 (e+ V3)-2 2(V5+v8
OY Wea ioe2 ~ Wee s)+2 "(+ V5)-2" (54 5-2
__aBev-2) _ 258-2)
“ Sadeaeis-4 442Ni5
_ BaVin2 Ba Vi-2
2415 24N15
_ 25 + 25 4- V5 SB - V5 VB + VB
2 (Vis F
APC ineariona nuwsens « [UTD = 2248 — 4-548 35 + 28
5 - 3N3 ~ ta. eee 2Vi5 +4
=I
Solution.
= -2)3 +3/2,
3v2__ 32 YO - V3 _ 3(Vi2 ~ Vo) _ 3(2V3 - V6)
eS Wie eB 63 38
= 23-6 and
AyS ays
= x M6=2 _ AB - 6) _ 432 - 6)
Ver lo +J2° Jo-2 6-2 4
s+V0 _ 5+ Vit coal eel0vi +3 +axnt
3-21” 3-201 3+240 @F-@vny
= S7413Vi1 _ 374131 __ 37 By
© 9-44 =35 3535
Solution.
&
2 rey = -2-BaT-(-Z)-(
e Equating rational and irrational parts on both sides, we get
é
g
g
=
. SiG - (0346 JO x10 - J0346
Solution. 7
(oats + 346 [0386 + JOs16xi0
z (0346(V10 -1) _ 0-1
z (0346 (1+ Y10) 10 +1
2 = MW-1, 0-1_ V-1
8 Yor oa ara :
g = 0+ 0
g p-qvi0 = 2-210.
2 Equating rational and irrational parts on both sides, we get
3 sil =2
g pag andg= 5
TART - unoeesranomc icse matHeMamics - APC Solution. Given x = 2- 43,
= 2a yg 28 2
EB EB es Fae
2e8 ae
>
é
z
Z
x-t “a. *B)-@+s8)=-208
acne
x
_3-2y2_ _ 3-22 _ 3-W2 3 _ay.
* Far 9-8 1
x42 = +2\2)+@-2s2)=6 vali)
"
We 1y 1
je know that (x+1) =x + 3 +2
Ts ar
= ede (ret) 2
=> 4 = @-2 (Using (i)
= 44-36-2234
¥
AMEN AN
we
Solution. Given x = 3497 = 2x =3 +47
te _2. 3-V7.
and, x Se 37 3-7
= 23=s7) _ 28-7) 3
“9-7 2
= 123-7 wali) §
id =
On adding (i) and (ii), we get 2
x+i=6 5
APC innariona numens = [19 é
5
Solution. Given p = 3 and q=
5+ V3
5-3"
ag = Bn yp BANS _ WE -VEP + VB + BP
POO BEB Bs GF - WF
= (§+3-2V5Y8) + (5+3+ 20508) | 16 _ g i
5-3 2
Also pa= $8 ES “1 i
We know that (p + q)? = p? + q? + 2pq
= P+ e= + gh 2pq
= P+g=8-2x1 (Using (i) and (ii)
= ptt q?=64-2= 62
1.4 REAL NUMBERS
All rational numbers and all irrational numbers are real numbers. The set of real numbers
is denoted by R. Thus
R = (x : x is rational or irrational}.
All decimal numbers (terminating, recurring or non-terminating and non-recurring) are
real numbers.
Real numbers (R)
Rational and irrational numbers
Rational Numbers (Q) Irrational Numbers
V2, V3,-V6 ete.
1
-3.05, 5.
: 01.2.3,
2
g
S Zero ‘Natural Numbers (N)
8 2s) 12,3) 00. .
9
2 Real Numbers (R)
7 All decimal numbers
2
3 Rational Numbers (Q) Irrational Numbers
i ‘All terminating or recurring decimals ‘All non-terminating and
g non-recurring decimals
UNDERSTANDING ICSE MATHEMATICS - IX APC 1.4.1 Properties of real numbers
Let R be the set of real numbers and a, b be any members of R, then the following
results hold :
()abeRaatbeR
Q)a,beR=>a-beR
Gabe Raabe R.
@abeRb#05 FER
(5) The set of real numbers is ordered i.e. if a, b are any two real numbers, then
either. a > b ora OC? = P+ 1? = 2 OC = 2.
Now mark a point, say P, on on the right of O such that OP = OC = V2, then
the point P represents the irrational number J2 (shown in the figure).
5
i
6
9
g
ag
z
g
€
5
=e = 6 1 26 26 3 r
To represent the irrational number V3 on the line 1, construct a right angled
triangle OPD, right angled at P such that DP = 1, then by Pythagoras theorem,
OD? = OP? + DP? = (v2)? + 12 =2+1=3=>0D= V3.
Now mark a point, say Q, on ! to the right of O such that OQ = OD = V8, then
the point Q represents the irrational number V3 (shown in the figure).
Next, to represent the irrational number 5 on the line I, construct a right angled
triangle OBE, right angled at B such that BE = 1. Then by Pythagoras theorem,
OF? = OB? + BE? = 22+ 12=44+1=5= 0E= V5.
Now mark a point, say R, on | to the right of O such that OR = OE = V5, then the
point R represents the irrational number V5 (shown in the figure).
‘Thus, geometrical constructions can be devised to identify the points on the
number line I which correspond to the irrational numbers V2, V3, V5 etc. and so on.
Hence, corresponding to every real number (rational or irrational) there exists one
and only one point on the line 'and conversely corresponding to every point on the
line | there exists one and only one real number.
XO COMPANY AVICHAL PUBLISHING COMPANY AVICHAL P
The line | is called the real axis or the number line.
HAL, PUBLISHING COMPANY AVICHAL PUBL
ac
(DD - enoesstanons iese mariewanes - x APC 3. Prove that V2 is an irrational number. Hence show that 3 - V2 is an irrational
number.
4. Prove that 4 is an irrational number. Hence show that 25 is an irrational
number.
5. Prove that the following numbers are irrational :
(i) % (i) ¥ (iii) ¥5.
6. State which of the following numbers are irrational :
ff -3 fz i) (2.3 £2
Voz Vass (Vase a05- VF Vie”
7. State which of the following numbers will change into non-terminating non-
recurring decimals :
() -3V2 (ii) = (iii) V27%16 (iv) & .
8. State which of the following numbers are irrational :
3-7 @-F +R i & (ia) -2
(v) (2- 43) (2+ V3) (wi) B+ VE? (wii) (27) ' (viii) 3- Ye).
5
9. Find the greatest and the smallest real numbers among the following real
numbers :
) 28,3 7 2 44s 38.
0 284 7B Gi) - 2,4, 408,38
10. Write the following numbers in ascending order :
() 3V2, 2N3, VIB, 4 (ii) 3V2, 2V8, 4, ¥50, 4¥3 .
11. Write the following real numbers in descending order :
) 23 6 i) 57
) £,3.8,48,3/6 (i) 22, NB, 305,207.
42. Arrange the following numbers in ascending order :
43. Prove that the following, numbers are irrational :
5+ V2 (i) 2N2 -7 (ii) \2+V5.
14, Insert an irrational number between JZ and 3.
| 15. Insert a rational number between V2 and V3.
16. Insert two irrational numbers between 2 and 3.
| 17. Insert two rational numbers between 2V3 and VIS -
® 2B = VIZ; 12 < 12:25 < 12:96 < 15
= Vi2 < J1225 < V1296
