Signals & Systems

Prof. Dr. Vijaya C.

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
SDMCET, Dharwad
 Unit IV
• Properties of FT and Applications of Fourier
Representations
• Frequency response of LTI Systems
• Relating
– FT to FS
– DTFT to DTFS
– FT to DTFT
– FT to DTFS

• Convolution and multiplication with mixture of periodic

and non periodic signals

• Sampling and reconstruction of continuous time signals.

The Four Fourier Representations
 Properties of Fourier Representation
1. Linearity property
2. Convolution property
3. Differentiation in time property
4. Differentiation in frequency property
5. Integration property
6. Time shift property
7. Frequency shift property
8. Multiplication property
9. Time scaling property
10. Parseval’s theorem
 (1) Linearity property
• Linearity property follows the principle of
superposition.
 (2) Convolution property

• Convolution of h(t) and x(t) in the time domain

corresponds to multiplication of their Fourier
transforms.
 Convolution property
• Analysis of the input-output behavior of a linear
system in the frequency domain by multiplying
transforms is easier instead of convolving time
signals.

• This can significantly simplify system analysis and

offers considerable insight into system behavior.
 Convolution property
• The multiplication that occurs in the frequency domain
representation gives rise to the notion of filtering.

System or filter output y(t) or y(n)

Input x(t) or x(n)
defined in terms of as the case
as the case
h(t) or h(n) may be
may be

Operation performed is convolution

• A system performs filtering on the input signal by
presenting a different response to different frequency
components of the input.
• Typically, the term "filtering" implies that some frequency
components of the input are eliminated while others are
passed by the system unchanged.
 Convolution property
• Accordingly, there are 4 types of filters
• A low pass filter attenuates high frequency
components LPF
• A high pass filter attenuates low frequency
components HPF
• Band pass filter passes a band of frequency
components BPF
• Band elimination (/ band stop) filter stops a band
of frequency components BSF
• Band of frequencies implies range of frequencies
 Convolution property
• Use the convolution property to find the FT of the
system output (no need to determine y(t))

• Answer: Steps involved

• (1)Determine FT of x(t) and h(t)
• (2) multiply them to determine FT of output
 Convolution property
• Find the outputs of the following systems with the stated
impulse response and input. Apply suitable properties of
FT.

Answer: Determine FT of h(t) and that of x(t). Multiply and

take IFT to determine y(t)
 Convolution property
• Given the response of an LTI system for an input x(t) as y(t).

• Find the frequency response and the impulse response of this

system.
• Answer: thus, &

• Take the inverse FT of each term to obtain the impulse response of

the system:
 (3) Differentiation property
• Consider the FT representation of the signal x(t).

• Differentiation in time domain states that

 (4) Differentiation property
• Similarly, differentiation of FT with respect to
frequency property states that
 Differentiation property
• Use the differentiation property to find the FT of
the following signal:
• Answer:

Since ,
 Differentiation property
• Find FT of y(t). Use the time differentiation and
convolution properties.

• Answer:
 (5) Integration property
• Integration in time domain property:
 (6) Multiplication property
• Defines the Fourier representation of a product of
time domain signals.
• If x(t) and z(t) are nonperiodic signals and

• Define y(t)=x(t)z(t). FT of the product y(t) is:

 (7) Time Shift Property
• Let be a time-shifted version of x(t).
• FT of z(t):
 (8) Time scaling Property

• Hence, scaling the signal in time introduces

– the inverse scaling in the frequency domain
– and an amplitude change
 (9) Frequency shift property
• Statement: If then
 Frequency shift property
• Use the frequency shift property to find the time
domain signal corresponding to the following
Fourier representation:
 Frequency shift property

&
 (10) The Parseval relationships
• The Parseval relationships state that the energy or
power in the time domain representation of a
signal is equal to the energy or power in the
frequency domain representation.
– No change in energy and power in Fourier
representation
– They are conserved
– No change in the information content
• Sometimes computation of energy or power gets
simplified by applying Parseval’s relationships.
 The Parseval relationships
• The energy in a continuous-time nonperiodic signal x(t) is

•
 Parseval relationships
• Use Parseval's theorem to evaluate the following quantities:

• Answer:

• Thus,
• Find the time domain signal corresponding to the
following Fourier representation:

Answer:
 FT Representations of Periodic Signals
• Relating the FT to the FS

• Relating the DTFT to the DTFS

 Relating FT to FS
• The FS representation of a periodic signal x(t) is

• Note that and by frequency shift

property:

complex sinusoid frequency shifted impulse

with frequency
• Substitute this FT pair into the FS representation and use
the linearity property.
• ….Expand x(t) and take FT….
 Relating FT to FS
For reference:

Thus,
Relating FT to FS
 Relating FT to FS
• Thus, the FT of a periodic signal is a series of impulses.
– Spacing between the impulses is the fundamental frequency.
– Each impulse strength 2𝛑X(k), where X(k) is the kth FS coefficient.

• The shape of FT is identical to that of FS.

• The FT is obtained from the FS by

– placing impulses at integer multiples of fundamental frequency
– and weighting them by 2𝛑 times the corresponding FS
coefficient.

• FS coefficients are obtained from the FT by

– Dividing the impulse strengths by 2𝛑.
– The fundamental frequency corresponds to the spacing between
impulses.
 Relating FT to FS
• Find the FT representation of the periodic signal:

• Answer: fundamental frequency =

• Already solved…

• Note that

fundamental frequency
• Thus,
 Relating FT to FS
• Find the time domain signal x(t) corresponding to
the following FT

• Answer: Given fundamental frequency=

• Note that

• Thus,
 Relating DTFT to DTFS
• Method of deriving relation between DTFT and
DTFS is similar to derivation of FS and FT relation.
Relating DTFT to DTFS
 Relating DTFT to DTFS
• Find the DTFT representations of the periodic
signal:
Note that

We know that

Hence,
-
 Frequency response of LTI Systems
• Already studied ...
• Time Domain Representation for L T I systems:
– Impulse Response Representation & properties
– Differential & Difference Equation Representation

• To be studied...Frequency response of LTI Systems

• Helps in useful characterization of the
input-output behaviour of the system.
– For example, convolution in time domain is equivalent
to multiplication in frequency domain.
 Frequency response of LTI Systems
• Relation between frequency response and
impulse response of LTI Systems

• Relation between frequency response and

differential equation of LTI Systems
Frequency response & impulse response
• For a continuous time stable BIBO system, impulse
response h(t) should satisfy

• The system response (output) is given by

Frequency response & impulse response
• Using convolution property, frequency response of
a system may be expressed as the ratio of FT of
output to that of the input.

• Assumed that the input spectrum FT is nonzero

throughout the frequency range.
Frequency response & impulse response
• Using convolution property, find FT of the system
response given input and impulse response:

• Answer:
Frequency response & impulse response
• The frequency response of the system is given as

• Determine impulse response of the system. Is it a BIBO

stable system?
• Answer: apply suitable properties and determine h(t).

• Stability: h(t) derived is right sided signal with decaying

exponent. Hence the system is stable.
 Frequency Response
• Frequency response: It is the amplitude and phase change
that the system imparts to a complex sinusoid of
frequencies .
– Cutoff frequency / half power frequency / 3dB frequency

Frequency response of a system

(plot of magnitude FT of impulse response)

• Explanation holds good for all the Fourier representations.

 Frequency response & differential equation
• Recollect...
• The general form of a linear constant coefficient
differential equation:
Frequency response & differential equation

• Take FT of this differential equation

representation of a system. Apply differentiation
property.

• Thus,
Frequency response & differential equation

Thus,

And hence
Frequency response & differential equation

• Frequency response of a system described in

terms of a differential equation is a ratio of two
polynomials in .
• Similarly, if frequency response of a system is
given in the form of ratio of two polynomials in ,
its differential equation description can be
determined.
 Frequency response & differential equation

• Take FT of this differential equation

representation of a system.

• Thus,