2015

INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS TRAINING
COURSE

FOR GWI

Instructor: Valrie Grant, GISP

January 26-30, 2015
 Jan-15

Introduction

Introduction to GIS
Introduction to GIS
Welcome to the Course

Presenter
Valrie Grant, Msc, GISP

Teaching methods Topics covered

• Introduction to GIS
• Lectures • Exploring ArcGIS
• Demos • Working With Spatial Data
• Analysis & Query
• Exercises • Introducing Metadata
• Review questions • Georeferencing Data
• Editing Data
• Working with Geodatabases
• Presenting Spatial Data
• GIS Planning Basics
3
• Getting your GPS Data into GIS 4

Introduction to GIS 1
 Jan-15

Information Systems Introducing GIS

• Help us to manage what we know
• In a GIS, you can study not just this map or
that, but every possible map.
• Make it easy to organize and store, access and
retrieve, manipulate and synthesize, and apply • You can see whatever you choose provided
solution of problems the right data is available, examine features
such as:
• “Geographic Information Systems”
– Land
– Special kind of “information system” which uses – Elevation
special information about location (where’) on the
– Population Distribution
Earth’s surface
– Water network

Geographic Information Systems

(GIS) ?

Giving Decision Makers the power to make more

informed decisions

A geographic information system (GIS) i a collection

of hardware, software and data designed to Geographic Information System
efficiently capture, store, integrate, update, modify,
analyse, create and display geographically
referenced information. Maps + Information = GIS

7 8

Introduction to GIS 2
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People Software Paper vs. GIS maps

What you see is what you get Dynamic and interactive

Data

GIS

Procedures
Hardware 9 10

Geographic Information System

Paper Map, Digital Map
• A GIS is :
• A map is a picture of where things are. – a map with a database
behind it.
• A paper map is static‐ it shows one
– A virtual representation of
unchanging view just like a photograph the real world and its
infrastructure.
• A digital is viewed on a computer and may be
Which is
static like photograph‐ some digital maps may – queried to support on‐going
have dynamic tools such as panning and operations
zooming. While useful and convenient a digital – summarized to support
strategic decision making
map is limited compared to a GIS and policy formulation
– analyzed to support scientific
inquiry
11

Introduction to GIS 3
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A GIS Map Feature

• A GIS map has tools to do such things as: • A feature represents a real world object on a
– Bring data in map
– Display data in different ways • Buildings, roads, trees, etc
– Look at sets of data to see patterns and • A feature has four components:
relationship
– Location
– Analyze data to create new information
– Shape
– Use it to answer questions
– Symbol
– Attributes

13 14

A Feature A Layer
• The shape of a feature can be point, line or • A layer is collection of features
polygon • Features in a layer represent the same theme
such as roads, buildings, rivers
• A GIS gives the ability to organize information
about real world features into layers and
layers into a map.

15 16

Introduction to GIS 4
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What is a Geographic
GIS is a tool that can integrate data
Information System (GIS)? from diverse sources ‐ analyze data
Data Types
• GIS lets you visualize to support decision making
information in new ways that
Points reveal new and important
relationships, patterns, and
trends
Lines • GIS integrates various types of

Polygons
spatial data with related
descriptive information

17 18

What a GIS is Not! GIS Use

• Below are the three things most commonly What can GIS be used For? Who Uses GIS?
confused with GIS. While all three of them are • GIS can be used to: • Engineers
• • Police and Law Enforcement Agencies
strongly related to GIS, each of them is a Explain events
• Planning Strategies
separate and distinct spatial tool of its own. • Planning Strategies
• Foresters
• Integrate Information •
– GPS Environmental Engineers
• Solve complicated problems • Real Estate Professionals
– Maps • Predict outcomes • Telecommunications Professionals
– Software • Create “smart” maps • Emergency Response Organizations
• Health
• Visualize scenarios
• Transportation
• Present powerful ideas • Geographers
19
• Market Developers 20

Introduction to GIS 5
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GIS applications GIS functions

A/E/C Civil engineering, surveying.

Business Site location, delivery systems, marketing, media and press, real Capture Analyze
estate.

Defense/intelligence Military operations, geospatial intelligence

Government Federal, state, local, economic development, elections, urban and

regional planning.

Health Public health, health and human services, hospitals, managed

care, research. Store Display
Natural resources Agriculture, archaeology, climate change, conservation,
environmental management, forestry, marine and coast, mining,
petroleum, water resources.

Public safety Computer‐Aided Dispatch, emergency/disaster management, EMS,

homeland security, law enforcement, fire protection, wildfire
management

Transportation Aviation, highways, logistics, railways, ports and maritime, public

Query Output
transit

Utilities/communications Electric, gas, pipeline, telecommunications, water/wastewater

21 22

Capturing data Storing data

• Vector formats
– Discrete representations of reality
X,Y X,Y X,Y
Paper maps Digital data
GIS
Data
• Raster formats X,Y

480585.5, 3769234 – Use square cells to model reality

483194.1, 3768432
485285.8, 3768391 Rows
484327.3, 3768565
483874.7, 3769823

Coordinates GPS X,Y Columns

23 24

Introduction to GIS 6
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Query Analysis
Identifying specific features
Where is parcel No. 2945? • Proximity Which parcels are within 50 feet of the road?

Well type Drilled

• Overlay Building owner Smith
Soil type Sandy

Identifying
features based • Network
on conditions
Find all trees with DBH > 35
cm 25 26

Analysis Display
Graphs
Maps

Reports
27 28

Introduction to GIS 7
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Output Raster & Vector Data

Paper map Internet
• Vector data useful for Representing features of
distinct boundary

GIS
• Useful for representing such things as
Image Data Document precipitation, terrain, ground cover

29 30

Why Does GIS Matter A Brief History of GIS

• Events have a location • The first GIS was Canada Geographic
• Location is an issue of many problems society Information System,designed in the mid 1960s
as a computerized map measuring system
must solve.
• In the late 1960s US Bureau of the Census
• These problems are referred to as geographic
• ODYSSEY GIS of the late 1970s
problems
• GIS took off in the early 1980s
– Where do people live?
– What communities are affected by a natural
phenomenon?

31 32

Introduction to GIS 8
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Components of geographic data Maps Meets Database

• Geographic Data is stored in a database
Geometry Attributes
• Such a database is called a geodatabase
• A feature class is a digital dataset stored in a
geotabase
• A layer represents a feature class on a map
Behavior
Drawing
• A feature class has a table to store geometry
Querying and attributes
Analyzing
Connectivity
Relationships
33 34

Feature Attribute Link Organization of Geographic Data

• When you select a row in a table the • A GIS works with thematic layers of spatial
corresponding feature on the map is also data
selected
 Questions are
answered by
comparing different
layers of data

35 36

Introduction to GIS 9
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GIS is a Commonly Used technology at Water Utilities

Supporting core business patterns

Asset Planning & Field Operational Stakeholder

Management Analysis Mobility Awareness Engagement

INTRODUCTION TO ESRI ARCGIS Water Utility

Store, manage Transform data into Get information into Disseminate Share information
& maintain accurate actionable and out knowledge where & with stakeholders
asset records intelligence of the field when it’s needed

ArcGIS for Water Utilities is built around these patterns

37

ArcGIS for Water Utilities

Components The COTS ArcGIS Platform

COTS Information Online

ArcGIS Model
Platform Web

ArcGIS
For Devices
Water Utilities Server

Map, App Desktop

& Information
Product Workflows
Configurations
A system that makes GIS pervasively available at water utilities

Introduction to GIS 10
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Configurations for Intelligent Web

Configurations For Applications Maps
Deployed on the COTS ArcGIS platform
Creating information products that can be deployed to any device

• Hydrant Flushing
Operations Dashboard Network Editing • Valve Exercising
Operational Awareness Data Reviewer

ArcGIS
Asset Information Management
• Manhole Inspection
For
Water Utilities
• Fat, Oil & Grease Inspection
• Meter Swap Out
Customer Interaction
Capital Improvement Planning
• Service Turn on & Turn offs
Stakeholder Engagement

Mobile Map
Planning & Analysis
• Backflow inspection
…Unlimited ability to make your own mashups
•
Field Mobility
Boil Water Advisory

Terms & Ideas in ArcGIS Overview of applications

• All ArcGIS products share common
applications
• ArcMap, ArcCatalog

43 44

Introduction to GIS 11
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ArcMap ArcMap interface

• Primary display application

Map
• Perform map‐based tasks display

– Displaying
– Editing
– Querying Table of
– Analyzing contents
– Charting
– Reporting

45 46

ArcMap with Integrated Catalog ArcCatalog

• A window into your

database
• Browse your data
• Manage your data
• Create and view data
documentation
(metadata)

47 48

Introduction to GIS 12
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ArcCatalog interface
Toolbars ArcCatalog interface Catalog
display
(Preview
mode)

Catalog Catalog
Tree display
(Preview
mode)

‘Geography’ ‘Table’ selected

selected 49 50

ArcToolbox Window ArcToolbox interface

• Available in ArcCatalog
and ArCMap ArcCatalog
ArcToolkit
• Geoprocessing functions window
– Data management,
analysis,
– and conversion
– Tools vary between
ArcGIS products

ArcMap

51 52

Introduction to GIS 13
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Extensions Toolbars for extensions

• Extend the capabilities
of ArcGIS with a • Toolbars for these extensions do not
number of products automatically open. Use View > Toolbars to
open (in ArcMap)
• Add from the Tools
menu in ArcCatalog or
ArcMap
• Allows selection of
products (subject to
license)
53 54

ArcGIS Online Getting help

• ArcGIS Online allows you to create interactive

• Contents tab
web maps and apps that you can share with
anyone. • Index tab
• Search tab
• With ready‐to‐use content, apps, and
• Other help
templates, you can be productive right away.
– What’s this?
• No matter what you use—desktops, browsers, – Tool tips
smartphones, or tablets—you always have
access to your content.

55 56

Introduction to GIS 14
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Lesson overview
• The ArcMap interface and tools
• Data View and Layout View
Displaying data
• Layers, data frames, and map elements
• Layer properties for symbols and labels

58

The ArcMap interface Data View or Layout View?

• Data view for display, queries, editing and analysis

• Layout view for creating map layouts

Layout View

59 60

Introduction to GIS 15
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Layers, data frames, and maps Layers

• Reference spatial data sources
 Layer
• Set symbols, labels and other properties
 Represent
symbolized spatial • Manipulate through context menu
data
 Data frame
 Organizes layers
 Map
 Contains data
frames, layers,
and map elements

61 62

Data frames Maps

• Data frames are containers • Holds layers, data frames, graphics, map elements
for layers • Stores information in a map document (.mxd) file
• Maps can have many data
frames
– Index and inset maps
– Arrange in layout view
• Add from Insert menu
• Activate data frames to
view from context menu

63 64

Introduction to GIS 16
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Managing the Table of Contents Moving around the map

• Drag layers up or down to change display order • Zoom in or out
– Smart defaults for layer draw order
• Point, lines on polygons
• Pan the display
– Layers draw in the Table of Contents • Full extents
order, from the bottom‐up
• Back or forward one display
• Rename data frames and layers
• Zoom to a layer
• Remove layers
• Display or Source tabs

65 66

Using a bookmark Magnifier and overview windows

• Spatial bookmarks
– Set and name a location extent • See more detail or
– Return to it at any time
overview without
changing display
Move over
display like a
magnifying
glass
Shows full
extent of data

67 68

Introduction to GIS 17
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Layer symbology in ArcMap Displaying qualitative values

• Same symbol for all features • Features
• Based on attribute values

• Categories

69 70

Displaying quantitative values Changing symbol properties

• Quantities .

Left-click

• Charts Right-click

71 72

Introduction to GIS 18
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Labeling features Scale‐dependent display

• Label features dynamically using attribute • Display layers at specific scale range
values – Reduces clutter
• Layer properties control appearance and – Reduces drawing time
position – Layer display property
• Convert labels to annotation features

73 74

Saving a layer file

Creating a definition query • Save symbology for use in other map
documents
• Build a query based on attributes • Layer files
• Only displays queried features – .lyr extension
• Does not affect source – Save the display for a layer without saving an
entire map document
– Load into another map document
– Preview in ArcCatalog
Sources Default Customize
symbology symbology
Vector In map
Raster document
Tin Save
(.mxd)
75
As a separate layer76
(.lyr)

Introduction to GIS 19
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Changing the data source for a

layer
• Map documents can lose track of the source data
– Source data gets moved
• Source tab lets you change the data source for a
layer Geography Meets Geometry
– Shortcut: Right‐click the layer > Data > Set Data Source

Layers with
misplaced data

Click here to change

the data source
77 78

Map Meets Database Geodatabase

• In a GIS geographic data is stored in a ► A geodatabase is a central repository for storing geographic
data.
database
• A database that stores data is called a ► All data is stored in a RDBMS or file system.
Geodatabase
► At the most basic level, a geodatabase is a container for
storing spatial and attribute data and the relationships that
exist among them.

► Geodatabases are created edited and managed using the

standard menus and tools in ArcCatalog, ArcMap, and
ArcToolbox.

79 80

Introduction to GIS 20
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Benefits of the Geodatabase What is the geodatabase?

Central Repository for ►Database of geographic objects
All GIS data
Continuous Data Integrity: – Objects have properties and behaviors
sets of features Domains ►Properties stored in database
Subtypes
Rule-based – Feature geometry and attributes
Smart Features
Topology – Rules, relationships, classifications, metadata
Edit topologically
integrated features
Geodatabase Advanced Feature ►Behaviors implemented by client
Geometry – ArcGIS software operates on properties
Feature-linked Disconnected – Geodatabase integrity enforced by clients
Annotation Editing*

UML/CASE Tools Scalability*

Multi-user
Geometric Editing*
(Versioning)* *Enterprise 81 82
Networks Geodatabase

Geodatabase basics ArcGIS Geodatabase

Workspace
►Stores tables, feature classes, feature datasets, and more Geodatabase
►Tables Feature Dataset
– A collection of attribute rows and columns
Feature Class
►Feature class
feature Geometric
– A collection of features dataset
Network
– Conceptually like a shapefile feature classes
►Feature dataset
table Relationship
– A collection of feature classes
Object Class
– Conceptually like a coverage
►Rules, attribute subtypes and domains, relationships

83 84

Introduction to GIS 21
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Fundamental datasets in the

Geodatabase storage in tables and
geodatabase
files
• A key geodatabase concept is the dataset. It is • Geodatabase storage includes both the
the primary mechanism used to organize and schema and rule base for each geographic
use geographic information in ArcGIS. The dataset plus simple, tabular storage of the
geodatabase contains three primary dataset spatial and attribute data.
types: • All three primary datasets in the geodatabase
– Feature classes (feature classes, attribute tables, and raster
– Raster datasets datasets), as well as other geodatabase
– Tables elements, are stored using tables.

85 86

Geodatabase elements Elements of a Geodatabase

• Fundamentally, all Geometric Network
geodatabases will
Feature Dataset
contain this same kind
of content. This Relationship Class
collection of datasets
can be thought of as
the universal starting
Feature Class
point for your GIS
database design. Annotation Class

Object Class
87 The Geodatabase Data Model 88

Introduction to GIS 22
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Elements of a Geodatabase Objects and Object Classes

• Objects , Object Classes • An object is an instance of an object class

• Features , Feature Classes • All objects in an object class have the same
• Feature Datasets properties and behavior
• Validation Rules, Domains • An object can be related to other objects via
• Relationships , Relationship Classes relationships
• Spatial References
• Geometric Networks

The Geodatabase Data Model 89 The Geodatabase Data Model 90

Features
Object view Relational view

Attribute Column, Field • Spatial object

Object Row • Location
Object class Table • Attribute of type Geometry
Feature Row with geometry column • Spatial relationships
Feature class Table with geometry column • Instance of a feature class
Relationship Row with two foreign keys

Relationship class Table with two foreign key columns

Network Tables linking elements to features

The Geodatabase Data Model 91 The Geodatabase Data Model 92

Introduction to GIS 23
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Feature classes
►Collections of features that have the same
Feature geometry
– Geometry type (point, line, polygon, or multi‐point) Points Multipoints Lines Polygons
– Attribute fields
– Spatial reference (coordinate system)
– Behavior 1 Line 1 Poly
►Conceptually like a Shapefile

►Lines and polygons

can be multipart 2 3 rings
paths (closed
paths)
Feature ►Shape_Area and
Shape_Length fields Bézie Line Circula Elliptic
r r arc arc
curve Segment
Coffee point 93 s 94
Table stores a feature class feature class

Feature coordinates Feature dataset

z ►Container for feature classes that have
– The same spatial reference Projection and then some…)
►Feature coordinates are
– Feature datasets are used to spatially or thematically
–x Position in x x integrate related feature classes.
–y Position in y y – Their primary purpose is for organizing related feature
–z Position in z (optional) classes into a common dataset for building a topology, a
►Example: Elevation for a point or line segment network dataset, a terrain dataset, or a geometric network.
–m Measurement (optional)
►Similar to Dynamic Segmentation measures

Feature dataset
m=30 m=42
m=35
m=35

One line made of two segments

95 96

Introduction to GIS 24
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Feature Datasets: Topology Types of Geodatabases

►Geodatabase topology is based on coincident geometry.
• The geodatabase is a "container" used to hold
– Line topology stored in geometric networks
– Polygon topology maintained with ‘feature centric’ editing tools a collection of datasets. There are three types:
– Other topological relationships stored using rules – File geodatabases—Stored as folders in a file
► Feature classes with coincident features should be stored in the same
feature dataset
system. Each dataset is held as a file that can scale
up to 1 TB in size. The file geodatabase is
recommended over personal geodatabases.
– Personal geodatabases—All datasets are stored
within a Microsoft Access data file, which is
Rule based
Geometric topology limited in size to 2 GB.
Networks store governs other
Line/point types feature – ArcSDE geodatabases—Stored in a relational
connectivity coincidence and
(topology) spatial database e.g, Microsoft SQL Server,
relationships
ESRI 2003 (poly, line, point)97 98

Introducing Metadata
• What is metadata?
– Data about data
– Who created it
Understanding Metadata – Where it came from
– Coordinate system
– What fields in attribute tables mean
• Why is it important?
– Without metadata, data is useless
– Dealing with undocumented data can be
99 frustrating. 100

Introduction to GIS 25
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What is Metadata? Answers Questions…

• •
• Metadata is information
Who Where
– collected the data? – were the data collected?
– processed the data?
– were the data processed?
– (documentation) about data –
–
wrote the metadata?
to contact for questions?
– are the data located?
– to contact to get the data? • When
– owns the data? – were the data collected?
– funded the data? – when were the data processed?

• Metadata Functions • How

– were the data collected?
• What
– Documentation – are the data about?
– were the data processed?
– do I access the data?
– project was data collected for?

– Management –
–
are any constraints on access? use?
is the quality of the data?
– do I order the data?
– much do the data costs?

– Discovery
– are the appropriate uses? – was the quality assessed?
– parameters where measured?
• Why
– format are the data in?
– Access – were the data collected?

– Understanding (use)

We often use metadata without What is Metadata?

even knowing it. This is the metadata for this.
• Some samples?

Author(s) Boullosa, Carmen.

Title(s) They're cows, we're pigs /
by Carmen Boullosa
Place New York : Grove Press, 1997.
Physical Descr viii, 180 p ; 22 cm.
Subject(s) Pirates Caribbean Area Fiction.
Format Fiction

While the card‐catalog entry is a form of metadata, it does not

address topics such as quality, accuracy, or scale.
Well‐written metadata describes these and many more
aspects of the data.

Introduction to GIS 26
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Metadata contains vital information

A component of metadata
Imagine being given two identical cans. • A recipe contains elements of metadata…
Your task is to choose one to eat. But here’s the – Author
catch. Neither can has a label. Which would you
– Ingredients
choose?
– Methods
– Time to create
Baked Beans? – Servings
Cat Food?

Without a label, how would you

know which one to open?

A component of metadata A Component of Data

• A published map
contains elements of Metadata describes…
metadata… • Content
– Publisher Characteristics
– Publication date
• Condition
• Quality
of the data
– Type of map
– Title/Description
– Spatial references
– Scale and accuracy
– Sources
– Legend

Introduction to GIS 27
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For organizations, metadata helps to... For data users, metadata...

• Facilitates understanding
• Protect investment in data
• Focuses on key elements
• Create an institutional memory
• Enables discovery
• Counter personnel changes – inside and outside
• Allow sharing of data with other agencies of organizations
• Save time and money • Find data of interest
• Limit potential liability • Determine data usefulness
• Determine data access

Editing metadata

• Editing metadata is done via the metadata

toolbar Understanding Location in a GIS Context
• Can select:
• Stylesheet
• Edit metadata
• Metadata properties
• Create/update metadata
• Import metadata
• Export metadata 111 112

Introduction to GIS 28
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Map Projection Basics

Coordinate System Components A map projection is the mathematical
process of taking a view of a spherical
globe and drawing that information on a
flat piece of paper.
Projected data
Four properties apply to map projections:
Geographic Projected
Coordinate Coordinate
SHAPE
System System AREA
DISTANCE
Datum Equations
DIRECTION
Ellipsoid Parameters
113

Map Projection Basics…Cont’d Map Projection Basics…Cont’d

Coordinate systems, also known as map • To more accurately represent locations
projections, are arbitrary designations for on the earth's surface, map makers
spatial data. studied the shape of the earth (geodesy)
Their purpose is to provide a common basis for and created the concept of the spheroid.
communication about a particular place or area
on the earth's surface. • Then geographic coordinate systems
(GCS) were devised, which include a
The most critical issue in dealing with map
projections is knowing what the projection is datum, units of measure, and a prime
and having the correct coordinate system meridian.
information associated with a dataset. • A datum links a spheroid to a particular
portion of the earth's surface.

Introduction to GIS 29
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Map Projection Basics…Cont’d

Datums and Datum
A spheroid can't be flattened to a plane any
Conversion more easily than a piece of orange peel can be
A frame of reference for measuring locations on the flattened; it will rip. Representing the earth's
surface of the earth surface in two dimensions causes distortion in
the shape, area, distance, or direction of the
data.
Different projections cause different types of
distortions. Some projections are designed to
minimize the distortion of one or two of the
data's characteristics. A projection could
maintain the area of a feature but alter its
Measurements are referenced to geodetic origin and shape.
ellipsoid used to represent Earth’s three dimensional
shape
117

Types of Projections
The main projection types: Map Projections
Map projections convert curved surface to flat
surface.
Conic

Cylinder Cone Plane

Cylindrical

Planar
120

Introduction to GIS 30
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Types of Projections…Cont’d Map Projection Basics…Cont’d

Generally classified by the spatial attribute they A principal of good data management is to
preserve obtain the projection parameters from the data
• Conformal maintains shape source providing the data.
– Example: Lambert Conformal Conic Do not make an educated guess about the
• Equal-area maintains area projection of data, because an inaccurate GIS
database will be the result.
– Example: Albers Equal Area Conic
The necessary parameters are the following:
• Equidistant maintains distance
– Example: Equidistant Conic • Projection
• Direction or Azimuthal maintains some directions • Units of measure
– Example: Lambert Equal Area Azimuthal • ZONE (for UTM)
• Datum

Transformations
Referencing Locations The process of converting the coordinates
• Locations on the earth are referenced to the datum of a map or an image from one system to
• Different datums have different coordinate values another, typically by shifting, rotating,
for the same location
scaling, skewing, or projecting them.
I-10 through
To understand how transformations work,
Redlands CA you must keep in mind that all places on
the earth have a location, and spatial data
UTM
NAD83 corresponds to one of these locations.
UTM
NAD27
123

Introduction to GIS 31
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What is Georeferencing? Map Scale

Georeferencing is the process of establishing a
relationship between the data displayed in your GIS
software and its real-world location. The data is referenced • Scale refers to the relationship or ratio between a distance on a
to a location by using a geographic or projected coordinate map and the distance on the earth it represents. Maps should
system. display accurate distances and locations, and should be in a
convenient and usable size.
– Georeferencing is basically the process ofof defining
• Map scales can be expressed as
exactly where on the earth’s surface an image or
raster dataset was created ‐ representative fraction or ratio:
1:100,000 or 1/100,000
– To get accurate analysis results from your GIS
database, you need to understand and determine ‐ graphical scale:
your coordinate system.

‐ verbal‐style scale:
1 inch in map equal to 2000 feet on the ground or
125
1 inch = 2000 feet

A useful rule of thumb for

features on paper maps

Map scale accuracy, or resolution (corresponding to

0.5 mm map distance)
1:1,250 0.625 m
1:2,500 1.25 m
1:5,000 2.5 m
1:10,000 5m
1:24,000 12 m
1:50,000 25 m
1:100,000 50 m
1:250,000 125 m
1:1,000,000 500 m
1:10,000,000 5 km
Source: http://maic.jmu.edu/sic/standards/scale.htm

Introduction to GIS 32
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GIS is Scaleless Scale in attention

• In GIS, the scale can be easily enlarged and – The scale of the original map
reduced to any size that is appropriate. determines the largest map scale
• However, if we get farther and farther from the at which the data can be used.
original scale of the layer, problems appear: – Road map 1:50,000 scale can NOT be
‐ details does not appear in an enlarged map used accurately at the 1:24,000
scale.
‐ too dense in a reduced map
– Water coverage at 1:250,000 scale
can NOT be used accurately at the
1:50,000 scale.

What is Spatial Analysis?

• It is a process for looking at Geographic
patterns in your data and at relationships
Spatial Analysis between features.
• The actual methods used varies.

131 132

Introduction to GIS 33
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Spatial Analysis ArcGIS & Queries

• A simple systematic approach to analysis is to: • ArcGIS provides several ways to query your
– Determine what information is needed GIS database.
– Understand the available data • These include:
– Choose a method of analysis – Identify
– Find
– Process the data
– Measure
– Look at the results
– Map Tips
– Selections

133 134

What is Overlay? Identifying

• Superimposing one layer of data on top of • Popup attributes for a specific feature
another
• You can visually overlay data by displaying
layers together on a GIS map

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Finding Measuring
• Locate a specific feature or attribute • Find linear distances

France flashes

137 138

Map tips and hyperlinks Why do you need a selection?

Use to select
Focused analysis other features
• Display property of a layer
• Map tips
– Pointer location displays Selected Create a
specific attribute Edit
features new layer

• Hyperlinks Calculate
– Document statistics Convert to
– URL graphics
– Macro Report Export
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Available selection tools Selection layers

• Interactive, attributes, location, graphics • Specify from Selection menu
– Layer(s) to select from using interactive selection
tool

Selected set

141 142

Selection methods Interactive selection options

• Options from Selection menu
• Specify from Selection menu
– Select features partially or completely
Create new within the box or graphic(s)
selection

Add to the
selection
– Select features completely within the box
or graphic(s)
Remove from
the selection

– Select features that the box or graphic

Select from
selection are completely within
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What is an Attribute Query? Attribute selection

• A question you ask when you want to find • Use an SQL statement to select features
features with a particular attribute value • Save and reload selection expressions
• When you submit an attribute query the GIS
searches the database and submits the
features that matches the question.

Field
Value
Operator
For current selection:
Add to
Remove from
Select from
145 146

What is a location Query? Select by location (spatial query)

• Location Query are used to find features with • Use features in one
locations that meet a certain condition layer to select Cities
• Location query find features based on their features in another
location relative to other features
Countries

Result

Cities intersected by
selected countries
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Location selection methods Selection by graphics

• Select by Location offers many selection • Draw a graphic to select features
methods • Works with interactive selection methods
– Intersects
– Contain
– Are contained by
– Shares a line segment
– Shares a point
– Within a distance
– Are identical
– Others…
149 150

Overview
• Geographic data review
Working with spatial data
• Linking features and attributes
• Data formats
• Metadata

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Introducing feature classes

Representing geographic features

• Vector data X,Y • Collections of features with the same type of geometry
X,Y
X,Y
X,Y
X,Y X,Y • Can create point, line, or area feature classes
X,Y
Many different line objects
• Raster data
Columns

Primary
roads
Single linear
Highways feature class
Rows
“Roads”
• Data has geometry, attributes and behavior Secondary
roads
Behavior rules

153 154

Linking features and attributes Spatial data formats

• Feature classes are tables that store spatial data
Coverage Geodatabase
• Each feature has a record in the table Shapefile
– Unique identifier links feature and attributes
Internet Map
CAD
Service

Raster Tables

FID = 4103 ArcGIS

(Feature IDentifier)

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Data format: Shapefile Data format: Coverage

• Single feature class • A folder containing multiple feature classes
• Attributes stored in dBASE table • Can store point, line, polygon feature classes, and more
• Attributes stored in a separate INFO table
Shapefile .dbf
table

Coverage INFO table

Donut
“Shape” field shapefile
accesses separate landusecov
“Cover#” field coverage
coordinate files accesses separate
coordinate files
157 158

ArcInfo coverage organization Data format: Geodatabase

• Coverages must be stored in an ArcGIS workspace • Stores spatial features and their attributes in the same RDBMS
– Workspaces contain an info folder
• Feature classes can be stand‐alone or grouped in a feature dataset
– The info folder stores information about the attribute tables
• Feature datasets model spatial relationships

landusecov.pat Redlands workspace

RDBMS table

• Manage coverages and workspaces with ArcGIS tools

only Coffee
– Operating system commands do not honor the coverage–info link geodatabase
feature class
“Shape” field
accesses separate
159 160
coordinate file

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Data format: CAD files Tabular locations

• Computer Aided Design files (DXF, DWG, DGN)
• Logical collection • Table to point feature class
New feature class
– Access one or all feature class(es) at a time
Table with raw coordinates
• Edit after conversion to coverage or geodatabase feature class

CAD file (read-only attribute tables)

New feature class
Table with addresses

“Shape” field
accesses read-only
coordinates
161 162

Using Geography Network data

Images and grids
• Map or Data services
• Rows and columns of equal‐sized cells
• Data clearinghouses
– Each cell stores a value
– Detail depends on cell size
• Geoservices and solutions
• Grids (the ESRI native raster format) • The Geography Network Explorer

• Images (tiff, bmp, sid, jpeg, ERDAS)

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Using ArcCatalog Three ways to view data

• Provides a uniform view of all your data
• Contents
• Preview
• Metadata

• Define or modify table and feature class

definitions
A
• Manage data: Copy, Rename, Delete 165 166

The Contents tab Creating thumbnail images

• Large icons • Used by Contents thumbnail view
• List 3: Zoom and Pan
2: Click the (optional) 4: Click Create
• Details Preview tab Thumbnail icon

• Thumbnails
– Data
– Layers
– Maps

1: Choose an object
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The Preview tab

• Geography or Table view
– Choose from pulldown menu
Editing Data
– Build custom views

169 170

Getting geographical data in… Creating new data

• Digitising
• Creating new data – Produces vector data
• Importing shapefiles, coverages and geodatabases. – Usually produced from paper maps, aerial photos or
satellite images
• Importing text files.
• Heads‐up digitising
• Importing other formats.
– Digitise image on computer screen
• Importing from web services. • Manual adding e.g. from raw coordinates. ArcGIS allows
you to create shapes or specify angles and lengths of
line segments and whether they are parallel or
perpendicular to other segments

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Importing Importing other formats

• ArcToolbox has a whole set of
• Right‐clicking on a tools for conversion.
Workspace, Geodatabase or
Feature Dataset brings up
import and export options, • In ArcCatalog there is an
so you don’t have to build ArcView 8x Toolbar with
Geodatabases from scratch. Conversion Tools

• MapManager (accessed via a

toolbar in ArcCatalog or from
the Start menu)
– NTF converter
– OS MasterMap data converter

173 174

Importing text files Importing from web services

(Coverages) • Web services: the Next Big Thing.

• Data storehouses – you connect via a menu on your GIS, they

• ArcGIS can import ASCII text files download the data to you. You don’t save it locally.
(American Standard Code for – For example, ESRI’s online data warehouse, Geography Network
Information Interchange). (http://www.geographynetwork.com/)
• ArcToolbox Generate to
Coverage Wizard..
• Ultimately online GIS will do the analysis – you just get the
results.

NB: Generate files only

include geography, not
attributes. 175 176

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How do I change/edit spatial data

within ArcGIS? Editable data formats
What ArcGIS
applications do I
need to use? • Shapefiles
How do I build a How do I get data
Geodatabase? in? • Personal geodatabase feature classes
Spatial data ‐ • ArcEditor, ArcInfo is needed to Edit Enterprise
in,
out and shake Geodatabases
it all about!
How do I
change/edit spatial
How do I export
data
my data?
within ArcGIS?

177 178

Editing in ArcMap
• Features can be deleted, moved, divided,
merged, resized, reshaped or buffered
• When features edited, attributes may
automatically update eg length, area.
• Some attribute data may need manual
updating
• Can add new attributes to table

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Managing edit sessions Selecting features

• Starting a session • Interactive selection: Pointing, box, line, area
– Within one data frame at a time • Selection menu: Attribute, by location
– Within one geodatabase at a time • Choice of selectable layers
– Within one directory at a time
Selection anchor
• Saving edits
– During the edit session
– At the end of the edit session
• Ending a session
181 182

Simple editing functions Simple editing functions

• Moving • Moving
– Click and drag – Click and drag
– Delta x,y coordinates – Delta x,y coordinates

• Rotating • Rotating
Delete Copy Undo/Redo Delete Copy Undo/Redo

• Others Cut Paste

183
• Others Cut Paste
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Working with sketches

• Used to create, modify, reshape features
• Activate Sketch menu by right clicking on
sketch

Sketch Tools

185 186

Edit tasks
• A sketch works with the current task
– Create New Feature
– Selection tasks
Presenting data
Current task
– Extend/Trim Features
– Mirror Features
– Modify Feature
– Reshape Feature
– Cut Polygon Features
– Auto Complete Polygon
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Lesson overview Map and design objectives

• Basic cartographic concepts • Map objectives
• Creating maps in ArcMap – Share information
– Highlight relationships
• Printing and plotting maps – Illustrate analysis
results
• Design objectives
– Manipulate the graphic
characteristics
– Fulfill the intended
purpose

189 190

Factors controlling cartographic

design Types of maps
Audience? • General maps
– Locational/Positional
Objective? Reality? – Variety of features and uses

Final
design
Technical Scale? • Thematic maps Soils Population
limits? Final design – Distribution of an attribute
– Single attribute or relationship

Mode Need to
of use? generalize? Qualitative Quantitative

• Different objectives, different cartographic designs

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Issues in cartographic design

Creating maps in ArcMap
• Colors, shade patterns, and text • Design in Layout View
– Perception of colors and symbols • Data frames organize layers
– Legibility of features and text • Map elements are added to
– Visual contrast and hierarchy a virtual page
• Maps stored as .mxd files
• Visual balance – Data location
– Layer properties

193 194

Setting up the page Identifying map elements

Title
• Remember the
purpose
– Will the map be Map body
viewed close up or at
a distance?
– What is the best page
size? North arrow
Legend
– Landscape or
portrait? Scale bar Designed by Makram 1999

– What printer will I be

using and what are
my printer size Other text
 What is missing?
limitations?
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An example of the Legend

Inserting map elements
Map
Properties window
2 Legend appears
Modify
Double-click
Choose type

4
3 Drag

4 Modify

197 198

Adding a north arrow and a scale Incorporating a reference system

• Display reference positions on maps
• Available reference systems:

Gratic Grid
ule

• Change angle, size,  Choose type, unit

Latitude/Longitude, feet, meters, etc. ABC/123, others
• Different graticule or grid types on the same map
color increments, color, font
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Inserting textual information Layout tools

• Zoom and pan the layout page
• Title and author
100%
• Data source, date, projection Scale remains 27% 50%
the same
• Date of map
• Disclosures and acknowledgements

• Additional layout settings from Tools > Options

201 202

Grids and rulers Creating and using map

templates
• Determine the size of map • Gives all maps in a series the same look
elements
• Use guides to
arrange elements
• Use grids to
Choose a
position elements standard
at specific points template

• Use snapping for precision

and
efficiency
• ArcMap templates
203
• Create your own
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Printing and plotting maps

Choose a printer engine
ArcPress
PostScript
Windows

GIS Planning Basics

Windows
printer engine

205 206

Who Should plan? When to Plan

• GIS planning is guided by a lead planner and • GIS Planning is a continual process
also involves senior‐level management and the • There is no specific order to GIS planning
users.

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What to plan Data and Information

• All components of a GIS must be planned for • Simply put, data is what goes into the GIS;
These include: information is what comes out.
– information products
– software
– hardware
– procedures
– data
– people.

209 210

Functions and Analysis Information products & Applications

• Functions are the operations that a GIS can • Information products are output from a GIS in a form
perform. that is useful to your organization.
• The GIS planning process revolves around
• Analysis is the process used to explore the information products
details of some phenomenon using the • An application is two or more information products
system's functions. produced from the same software and linked in a
business flow model.
• The types of functions your GIS system can • Applications are the centerpiece of GIS and the
perform determine the possibilities for culmination of the planning process.
analysis.

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The GIS Planning Phases

• Four phases make up the planning process.
– Strategic business plan
– System requirements
– Conceptual Design
– Implementation Planning

The GIS takes in several datasets and outputs information

products that are linked in a business workflow model.
213 214

Strategic Business Plan

• The first phase of the planning process enables you
to create a proposal for the planning process itself.
This phase consists of the following three steps:
– Review the organization's strategic business plan.
– Development of proposal for the planning process
– Obtain approval and commitment for the planning
project.

Phase one of the GIS planning process: strategic

Business Plan Foundation
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System Requirement
• This phase is primarily concerned with
determining what you need the system to be
able to do in order to help the organization
meet its strategic goals. It consists of three
steps:
– Prepare for the study
– Assess your needs
– Determine the system scope
Phase 2 of the GIS Planning Process: System
Requirements
217 218

Conceptual Design
• This phase uses the information you gathered in
the System Requirements phase to lay out the
conceptual design for the data and the technology
needed.
• The result of this phase is a preliminary design
document
• This phase consists of two steps:
1. Create a conceptual system design for data
2. Create a conceptual system design for technology.

Phase 3 of the GIS planning process: Conceptual Design

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Implementation Planning
• This phase looks at how you will put your
needs in place.
• It has two steps:
– Determine implementation strategy
1.
– Produce the final project report

Final Phase of the GIS Planning Process:

Implementation Planning
221 222

Introduction to GPS Before The GPS

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The Star Age

The Stone Age
Identifying and remembering
Identifying points of reference
was easy on land; but it became
objects and landmarks as points
of reference were the a matter of life and survival when
techniques that the early man man started to explore the
used to find his way through oceans, where the only visible
jungles and deserts. objects were theSun, the Moon
and the stars.
Leaving stones, marking Naturally, they became the
trees,referencing mountains
"points of reference" and the era
were the early navigational aids.
ofcelestial navigation began

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The Radio Age

The Satellite Age
About the middle of this century, satellite‐based radio navigation
scientists discovered a way to systems were conceived in which
measure distances using radio improved radio transmitters were
signals. The concept was to
measure the time it took for put aboard satellites orbiting the
special radio signals to travel from earth at high altitudes to give wider
a transmitting station to a special coverage.
device designed to receive them
Navigational systems that use such Signals from navigation satellites
radio signals to measure distances can cover large areas of the earth,
to several transmitting towers and several satellites can cover the
locatedat known points are called
radio navigation systems. E.g whole planet.
LORAN ‐+‐250m
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Global Positioning System

What is GPS??
• Global Positioning Systems
• World wide navigation system
Your location is:
• Based on a constellation of 24 satellites
37o 23.323’ N • Orbiting the earth 24 hours a day
122o 02.162’ W
• Controlled by ground stations
• Owned and Operated by the DOD

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GPS CONSTELLATION GPS Basic Components

Three Segments
1. Control
2. Space
3. User

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Control Segment Control Segment, cont’d

• Monitors the satellites

• DOD operates from Colorado Springs, USA
• 4 stations distributed worldwide
• Monitored twice a day

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Space Segment Space Segment, cont’d

• NAVSTAR Satellite photo

• 29 satellite
• 24 operational
• 20,200km above earth
• Revolves approximately every 12 hrs
• 6 Orbital Planes
• 55° angle
• 4 satellites on each plane

Constellation Revisited
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User Segment How Does the GPS Really Work?

• The basis of GPS is tri‐lateration from satellites
• Anyone who needs to know where they are… • A GPS receiver measures distance using the travel
• Useful for time of radio signals
– Navigation - Aviation • The travel time is measured using accurate atomic
– Agriculture - Emergency clocks in the satellites
– Vehicle Tracking - Disaster Management
– Hiking - GIS Data Capture
• Along with distance, the position of satellites is
known
• Finally the corrections are applied for the signals
for any delays as it travels through the atmosphere

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So how does the GPS really work?!! … So how does the GPS really work?!!

• Distance between the GPS satellites and the • The Big Idea Mathematically:
receiver is derived. – Distance = Velocity (speed of light) x Time
• The measurement records the actual time (phase difference)
taken for the relevant code to travel from
satellite to the receiver.
• The time is then multiplied by the speed of
light to convert it into a distance.

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Sources of Error
GPS by Trilateration
Distance D = Speed of Light x Time • Inosopheric and Tropospheric Delays
• Satellite Geometry
• Selective Availability
• Multipath
• Ephemeris errors
D

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Sources of Error cont’d

Satellite • Ionosphere – A blanket of charged particles 80
Ionosphere – 120 miles above the earth.
Orbit (Charged Particles)
Troposphere • This usually affects
• the speed of light
• radio signals and radio waves

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Sources of Error cont’d Sources of Error cont’d

• Troposphere – this is also known as the
atmosphere and is usually 10 miles above the
earth
• It usually affects signals by way of refraction.
• Radio waves are slowed down by water vapors
but at a different rate than the Ionosphere.
15 degree mask

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Sources of Error cont’d Sources of Error cont’d

• PDOP – Complete Positional
Dilution of Precision
Poor • VDOP - Vertical...
DOP Quality DOP
• GDOP - Geometric... Very Good 1-3
Good • HDOP - Horizontal... Good 4-5
DOP • TDOP - Time... Fair 6-7
Suspect >8

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Sources of Error cont’d

A look at The Industry

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Some major GPS vendors Actual number of vendors

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Different Categories GPS and GIS

 Military GPS technology is one of the main sources of
data input for any modern GIS system. It
 Navigation enables a user to
 Marine • Create maps from scratch with data collected
 Hiking • Update existing paper maps
 Construction • Assist in navigating to remote locations
 Aviation • Reduce the time it takes to complete a
 Mapping project
 Tracking • Have a mobile GIS and do more work in the
field
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Features
There are three types of Feature which can be mapped:
Points, Lines and Areas.
Combining positioning, communications, and
software to equip the mobile workforce. As stated above, a Feature is the object which will be
mapped by the GPS system.
Mapping & GIS products improve productivity The ability to describe a Feature in terms of a multi-
in hundreds of industries by geo-enabling field layered database is essential for successful integration
with any GIS system.
workforces with high accuracy, rugged, and
easy-to-use products. For example, it is possible to map the location of each
house on a city block and simply label each coordinate
position as a house. However, the addition of information
such as color, size, cost, occupants, etc. will provide the
ability to sort and classify the houses by these catagories.
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Attributes Exporting to a GIS System

These catagories of descriptions for a Feature are know as
Attributes. Attributes can be thought of as questions which are The final step in incorporating GPS data with a GIS
asked about the Feature. Using the example above, the system is to export the GPS and Feature data into the GIS
Attributes of the Feature "house" would be "color", "size", system. During this process, a GIS "layer" is created for
"cost" and "occupants". each Feature in the GPS job. For example, the process of
exporting a GPS job which contains data for House, Road
Logically, each question asked by the Attributes must have an and Lot Features would create a House layer, a Road
answer. The answers to the questions posed by the Attributes layer and a Lot layer in the GIS system. These layers can
are called Values. In the example above, an appropriate Value then be incorporated with existing GIS data.
(answer) for the Attribute (question) "color" may be "blue".
Once the GPS job has been exported, the full power of
By collecting the same type of data for each house which is the GIS system can be used to classify and evaluate the
mapped, a database is created. Tying this database to position data.
information is the core philosophy underlying any GIS system.
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Recreational Versus Professional GPS:

What's the Difference?
• Good decisions require good information. For GIS
users, the quality of information coming out of When shopping for a GPS receiver, GIS
their systems depends on the accuracy of the
data going in. users should evaluate GIS application
• Confident decision making leaves no room for against functionality and features of
doubt over data accuracy. GPS receivers in their price range.
• The last thing GIS users need to worry about is
whether the data collected by GPS meets the
accuracy requirements of the intended
application.

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Making a Choice Be Ware!

• Given the large number of products on the market,
selecting the right GPS receiver can be difficult. • As is true with most products, you get what
• With budgets tightened everywhere, some GIS users you pay for. There is a significant difference in
have begun looking at and buying less expensive the accuracy of location data acquired by
recreational GPS products that are popular with recreational GPS receivers versus the
outdoor enthusiasts. professional units.
• New features, such as ruggedized cases and • The 10‐meter error typical of a recreational
differential correction, and a price tag often below
$500 make these units attractive compared with model won't cause a major problem for a
higher‐priced professional‐grade GPS receivers. hiker in the woods, but such inaccuracy may
not be acceptable for GIS applications.

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• Recreational and professional GPS units are How to Choose

designed and built for different purposes. A
recreational GPS unit is designed to acquire a
location fix quickly without the need for pinpoint • Although recreational products are not
accuracy because hikers can find their campsite specifically designed for GIS mapping, they can be
once they get within 10 meters of it. used successfully in some applications.
• GIS users, on the other hand, typically require • For some GIS users, the recreational products
extremely accurate placement of features often
to within a meter or less so that data layers can may be the most cost‐effective choice.
be overlaid and intricate spatial relationships can • In choosing between a recreational and a
be determined. professional GPS receiver, GIS users should
answer certain questions to be certain the
selected unit will meet their application needs.
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Questions Confidence: The Final Differentiator

• Do you need to integrate data seamlessly with a • For GIS users, settling for a receiver that
GIS? collects data less accurate than is required by
• Will you be collecting attributes along with the GIS application will cast doubts over
location points? management decisions based on the
• Is five‐meter accuracy sufficient for your information coming out of the system.
application? • While shopping for a GPS receiver, GIS users
• Is submeter accuracy required for your should honestly compare the needs of their
application? GIS application with the GPS receivers in their
price range.

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New Generation Data collectors Data Collection Software

• It is now possible to use these lightweight handheld
PDA's , with GPS/GIS data collection software, for field
applications. Traditional Field Data Collection Software
• As these units can be used with or without GPS, other The traditional Data Collection software is difficult to
field data collection applications can be handled. learn and is vendor specific to their GPS engine only.
• They have a longer battery life, 14‐16 hours, and are Also the software available operates only on a Windows
lightweight, thus making it easier for the user to carry operating system and is expensive.
the units all day in the field.
• Most data collectors have touch screens and come with a New Generation Software
color display. Almost all have voice activated systems
which comes in handy if one wants to dictate notes. Some of the new software are: Terrasync Fieldworker,
Solo, ArcPad, Sitemate, Patchworks, Composer, ArcGIS
Mobile, .

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Software Selection Consideration Often field data projects are handled in different
As certain versions of field data collection software have
datums and projections, and as a result, one
limited features, several factors need to be considered in should choose software with capability to select
selecting the right software. various datums/projections.

The selected software should be compatible with the GPS It is good practice to view the quality of GPS data
receiver and the operating system chosen for the data collected by viewing the DOP number. Hence,
collector. Some software packages do not allow you to
create and edit features in the field. This restriction implies
one should pick a software package which
that for any changes and or additions to the data displays DOP values.
dictionary, you will have to stop the project in the field and
access a PC to edit the dictionary, reload the new version The software chosen should be able to provide a
of the dictionary, and restart the field project. This is a very conversion routine to allow an import of GPS and
time consuming process which can be avoided by simply Feature data into various types of GIS software,
selecting the software with field editing of the data
dictionary capability. www.geotechvision.com
such as, ARCGIS, MAPINFO, and QGIS.
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Sources of Error cont’d

• Ephemeris Error
• This is due to a slight deviation of the orbital
path of the satellites, than their predicted
paths. GPS Mapping With Terrasync

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5 Steps of a Project Field Reconnaissance

1. Field Reconnaissance

2. Planning

3. Equipment Setup

4. Data Collection

5. Data Processing

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Planning EQUIPMENT SETUP

Data
• Create a data dictionary Dictionary

• • Check satellite availability

• Configure TerraSync collection

settings

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Data Collection Data Processing

• Transfer
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

8
7 9
5
4 6
2
1 3
.
Es c
0 C lr

E sc E n te r

Fu n c

C o n f ig H om e E nd
GP S OK
A B C D
+ -

E F G H I J
Pg U p /
*
K L M N O P
P gD n =

Q R S T U V
I ns N o te View D el
Sp W X Y Z B ksp

• Correct

• Display and Edit

• Export

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Objectives
Field-Session • Create a data dictionary in
Planning Pathfinder Office
• Plan for data collection using Quick
Plan
• Plan how you will process your data
• Configure TerraSync

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Steps in Field-Session Planning Data Dictionary

• Organize feature and attribute names using
the Data Dictionary Editor

• Configure TerraSync

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How GPS Positions Translate into

Graphic Features
Attributes
X X
X XX
• Point Features X XX X

• Line Features 11:00.15

11:00.30
SPECIES? CONDITION?
X X
11:00.10
X
11:00.05 X
11:00.20X 11:00.25
X
• Area Features
11:02.40
11:02.35 X
X RAIL WIDTH?
11:02.45
11:02.30 X
11:02.50
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X

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Steps to Building a
Data Dictionary Units and Display
1. Define a feature
meters?
feet?
2. Define associated attributes
Portuguese
3. Assign attribute values

inches?
Spanish

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Time and Date

Data Collection
• TerraSync data collection options

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File Naming Getting Started

• A default file name is available. DO NOT
USE THIS! • Turn on your GPS Device
• To run the TerraSync
• Create your own file naming scheme: software, tap Programs /
Date Terrasync.
Feature • The software opens, and by
default displays the Skyplot
Screen
BuildingSep15IB.ssf – View info abut satellites being
tracked
– The area at the bottom of the
screen shows the GPS
settings for the handheld’s
GPS receive
Last Initial

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Configuring The GPS Slider Bar

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References
• ArcGIS 10 Help
• ESRI Introduction to GIS
• Getting started with ArcGIS
• Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop
• Paul A. Longley et al., 2001, Geographic
Information Systems and Science, John Wiley &
Sons press.
• Keith C. Clarke, 2003, Getting Started with
Geographic Information System (4th Edition),
Prentice Hall press.

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