AOC-03 (2016-17)

What is meant by carbonization of coal ? What is fuel cell ? How is hard

water converted into deionised water using ion exchange method ?

Carbonization of coal refers to the process by which coal is heated in the absence of
air to produce coke, a carbon-rich material, along with other byproducts like tar and
gases. This coke is then used in industries, particularly in steel production.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel
(usually hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent (typically oxygen from the air) directly into
electricity. The byproducts are usually water and heat, making it a clean energy
source.

To convert hard water into deionized water using the ion exchange method, the
water is passed through a column filled with resin beads. These beads attract and
trap the calcium, magnesium, and other cations causing hardness. In exchange, they
release hydrogen or sodium ions into the water. Similarly, anion exchange resins can
be used to remove negative ions. The result is deionized water, free from mineral
ions.

How would you prepare Methyl salicyalate ? Write its use. What do you
mean by Mercurochrome ? State its use. Write the name of a
tranquilizer.

Methyl salicylate is prepared by esterification of salicylic acid with methanol.

Typically, salicylic acid is reacted with methanol in the presence of a catalyst
like sulfuric acid. The reaction produces methyl salicylate and water. The ester
formed has a characteristic wintergreen odour.

Uses: Methyl salicylate is commonly used as a liniment to relieve muscle pain,

in flavoring agents, and in fragrances due to its pleasant smell.

Mercurochrome is a trade name for merbromin, which is a topical antiseptic

used for minor cuts and scrapes. It's recognized by its reddish-brown color when
applied to the skin.
Uses: Mercurochrome was widely used as a wound disinfectant, but concerns
over mercury toxicity led to decreased usage in some countries.

A commonly known tranquilizer is Diazepam, also known by its brand name,

Valium. It's used for treating anxiety, seizures, and muscle spasms.

How is the amount of dissolved oxygen in water determined ? Write

about the sources of water pollution. Write in short about two important
examples caused by water pollution.

The amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in water is determined using the Winkler
method. This involves adding manganese sulfate to the water sample, followed by
alkaline iodide azide. This precipitates manganese hydroxide. Upon acidification, the
precipitate reacts to release iodine proportional to the DO content. The released iodine
is then titrated against a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate to determine the DO
level.

Sources of water pollution include industrial effluents, agricultural runoffs, untreated

sewage, oil spills, and littering.

Two examples of impacts due to water pollution are:

Eutrophication: Excess nutrients from fertilizers lead to an overgrowth of algae in water

bodies, causing a reduction in DO levels and leading to the death of aquatic life.
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification: Harmful chemicals, like heavy metals and
pesticides, accumulate in aquatic organisms. As larger animals eat smaller ones, the
concentration of these chemicals increases up the food chain, posing significant health
risks to top predators, including humans.
Describe in short about the purification process of crude mustard oil.
What are glycerides ? Why is Dalda harmful as Vanashpati food ?
Purification of crude mustard oil: The crude mustard oil, upon extraction,
contains impurities, undesirable odors, and non-triglyceride components. To
purify, the following steps are generally employed:

Degumming: Removal of phospholipids by adding water or steam.

Neutralization: Free fatty acids are treated with alkalis like sodium hydroxide to
form soap which is removed.
Bleaching: Colorants are removed by treating the oil with bleaching agents,
typically clay or activated carbon.
Deodorization: Unwanted odors and flavors are removed by steam distillation
under vacuum.
Glycerides are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids. They form the
backbone of many kinds of fats and oils.

Dalda, as Vanaspati ghee, is a hydrogenated vegetable oil with trans fats. Trans
fats are associated with various health concerns, including increased risks of
heart disease. Consuming high amounts of trans fats, as in hydrogenated oils,
can raise LDL (bad cholesterol) and lower HDL (good cholesterol), making
products like Dalda less recommended for a heart-healthy diet.

What is Greenhouse effect ? Write the names and sources of green-house

gases. Write the probable measures to control greenhouse effect
The Greenhouse effect refers to the process by which certain gases in Earth's
atmosphere trap infrared radiation, preventing it from escaping into space,
thereby warming the planet. It's a natural phenomenon essential for life, but
human activities have intensified it, leading to global warming.

Greenhouse gases and their sources:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) - Fossil fuel combustion, deforestation.

Methane (CH₄) - Wetlands, livestock digestion, rice paddies, landfills.
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) - Agricultural activities, industrial processes.
Fluorinated gases - Industrial applications.
Probable measures to control greenhouse effect:

Transition to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydro.

Afforestation and reforestation: Planting trees to act as carbon sinks.
Promote energy efficiency in buildings, transport, and industries.
Waste management to reduce methane emissions from landfills.
Regulations and policies to limit emissions from industries and vehicles.

Classify soaps used in modern time. Describe the process to remove

temporary hardness of water
Classification of soaps in modern times:

Toilet soaps: Used for bathing and personal hygiene. They can be further
categorized into beauty soaps, medicated soaps, and herbal soaps.
Laundry soaps: Specifically formulated for washing clothes.
Liquid soaps: Typically used for hand washing and some for showering.
Transparent soaps: Clear soaps, often glycerine-based.
Shaving soaps: Formulated to produce dense lather for shaving.
Antibacterial soaps: Contain chemicals that kill bacteria and microbes.
Specialty soaps: Like baby soaps or hypoallergenic soaps for sensitive skin.
Removing temporary hardness of water:
Temporary hardness is mainly due to the presence of calcium and magnesium
bicarbonates. It can be removed by:

Boiling: Converts bicarbonates into insoluble carbonates which precipitate out.

Adding lime (Ca(OH)₂): This also converts bicarbonates into insoluble
carbonates which settle down, making water soft.
What is meant by Iodine value ? Write short notes on saponification
reaction
Iodine value (or iodine number) measures the degree of unsaturation in
an oil or fat. It's defined as the amount of iodine (in grams) that can be
absorbed by 100 grams of the fat or oil. A higher iodine value indicates a
higher degree of unsaturation, which means more double bonds in the
fatty acid chains. This is important in industries to determine the drying
properties of oils and the stability of fats to oxidation.

Saponification reaction refers to the hydrolysis of fats or oils with an alkali,

usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH), to
produce glycerol and the salt of the fatty acid (soap). The reaction is an
ancient and primary method for soap-making. Symbolically:
Fat/Oil + Alkali → Glycerol + Soap
The term "saponification" is derived from the Latin word 'sapo' which
means soap.

Write the structure of sulphadiazine. Write its preparation with chemical

reactions. Write its medicinal use.
Sulphadiazine:
Structure: Sulphadiazine has the molecular formula C10H10N4O2S and
can be represented structurally as:

O N
|| ||
H3C-S-NH-N-C6H5
|
NH2
Preparation:
Sulphadiazine is generally synthesized from 2-aminopyrimidine and p-
aminobenzenesulfonamide. The reaction involves the condensation of 2-
aminopyrimidine with p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride, followed by
hydrolysis of the resulting acetamido derivative to yield sulphadiazine.

Medicinal Use:
Sulphadiazine is an antibacterial sulfa drug. It is used primarily to treat
and prevent a variety of bacterial infections. Sulphadiazine, when
combined with pyrimethamine, is commonly used to treat toxoplasmosis,
a disease caused by the Toxoplasma gondii parasite. It is also employed
in the treatment of certain urinary tract infections and other types of
infections.

Discuss the sources of dust particles in air and state its harmful effects.
What is 'Gobar Gas' ?
Sources of Dust Particles in Air: Dust particles in the air originate from various
sources, including:

1. Natural sources like soil erosion, volcanic eruptions, and pollen dispersal.
2. Human activities such as construction, mining, agriculture, and vehicular
traffic.
3. Industrial emissions from factories and power plants.
4. Deforestation and land-use changes.
5. Residential activities like sweeping and burning of materials.

Harmful Effects: Dust particles can:

1. Aggravate respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis.

2. Lead to reduced visibility causing accidents.
3. Contaminate water sources.
4. Impact the natural environment and ecosystem dynamics.
5. Act as carriers for allergens and pathogens.

Gobar Gas: 'Gobar Gas' is a colloquial term for biogas produced from cow dung. It
primarily consists of methane and is generated through the anaerobic digestion of
cow dung by specific bacteria. This gas serves as an eco-friendly and renewable
source of energy, mainly used for cooking and heating in rural areas. It reduces
dependence on fossil fuels and helps in managing animal waste, thereby preventing
methane release into the atmosphere.
What are the differences between petrol and petroleum ? What do you
mean by petrochemicals ? What is meant by professional disease ?
Petrol vs. Petroleum:

Nature: Petroleum is a naturally occurring, yellow-to-black oily liquid found

in geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. Petrol, on the other
hand, is a refined product derived from petroleum.
Composition: Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, while
petrol (or gasoline) is a specific range of hydrocarbons distilled from crude
petroleum.
Use: Petroleum serves as a raw material for various refined products,
including petrol, diesel, and jet fuel. Petrol is primarily used as a fuel in
internal combustion engines.
Petrochemicals: These are chemical products derived from petroleum.
Some primary petrochemicals include ethylene, propylene, and
butadiene, which are further used to produce a variety of industrial
chemicals and polymers.

Professional Disease: Also known as an occupational disease, it refers to

illnesses caused by exposures to hazardous agents or conditions
specifically related to work or workplace. Examples include silicosis from
inhaling silica dust or asbestosis from asbestos exposure.

What is red lead ? How is it prepared ? Mention its uses. What is rouge ?
Red Lead: Red lead, also known as lead(IV) oxide or minium, has the chemical
formula Pb3O4. It is a bright red or orange crystalline or amorphous pigment.

Preparation: Red lead is prepared by roasting lead(II) oxide (litharge, PbO) in air at
temperatures between 450°C and 500°C. The process involves the oxidation of
lead(II) oxide to lead(IV) oxide. PbO + O₂ → Pb3O4

Uses:

1. Red lead serves as a primer for iron and steel to inhibit rusting.
2. It's used in the manufacture of certain types of batteries.
 3. It acts as an intermediate in the production of other lead compounds.
4. Historically, it was used in artist paints and ceramic glazes.

Rouge: Rouge refers to a red powder, primarily iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), used as a
polishing compound for jewelry and metals. Additionally, it's a cosmetic used to give
cheeks a rosy tint.

Write the chemical structure and use of the chloromycetin

Chloromycetin:
Chloromycetin is the trade name for the antibiotic chloramphenicol. Its
chemical structure can be represented as:

OH
|
H3C-C-NH-C6H4-NO2
|
NH-CH(C2H5)-COOH
The molecular formula of chloramphenicol is C11H12Cl2N2O5.

Uses:

Bacterial Infections: Chloromycetin is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used to

treat a variety of bacterial infections, especially when other medicines are
ineffective or cannot be used.
Meningitis: It has been used to treat bacterial meningitis.
Eye Infections: In the form of eye drops, it's used to treat bacterial
conjunctivitis.
Typhoid Fever: It is effective against the Salmonella typhi bacteria which
causes typhoid fever.
However, due to concerns about potential side effects, including bone
marrow suppression, its use is now limited and often reserved for severe
or resistant infections.
Write short notes on the following : a) Antacid medicine. b) Depletion of
ozone layer
a) Antacid Medicine:
Antacids are over-the-counter medications used to neutralize excess
stomach acid. They primarily contain bases or basic salts, which
counteract or buffer the acid in the stomach. Common ingredients include
aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and
sodium bicarbonate. Antacids offer relief from heartburn, indigestion, and
acid reflux by raising the pH level in the stomach. They're available in
different forms like tablets, liquids, or gels. However, they can interfere
with the absorption of certain other medications and prolonged use might
lead to side effects like constipation or diarrhea.

b) Depletion of Ozone Layer:

The ozone layer is a protective shield in the Earth's stratosphere that
absorbs most of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Depletion of
the ozone layer is primarily caused by man-made chemicals called ozone-
depleting substances (ODS), especially chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
When these chemicals rise and get broken down by UV radiation, they
release chlorine and bromine atoms which destroy ozone molecules. The
most notable result of this depletion is the "ozone hole" over Antarctica.
Ozone layer thinning increases the risk of skin cancers, cataracts, and
other UV-induced health problems. To combat this, the Montreal Protocol
was established in 1987 to phase out the production of ODS.

What is zeolite ? How is hardness of water removed by it ? What is called

solar cooker ?
Zeolite:
Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals commonly used as
commercial adsorbents and catalysts. They have a well-defined, three-
dimensional crystalline structure with interconnected channels and
cavities, making them suitable for a range of applications.

Hardness Removal:
Hardness in water is primarily due to calcium and magnesium ions.
Zeolites are used in water softeners to exchange sodium ions for the
calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water. When the hard water
passes through a column containing zeolite, the calcium and magnesium
ions are replaced by sodium ions, effectively softening the water. Over
time, the zeolite becomes saturated with calcium and magnesium ions
and can be regenerated by flushing with a salt (sodium chloride) solution.

Solar Cooker:
A solar cooker is a device that uses sunlight as its energy source to cook
food. It captures and focuses sunlight using mirrors or reflective surfaces
onto a cooking vessel. The heat from the concentrated sunlight cooks the
food. Solar cookers are eco-friendly, as they don't require fuel, and are
especially useful in areas with abundant sunlight. They can vary in design
from simple box cookers to more complex parabolic models.

What is oil of wintergreen ? Which is the class of this compound ? Where

is it used ?
Oil of Wintergreen: Oil of wintergreen is the common name for methyl
salicylate.
Class of Compound: It belongs to the class of organic compounds called
esters.
Uses: It is widely used as a flavoring agent in food, candies, and
beverages. Additionally, due to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory
properties, it's found in topical pain relievers and liniments to soothe
muscle aches and pains.
Describe the fluorescence test for detection of argemone oil in mustard
oil
Fluorescence Test for Detection of Argemone Oil in Mustard Oil:
A small amount of suspected mustard oil is taken in a test tube. A few
drops of concentrated sulfuric acid are added to it. The presence of
argemone oil is indicated by the appearance of a red fluorescence in the
acid layer, distinguishing it from pure mustard oil which does not exhibit
this fluorescence.

What do you mean by drier, thinner and extender with respect to paint
industry ? Give examples
In the paint industry:

1. Drier:
A drier is a substance added to speed up the drying time of paints,
especially oil-based paints, by promoting the polymerization process.
These are typically compounds of metals like lead, cobalt, or manganese.
Example: Cobalt naphthenate is commonly used as a drier in alkyd paints.

2. Thinner:
A thinner is a solvent added to paint to reduce its viscosity, making it easier
to apply. It can also be used to clean brushes and equipment after
painting.
Example: Turpentine and mineral spirits are commonly used thinners for
oil-based paints.

3. Extender:
Extenders are inert fillers added to paint to increase its volume without
affecting its performance significantly. They improve paint's adhesion and
reduce cost.
Example: Calcium carbonate, talc, and clay are typical extenders used in
the paint industry.