EEE-

EE-Unit-
Unit-II

UNIT-
UNIT-II:
II: THREE PHASE CIRCUIT AND
POWER MEASUREMENT

Contents:

Three phase voltage generation and its waveform, Star and delta balanced systems,
Relationship between phase and line quantities, phasor diagram, power in a three
phase circuits, three phase 4 wire system, Difference between neutral and ground
conductors, Safety measures in electrical system, types of wiring, Active and Reactive
Power measurement in single and three phase balanced system. (7 Hrs)

2.1 Introduction
The AC power (alternating current) is a kind of electricity in which the flow of current is
frequently changing directions. At the beginning of the 1900 year, AC power supply is used
for businesses as well as homes. The system of the power supply is categorized into two type’s
namely single phase power supply, as well as three phase power supply. For most industrial
and businesses settings, three-phase supply is used to run the high loads, whereas homes are
generally supplied by a single phase, because home appliances require less power. Let us
discuss upon the difference between single phase and three phase power supply.

2.1.1 Difference between Single Phase & Three Phase Supply

Both the power systems like single phase as well as three-phase uses AC power is always in
the directions of alternating.
Single Phase Supply

In the field of electrical, single phase supply is the delivery of AC power by a system in which
all the supply voltages change in simultaneously. This type of power supply sharing is used
when the loads (home appliances) ate generally heat and lighting with some moderate electric
motors. When a single phase supply is connected to an AC motor doesn’t generate a rotating
magnetic field, single phase motors require extra circuits (starter explained in Unit-6) for
working, but such electric motors are rare over in rating of 10 kW. In every cycle, a single
phase system voltage achieves a peak-value two times; the direct power is not stable.
The benefits of choosing a single phase supply include the following.
The design is less complex, Design cost is less, Most efficient AC power supply for up to 1
kW to 5 kW, Single Phase AC Power Supply is most competent for up to 2000 watts.

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Three Phase Supply

The three-phase power supply may includes four wires such as one neutral as well as three
conductors. The three conductors are away from phase & space 120º distant from each other.
Three phase power supplies are utilized as a single-phase AC power supply. For the small
load, 1-phase AC as Phase and neutral can be chosen from the 3-phase AC power supply
system. This supply is constant and not at all totally falls to zero. The power of this system
can be illustrated in two configurations namely star connection (or) delta connection. The
connection of star configuration is used for Power distribution at low voltage along with a
neutral wire.
Choosing a single phase (or) three-phase system mainly depends on the power
requirements of a particular application.

2.1.2 Advantages of Three Phase System

• The rating of three-phase motor and three-phase transformer are about 1.5 times greater
than single-phase motor or transformer with a similar frame size.
• To transmit certain amount of power at a given voltage over a given distance, three-phase
transmission line requires less amount of copper than single-phase line. This reduces the
cost of material required, hence, becomes economical.
• The power delivered by a single-phase system pulsates. The power falls to zero, three
times during each cycle. The power delivered by a three-phase circuit pulsates also, but it
never falls to zero. So in three-phase system, power delivered to the load is same at any
instant. thus three-phase system gives steady output.
• Three-phase motors are self starting, as the magnetic field produced by three-phase supply
is rotating. But the magnetic field produced by single-phase system is pulsating, so most of
the single-phase motors are not self starting.
• Power factor of three-phase motor is greater than single-phase motor for same rating.
• For converting machines like rectifiers, the d.c. output voltage becomes smoother if
number of phases are increased.

2.2 Generation of Three Phase voltage/ Current & Waveforms

If a single coil placed in magnetic field is set in motion then we have seen that alternating emf is
induced in a coil as explained in Unit-I. If three coils Namely R, Y and B displaced by an angle
of 120ο from each other, placed in a changing magnetic field and rotated, then alternating emf is
induced in all the three coils. If this three coils are equal and placed in same Magnetic field,
therefore Max. value of EMF induced the them will be Same. These Emfs are given by

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Phasor Diagram shown below is also

drawn with R Phase as Reference.

EB

120ο

120ο ER= Ph. Vol. (Ref)

. 120ο
Emf in R phase, eR = EmR sin (θ)
Emf in Y phase, eY = EmY sin (θ -120ο) Lags to eR by 120ο.
EY
Emf in B phase, eB = EmB sin (θ -240ο) Lags to eR by 240ο.

These three equations are represented in the form of Three waveforms where R Phase taken as
reference and then Emf in Y drawn at 120ο behind R Phase. Then Emf in B drawn at 240ο
behind R Phase. The voltage in each phase alternates, in a similar manner to the alternating
voltage shown in Figure below but one follows the other in regular order.

2.2.1 Important terms

(a) Symmetrical System: A three-phase system is said to be symmetrical when three phase
voltage are of same frequency, equal in magnitude and displaced from one another by
equal phase angles (i.e. 120ο). See Phasor Diagram drawn above and three equations.
(b) Phase Sequence: A sequence in which three voltages will achieve their positive maximum
values is called phase sequence. Normally phase sequence is R-Y-B. For the arrangement
shown in Fig. in which the coils are rotating in anticlockwise direction, the phase sequence
is R-Y-B. The phase sequence determines the direction of rotation of Motors as we have
seen in Practicals on Three Phase Induction Motor.

Vb
eR eY eB

120ο

120ο Vr = Ph. Vol. (Ref)

. 120ο

Vy

The voltage between any two live conductors is often referred to as the “line voltage”.
The voltage to neutral, often referred to as the “phase voltage”, is the voltage between any
live conductor and the neutral point or earth of the system.

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(c) Balanced Load : The load is said to be balanced when loads in each phase are equal in
magnitude and identical in nature.

Impedance of all three phases same

in magnitude and nature. X3 R1

Z3 =10Ω Z1=10Ω
R3 X1

Z2=10Ω X2 R2

2.3 Star Connected balanced systems

Derive the relations between line values and phase values of voltage and current for a 3-
phase, balanced, star-connected, lagging power factor load. Sketch the phasor diagram of
these quantities. Derive also powers consumed by load.
Consider the balanced star-connected load.
Line voltages, VL = VRY = VYB = VBR {means supply is balanced}

Line currents, IL = IR = IY = IB
Phase voltages, Vph = Vr = Vy = Vb
Phase currents, Iph = Ir = Iy = Ib

1. Voltage relation:
To derive relation between VL and Vph, let us consider line voltage VL = VRY.
Applying Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law Between lines R and Y i.e. loop R-N-Y-R, we have,

- V r + V y + V RY = 0

Hence, V RY = V r - V y = V r + (- V y ) ……. (i)

Phasor sum of Phase voltage V r & (- V y ) is Line voltage VRY. See in Phasor dia.

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Similarly, V YB = V y - V b (ii)

and V BR = V b - V r (iii)

The phasor diagram will give relation between line voltage and phase voltage. Consider the
balanced Star-connected load of inductive in nature then current per phase will lag to
voltage per phase. Consider Phase current lags phase voltage by an angle φ.

VBR Vb - Vy VRY
Ib=IB

φο

60ο
-Vr φο Vr = Ph. Voltage (Ref)
Ir=IR
φο
Iy=IY - Vy VRY
B
Vy -Vb

O 30ο
A
VYB Vr

Phasor Diagram for STAR connection To find Voltage relation

VL
The perpendicular is drawn from point A on phasor OB representing VL. OC = CB = 2
Angle between Vr and –Vy is 60ο.
So ∠AOC = 30ο (i.e. OB bisects 60ο angle between Vr and –Vy)
VRY
OC
ο 2
From ∆ AOC, cos 30 = =
OA Vr
VRY
3 2 3 VL
= Vph =
2 Vr 2 2
VL = 3 Vph (1)

2. Current Relation: Since each supply line is connected to one phase of the load, obviously
IL= Iph (2)

Thus, line voltage is 3 times the phase voltage and line current and phase currents are same.
3. Power Relation: If load is balanced then
Total power consumed by Three Phase ckt., P3-ph = 3 × (Power consumed by single phase)
= 3 × (Vph Iph cosφ)

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VL
=3×( IL cosφ) {... VL= 3 Vph & IL= Iph}
3
P= 3 VL IL cosφ Watts

Similarly total reactive power, Q = 3 VL IL sinφ VAr

Similarly total apparent power, S = P 2 + Q 2 = 3 VL IL VA

Example: 01
Three identical coils each having resistance of 15Ω and inductance of 0.03H are
connected in Star across a three phase 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
(a) Line and Phase Voltage
(b) Line and Phase Current
(c) Power Factor and Power Factor Angle
(d) Active and Reactive Power Consumed [Same solved in Delta]
Solution: Given data,
Resistance per phase, Rph= 15Ω ,
Rph= 15Ω
Inductance per phase, Lph= 0.03 H VL= 400V Zph=17.62Ω

Given Line voltage, VL = 400V and f= 50Hz Lph=0.03H

Inductive reactance per phase, XLph = 2πfL= 2π×50×0.03

=9.425Ω VL= 400V

∴ Impedance per phase, Zph = R 2 + X L = 15 2 + 9.4252 = 17.72Ω

2

For star connection, we know that VL = 3 Vph

VL 400
∴ Vph = = = 230.94 V
3 3
Vph 230.94
(b) Phase current, Iph = = =13.03 A
Z ph 17.72

Also in star connection, IL= Iph ∴ IL=13.03 A

R ph 15
(c) Power factor of each phase of load= = = 0.846 lag {since load is R-L}
Z ph 17.72

Power factor angle, φ= cos-1(0.846) = 32.22ο Lag

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×13.03×0.846 = 7637.22 Watts

and Reactive power consumed, Q = 3 VL IL sinφ

= 3 × 400×13.03×sin(32.22ο) = 4813.18 VAr

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Example: 02
Three similar coils takes a power of 3 kW at 0.6 power factor when connected in star
to a 3 phase, 415 volt, 50 Hz supply. Calculate:
(1) Line currents and (2) Resistance and inductance of each coil.

Solution: Given data, Total power in 3-Ph, P= 3 kW,

Given power factor, cosφ= 0.6 Line voltage, VL = 415V
Rph= ?
and f= 50Hz VL= 415V Zph= ?
Xph= ?
Total active power consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ L=?

= 3 ×415× IL ×0.6
P 3000
∴ IL = = = 6.956 Amp VL= 415V
3 VL cos φ 3 × 415 × 0.6

In star connection, IL= Iph ∴ Iph= 6.956 Amp

For star connection, we know that VL = 3 Vph

VL 415
∴Vph = = =239.6V
3 3

Vph Vph 239.6

Phase current, Iph = ∴ Zph = = = 34.44 Ω
Z ph I ph 6.956

R ph
We know that Power factor, cosφ = (here pf given)
Z ph

∴ Resistance per phase of ckt., Rph = Zph cosφ= 34.44 ×0.6=20.67 Ω

Rph + X Lph
2 2
Impedance per phase, Zph =

∴ XLph = Z ph − R ph = 34.442 − 20.672 =27.55 Ω

2 2

X Lph 27.55
XL = 2πf L ∴L= = = 0.0877 H or 87.7 mH
2πf 100π
Example: 03
A balanced star connected load is supplied by 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz supply. Current
in phase is 20Amp and lags 30ο behind its phase voltage. Find:
(a) Power consumed by load
(b) Circuit parameters
(c) Load p.f.

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Solution: Given data, Phase current, Iph= 20A,

Iph=20A
power factor angle, φ= 30° (Iph lags) IL=Iph
Rph= ?
Line voltage, VL = 415V and f= 50Hz VL= 415V Zph= ?
Xph= ?
In star connection, IL= Iph ∴ IL= 20 Amp L=?

For star connection, we know that VL = 3 Vph IL= 20A

VL 415
∴Vph = = =239.6V VL= 415V
3 3

Vph 239.6 IL= 20A

Impedance per phase, Zph= = = 11.98 Ω
I ph 20

1) Load power factor, cosφ= cos(30°)= 0.866 lag

2) Total active power consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 ×415× 20×0.866 =12449.63 W ≈ 12500 Watts

R ph
3) We know that power factor, cosφ = =0.866
Z ph

∴ Resistance per phase of ckt., Rph = Zph cosφ= 11.98×0.866=10.375 Ω

Rph + X Lph
2 2
Impedance per phase, Zph =

∴ XLph = Z ph − Rph = 11.982 − 10.3752 =5.98997 Ω= 6 Ω

2 2

X Lph 6
XL = 2πf L ∴L= = = 0.0191 H or 19.1 mH
2πf 100π

2.4 Delta Connected balanced systems

Derive the relations between line values and phase values of voltage and current for a 3-
phase, balanced, Delta-connected, lagging power factor load. Sketch the phasor diagram of
these quantities. Derive also power consumed by load.

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Consider the balanced delta-connected load. If load is inductive in nature then current per
phase will lag to voltage per phase.

Consider the balanced star-connected load.

Line voltages, VL = VRY = VYB = VBR {means supply is balanced}

Line currents, IL = IR = IY = IB
Phase voltages, Vph = Vr = Vy = Vb
Phase currents, Iph = Ir = Iy = Ib

1. Voltage relation:
Since two supply lines are feeding to one phase of load, ∴ supply line voltage VL =
voltage per phase, Vph for delta-connected load.

i.e. VL = Vph ------------ (1)

2. Current relation:

To derive relation between IL and Iph, apply KCL at the node R of the load as shown in above
Fig.
∴ sum of current entering junction R = sum of current leaving it

Ib + I R = I r
∴ Line current, I R = I r - I b = I r + (- I b ) ……. (i)

Phasor sum of Phase Current I r & (- I b ) is Line Current IR. See in Phasor dia.
Similarly, at node Y and node B, we get

IY = Iy - Ir (ii)

I B = Ib - I y (iii)
The phasor diagram will give relation between line current and phase current.
As shown in Fig. Take phase voltage Vr as reference. Three-phase voltages are displaced
by 120° from each other

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IB
Vb =VBR

Ib
- Iy
φο
-
Ir
O Vr
φο Vr (Ref)=VRY Ir
Ir 30ο A
ο ο
IY φ 60

Iy - Ib C
IR - Ib
Vy=VYB
B IR

Phasor Diagram for DELTA connection To find Current relation

IL
The perpendicular is drawn from point A on phasor OB representing IL. OC = CB =
2
Angle between Ir and –Ib is 60ο.
So ∠AOC = 30ο (i.e. OB bisects 60ο angle between Ir and –Ib)
IL
OC ο
From ∆ AOC, cos 30 = = 2
OA I ph
IL
3 3 IL
= 2 I ph =
2 I ph 2 2
IL = 3 Iph ------------ (2)
3. Power Relation: If load is balanced then
Total power consumed by Three Phase ckt., P = 3 × (Power consumed by single phase)
= 3×(Vph Iph cosφ)
IL
= 3×( VL cosφ) {... VL=Vph & IL= 3 Iph}
3
P= 3 VL IL cosφ Watts

Similarly total reactive power, Q = 3 VL IL sinφ VAr

Similarly total apparent power, S = P 2 + Q 2 = 3 VL IL VA

Example: 04 [here load of Ex.1 taken in delta]
Three identical coils each having resistance of 15Ω and inductance of 0.03H are
connected in Delta across a three phase 400V, 50Hz supply. Calculate:
(a) Line and Phase Voltage
(b) Line and Phase Current
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(c) Power Factor and Power Factor Angle
(d) Active and Reactive Power Consumed
Solution: Given data,
Resistance per phase, Rph= 15Ω ,
Inductance per phase, L= 0.03 H VL= 400V Xph = 9.425Ω
Rph Zph =17.62
(a) Given Line voltage, VL = 400V and f= 50Hz
Rph= 15Ω
∴ Inductive reactance per phase, Xph = 2πfL= Xph
VL= 400V
=2π×50×0.03= 9.425Ω

∴ Impedance per phase, Zph = R2 + X L

2

= 15 2 + 9.4252 = 17.72Ω
For Delta connection, we know that VL = Vph
∴ Vph = 400 V
Vph 400
(b) Phase current, Iph = = =22.57 A
Z ph 17.72

Also in Delta connection, IL= 3 Iph = 3 ×22.57 = 39.1 Α ∴ IL=39.1 A

R ph 15
(c) Power factor of each phase of load= = = 0.846 lag {since load is R-L}
Z ph 17.72

Power factor angle, φ= cos-1(0.866) = 32.22ο {Current Iph lags Vph by 32.22 }
ο

(d) Active Power consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×39.1×0.846 = 22,917.53 Watts (appox. 3 times as in Ex.1)

We have, P∆ = 3 P hence proved.

and Reactive power consumed, Q = 3 VL IL sinφ

= 3 × 400×39.1×sin(32.22ο) = 14,443.23 VAr

Example: 05 (here Impedance in Rectangular form)
A three phase 400 V, 50 Hz supply is connected to a delta connected load which has
impedance of (15 + j12) Ω in each phase. Find : (1) line current (2) phase current (3)
active power (4) apparent power

Solution: Given data,

Resistance per phase, Rph= 15 Ω , VL= 400V Xph = 12Ω
Rph Zph= 19.21∠38.65ο
Inductive reactance per phase, Xph = 12 Ω
Rph= 15Ω
Given Line voltage, VL = 400V and f= 50Hz
Xph
VL= 400V
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Zph = 15 + j12= R+j XLph {if X is +ve then its XL ∴pf lags}

∴ Impedance per phase, Zph = R2 + X L

2

= 152 + 12 2 = 19.209Ω
∠38.65ο= Zph∠φ} Polar method
{OR Zph= 15 + j12= 19.21∠

For Delta connection, we know that VL = Vph

∴ Vph = 400 V
Vph 400
(1) Phase current, Iph = = =20.82A
Z ph 19.21

(2) Also in Delta connection, IL= 3 Iph = 3 ×22.82 = 36.06 Α ∴ IL=36.06 A

R ph 15
(3) Power factor of each phase of load= = = 0.781 lag {since load is R-L}
Z ph 19.21

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×36.06×0.781 = 19,511.8 Watts

(4) Apparent or total power consumed, S = 3 VL IL

= 3 × 400×36.06= 24,983.1 VAr

Example: 06
Prove that power taken by three phase balanced delta connected load is three times
to the power taken by same three phase balanced star connected load.

Solution: Consider that impedance of load is Zph in each phase having power factor
cosφ.
In star connected load, if Line voltage is VL1 then phase voltage is
VL1 Vph1
Vph1 = and phase current, Iph1 =
3 Z ph
Vph1 VL1
We know in star connection Line current, IL1= Iph1 ∴ IL1= =
Z ph 3 × Z ph
Active Power Consumed in Star, P = 3 VL1 IL1 cosφ
VL1
P = 3 VL1 × cosφ
3 × Zph
2
VL1
cosφ -----------------------(1)
P =
Z ph
If load impedance Zph is connected in delta across the same Line voltage is VL1 then phase
voltage, Vph2= VL1

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Vph2 VL1
Iph2 = =
Z ph Z ph

VL1
IL2= 3 Iph2= 3
Z ph
Active Power Consumed in Delta, P∆ = 3 VL1 IL2 cosφ

VL1
P∆ = 3 VL1 3 cosφ
Z ph
2
VL1
P∆ = 3 cosφ -----------------------------(2)
Z ph
2
VL1
Put cosφ = P, Active Power Consumed in Star connection in Eq” (2)
Z ph

We get, P∆ = 3 P hence proved.

Example: 07 (here Impedance in Polar form)

The three equal impedances of each of 10∠ 60ο Ohms are connected in star across 3-
phase, 400 volts 50Hz supply. Calculate :
(1) Line Voltage and Phase Voltage
(2) Power Factor and Active Power consumed
(3) If the same three impedances are connected in delta to the same source of
supply what is the active power consumed ?

Solution: Given data, Zph = 10∠+60ο =Zph∠φ = 5 + j8.66 = R+ j XLph {if Z in polar form, then
V/Z becomes easy}
Given Line voltage, VL = 400V and f= 50Hz

For star connection, we know that VL = 3 Vph

VL 400
∴ Vph = = =230.94 V
3 3

If voltage per phase is taken as reference, then V ph = Vph∠0ο = 230.94∠0ο

Vph 230.94∠0 °
(2) Phase current, I ph = = =23.094∠-60ο A {i.e. if V ph is taken as ref. then Iph lag}
Z ph 10∠60 °

In star connection, IL= Iph ∴ IL=23.094∠-60ο Amp

Power factor of each phase of load= cosφ = cos(60ο)= 0.5 lag {since load is R-L}

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×23.094×0.5 = 7999.996 ≅ 8000 Watts or 8 kW

(3) Power drawn by load in Delta, P∆= Three times power drawn by same load in Star

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P∆ = 3 P= 3× 8kW = 24 kW
Other method
Same can verified as, if load impedance Zph = 10∠+60ο is connected in delta then,

VL = Vph = 400V, if Vph is taken as ref. then V ph = Vph∠0ο= 400∠0ο

Vph 400∠0°
Phase current, I ph = = °
=40∠-60ο A {here also Iph lag}
Z ph 10∠60

In delta connection, IL= 3 Iph ∴ IL= 3 ×40 = 69.28 Amp

Power factor of each phase of load= cosφ = cos(60ο)= 0.5 lag {since load is R-L}

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×69.28×0.5 = 24000 Watts or 24 kW

Example: 08
Three 100Ω non inductive resistance are connected in (1) Star (2) Delta across a
400 V, 50 Hz, 3 phase supply. Calculate the power taken from supply system in each
case. In the event of one of three resistances getting open- circuited, what would be
the value of total power taken from the mains in each of the two cases?

Solution: Given data, Zph = 100 Ω Given Line voltage, VL = 400V and f= 50Hz

For star connection, we know that VL = 3 Vph

VL 400 IL
∴Vph = = =230.94 V
3 3 Rph
VL
Vph 230.94
Phase current, I ph = = =2.3094 A
Z ph 100

Here Vph & Iph are in phase, since impedance per phase is non-inductive resistor.
In star connection, IL= Iph ∴ IL=2.3094 Amp
Power factor of each phase of load= cosφ = cos(0ο)= 1 {since load is pure R}

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×2.3094×1= 1599.999 ≅ 1600 Watts or 1.6 kW

(2) Power drawn by load in Delta, P∆= Three times power drawn by same load in star
P∆ = 3 P= 3× 1.6kW = 4.8 kW
Other method
Same can verified as, if Zph = 100 Ω is connected in delta then,
VL = Vph = 400V,

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Vph 400
Phase current, I ph = = =4 A
Z ph 100

In delta connection, IL= 3 Iph ∴ IL= 3 ×4 =6.928 Amp

Power factor of each phase of load= cosφ = cos(0ο)= 1 {since load is pure R}

Active Power Consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ

= 3 × 400×6.928×1= 4800 Watts or 4.8 kW

(3) In the event of one of three resistances getting open- circuited in

star then as shown in fig. circuit becomes single phase ckt. With
supply voltage as V= 400V, Two resistor comes in series therefore
current drawn in star, I= V/2R = 400/200= 2 Amp
∴ Total power consumed, P = VI cosφ= 400×2 =800 W

In the event of one of three resistances getting open- circuited in

delta then as shown in fig. each phase of load is connected to two
supply lines i.e. to 400V, therefore current drawn by one phase, I=
V/R = 400/100= 4 Amp
∴ power consumed by one phase = VI cosφ =400×4=1600 W
and power consumed by two phases = 2×1600 =3200 W
Example: 09
A 3-phase balanced delta connected load takes leading current of 22 Amp from a 3-
phase, 440V, 50 Hz supply. The power consumed by load is 9 kW. Calculate the
values of resistance and capacitance in each phase.
Solution: Given data, Total power in 3-Ph,
IL= 22Amp
P= 9 kW, Line voltage, VL = 440V , IL = 22 A
VL= 440V Xph = ?
and f= 50Hz Rph Zph =?

Total active power consumed, P = 3 VL IL cosφ Rph= ?

Xph
P 9000
∴ cosφ = = = 0.537 lead VL= 440V
3 VL I L 3 × 440 × 22
For Delta connection, we know that VL =
Vph
∴ Vph = 440 V

Also in delta connection, IL= 3 Iph ∴ Iph= IL / 3 = 12.7 Amp

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Vph 440
∴ Impedance per phase, Zph = = = 34.64 Ω
I ph 12.7

R ph
We know that power factor, cosφ =
Zph

∴ Resistance per phase of ckt., Rph = Zph cosφ= 34.64×0.537=18.6 Ω

R ph + X Cph
2 2
Impedance per phase, Zph =

∴ XCph = Z ph − R ph = 34.642 − 18.6 2 =29.22 Ω

2 2

1 1 1
XC = = ∴C= = 1.089×10-4 F
2πfC 100πC 100π × 29.22

2.5 Three-phase, 4 Wire System

This system employs four conductors and is widely used in all areas where it is considered
economical to supply large amounts of energy for industrial and domestic purposes.

The system is shown in Figure below – R, Y and B are the active conductors and N is the
neutral which is connected to the “star point” of the transformer. It is usual for the “star
point” to be earthed as shown.

Ref:-https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/current-systems-voltage-levels

Fig.- Three-phase system with earthed neutral

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Figure shows the line and phase voltages in a three-

phase system. The neutral point is usually earthed at the
supply end (for protection and safety reasons) and each
live conductor is then at a definite potential to earth.

The standard voltage between actives is 415V, while the

voltage between any one of the actives, (A, B and C
respectively) and the neutral is 240V.

Three-phase system with earthed neutral

A four-wire system allows you to have phase voltages or line to ground voltages. ... Three
phase four wire system can be used as single phase by utilizing one phase and neutral. But in
three phase three wire there is no neutral.

Generally on Power distribution side three phase four wire system is more preferable, yet if the
load is industrial loading(balanced mainly by induction motor/furnace etc.) three phase three
wire is used. In three phase four wire system, with domestic unbalanced load, as unbalanced
current get path through neutral, the phase/line voltage applied to appliances remains as per
requirement, and hence the better performance is obtained. As neutral does not shift and remains
at ground potential better voltage regulation is obtained even in fault condition, on any phase,
and complete black out can be avoided.

This system can feed both balanced three phase loads as well as unbalanced three loads and
single phase loads. The neutral wire provides a path for out-of-balance current. Therefore, even
though currents are unbalanced, phase voltages are balanced. Three phase four wire system is
the common distribution system for domestic supplies because it gives a choice of single phase
voltage as well as three phase voltages; and allows unbalances too.

2.6 Three Difference between neutral and ground conductors

Interestingly, neutral and earth are both grounded wires with one subtle difference,
that is neutral is grounded where the transformer is located and earth is a local
ground beside a house with an access to electricity.
Live wire is the one which emits electrons from it, capable of flowing electron to conducting
material. Neutral wire is the one where no electricity is produced this is wire from where voltage
is measured with live wire. In power transformer there are three windings for three phase all
three windings one end are tied together and this tied together point is called neutral or central
point of three windings. Our earth is a good conductor of electricity. Many time while live wire
connected to instrument may get touched to instrument body causing electrical shock to person
to prevent this shock earthing is connected to the body of instrument and other end of earthing
wire is inserted in the earth 10 feet deep with copper plate and coals to get perfect earth. So if

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there is any fault in live wire electricity the earthing wire absorb the current. Earth wire is used
as a safety feature. Never connect neutral to the earth wire

Image source: Google image search

http://eee-resetsg.blogspot.com/2016/04/neutral-vs-earth.html

2.7 Safety measures in electrical system

2.8 Types of wiring

2.9 Active and Reactive Power measurement in single and three

phase balanced system.

Please see another PDF file attached for Power

measurement.

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