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ACTIVITY -1

ASSEMBLING AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

Aim
To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (Ohms law circuit).

Apparatus
A voltmeter, Ammeter, Battery eliminator, rheostat, An unknown resistance wire, connecting wires, a piece of sand
paper.
Circuit Diagram

Procedure

1. Connect the components as shown in diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.
3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resistor, to measure the potential difference.
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5. Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.

Utility
It is used for measuring an unknown resistance.

ACTIVITY -2

CORRECTING AN OPEN CIRCUIT

Aim
To Draw the Diagram of a Given Open Circuit Comprising at Least a Battery, Resistor/Rheostat, Key, Ammeter
and Voltmeter. Mark the Components that are not Connected in Proper Order and Correct the Circuit and Also the
Circuit Diagram.

Principle
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An electrical circuit is functional only if all the components of the circuit are connected in proper order, assuming
that all circuit components/devices are in working condition and key is closed.

An open circuit means a break in some part of a circuit which could be deliberate such as a key in open position or
a fault such as broken wire or burnt out component(s) or loose connection.

Apparatus
A voltmeter, Ammeter, Battery eliminator, rheostat, An unknown resistance wire, connecting wires, a piece of sand
paper.
Circuit Diagram-open circuit

Circuit Diagram-corrected circuit

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Procedure
Ammeter: It should be connected in series, with the battery eliminator.
Voltmeter: It should be connected in parallel to the resistor.
Rheostat: It should be connected in series (in place of resistance coil) with the battery eliminator.
Resistance coil: It should be connected in parallel (in place of rheostat).
One way key: It should be connected in series to the battery eliminator.
Draw the correct circuit diagram.
Connect the electrical components according to corrected circuit diagram.
Close the key in the circuit to verify if the corrected circuit is functional.
Conclusion
Correct circuit diagram is drawn and accordingly the circuit components are to be connected in proper order.
ACTIVITY -3

VARIATION IN POTENTIAL DROP WITH LENGTH OF WIRE

AIM
To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
APPARATUS
Potentiometer, battery eliminator of constant voltage, Battery eliminator, voltmeter and ammeter of suitable
range, plug key, jockey, rheostat, connecting wires, etc.
PRINCIPLE
If a steady current is flowing through a wire of uniform area of cross section and having its resistance per unit
length constant, potential drop V across two points of the wire is directly proportional to the length l between those
two points.
Vαl
V =φ l
𝑉
Where φ = is called potential gradient.
𝑙

PROCEDURE
1. Set up the electrical circuit as shown
2. Connect positive terminal of the battery to point A (zero length) of the potentiometer.
5. Now close the key K and press the jockey at point B. Adjust the rheostat to get full scale deflection in voltmeter.
6. When jockey is pressed at point A, you will get zero deflection in the voltmeter.
7. Now press the jockey at 100 cm and note the corresponding voltmeter reading.
8. Repeat your observation by pressing the jockey at various lengths like 200 cm, 300 cm etc
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OBSERVATIONS
Range of the voltmeter = 10 V
Least count of the voltmeter = 0.1V

Zero error = 0V
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S NO Length of wire Voltmeter reading Potential gradient

l V
φ=
𝑉
𝑙
volts
cm
V/cm
1 100 0.5 0.005
2 200 1 0.005
3 300 1.5 0.005
4 400 2 0.005

RESULT
The Potential gradient is a constant. This shows that the potential difference is proportional to the length for steady
current.

ACTIVITY -4

LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

AIM

To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on a LDR (Light Dependent Resistor).
APPARATUS

LDR, lamp, connecting wires, Digital multimeter

PRINCIPLE

Light dependent resistor or a photoresistor is a device that is sensitive to light. Its resistance varies according to the
intensity of light incident on it.

It is made from a semiconductor material with light resistors to have light sensitive properties, one such materials
is, cadmium sulphide. LDR has a high resistance due to the fact that majority of electrons are locked into the crystal
lattice and not free to move.

As light falls on the lattice, some of the electrons get sufficient energy to break free the crystal lattice to conduct
electricity. A typical LDR has a resistance of 1 MΩ in total darkness and a few hundred ohm resistance in bright
light.

OBSERVATIONS

S NO Distance of LDR from Resistance of LDR

lamp
1 10cm 1.5kΩ
2 20cm 1.9kΩ
3 30cm 4.6kΩ
4 40cm 7.5kΩ
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PROCEDURE

Set up a lamp on a fixed stand in vertical position facing LDR.

Adjust LDR normally below the lamp at about 10 cm (say)

Set the digital multimeter in the Kiloohm range. Note the multimeter reading.

Change he distance between lamp and LDR to 20 cm, 30cm etc and repeat the reading.

RESULT

As distance increases, intensity of incident light decreases and resistance of LDR increases.

ACTIVITY -5

REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH A GLASS SLAB

AIM

To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

APPARATUS

Drawing board, rectangular glass slab, white sheet of paper, adhesive tape (cello-tape), drawing pins, a metre scale,
alpins, protractor, sharp pencil and eraser.

PRINCIPLE

When a ray of light is incident on a rectangular glass slab, it is refracted through it. It emerges out of the slab
parallel to the direction of the incident ray. The emergent ray suffers only a lateral displacement. For a given angle
of incidence and a pair of media, the lateral deviation is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab.

RAY DIAGRAM

PROCEDURE

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with the help of cello-tape or drawing pins.

2. Place the glass slab at the centre of the paper sheet and mark its boundary PQRS

3. Draw a normal at a point on the face PQ.

Draw the incident ray, making an angle i=300 the angle of incidence with the normal.
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4. Fix two alpins A and B with sharp tips, about 8 to 10 cm apart, vertically on the incident ray.

5. Observe the images of the two pins through the face opposite of the glass slab.

6.Fix two more alpins C and D with their tips in line with the tips of the images of A and B.

7.Remove the pins and complete the diagram as shown.

8.Measure the angle of incidence i, angle of emergence e with a protractor and lateral displacement.

9.Repeat the activity with different thickness

RESULT

1. The ray of light emerging from a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray direction, but is laterally deviated.

2. The lateral deviation of the emergent ray with respect to the incident ray is directly proportional to the thickness
of the glass slab.

ACTIVITY -6

IMAGE FORMATION BY CONVEX LENS

AIM
To find the image distance for varying object distances in case of a convex lens and draw corresponding ray
diagrams to show the nature of image formed.

MATERIALS REQUIRED
A thin convex lens, a lens holder, white screen, a small candle a meter scale

THEORY
The position, nature and size of the image of an object formed by a thin convex lens depends on the position of the
object with respect to its optical centre and can be studied by using New Cartesian Sign Convention and drawing
the corresponding ray diagrams.
A real, inverted image of an object can be focussed on a screen placed on the other side of the convex lens if the
object is placed beyond the focus of the convex lens as shown below.

The nature, position and size of the image can be noted and measured from the optical centre of the convex lens.

PROCEDURE

1. Fix a thin convex lens on a lens holder and place it vertically on the table.
2. Place the semi-transparent paper screen in a vertical position fitted to a stand on the right hand side of the
convex lens.
3. Mount the candle in a stand.
4. Set-up the arrangement as shown above.
5. Place the lighted candle at different positions from the lens with respect to F and 2F and study the image in each
case.
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OBSERVATIONS

Approximate focal length of the thin convex lens, F = 10 cm

2F = 20cm

RESULT

As the object is moved from infinity towards the optical centre of the convex lens,

● the image distance increases gradually and

● size of image also increases gradually.