QRC 2024 :: SOIL MECHANICS

Saturday, December 16, 2023 11:10 AM

1. PROPERTIES OF SOILS

 Phase Diagram

water Air

water

Solid Solid Solid

Saturated (2-Phase) Dry (2 - Phase)

1. Water Content (w) 2. Void Ratio (e) 3. Porosity (n) 4. Degree of Saturation (S) 5. Air Content (ac)

(voids cannot be zero ; agar 100%

voids hua to pura glass m voids
hoga there will be no solids in the 6. % Air Voids
glass so Vv will be less than
100%)

(More in fine grained soil bcz no of voids is more )

d) Submerged unit weight or Buoyant unit weight

7. Unit Weight/density b) Dry unit weight

a) Bulk/Total unit weight

c) Saturated unit weight

The unit of bulk unit weight is weight per unit

volume.

e) unit weight of solids

8. Specific Gravity (G/Gs) Mass/Bulk/Apparent specific gravity

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SOUL OF SOIL

(s = 0)

(s = 1)

@ Note :: In Mixing/Transportation of soil Ws & Vs remains same.

# Index properties of Soil helps in classification and Identification of soil.

1.Water content 2. Unit weight 3. Specific Gravity 4. Particle size distribution 5. Consistency 6. Sensivity 7. Thixotropy 8. Activity 9. Collapsibility

1. Water Content :: Water content can be determined using any of the following methods.
Oven
A. Oven Drying Method W = (Moist -dry) / Dry

B. Sand bath Method C. Alcohol Method D. Calcium Carbide Method E. Radiation Method F. Torsion Balance Method G. Pycnometer Method
& Infrared Method

@ Pycnometer Method (For Specific Gravity)

Pycnometer Method (For Water Content)

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Well graded

Poorly graded/
Uniformly graded

Gap graded

Well graded SAND Cu > 6

Well graded gravel Cu > 4

Cu = 1 or Cu < 2 --- uniformly

5. Consistency (For Fine grained Soil)

Consistency represents relative ease with which a soil can be deformed.

# Liquid Limit (WL) - It is the minimum water content at which soil has tendency to flow.

# Liquid Limit (Wp) :: The water content at which

soil sample changes from semi solid to plastic state
is known as Plastic limit.

# Shrinkage limit (Ws) :: It is the smallest value of

water content at which soil mass is completely
saturated. It means that below shrinkage limit, soil
is partially saturated.

# Plasticity Index (Ip)

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# Relative Consistency or Consistency Index (Ic) # Liquidity Index (I ) Consist. Descript. Ic IL
Liquid Liquid <0 >1
Plastic Very soft 0 - 0.25 0.75-1
soft 0.25 - 0.5 0.5-.75
Med. soft 0.5 - 0.75 0.25-0.5
stiff 0.75 - 1.0 0 -0.25
Semi solid Very stiff >1 <0
or hard
solid Hard or >1 <0
very hard

# Toughness Index (IT)

Properties Relationship # Density Index (ID)
Governing Parameters
Plasticity ∝ Plasticity index

Better Foundation ∝ Consistency index

Material upon Remoulding
Compressibility ∝ Liquid limit

Rate of loss in shear ∝ Flow index

Strength with increase In
water content
Strength of plastic limit ∝ Toughness Index

6. Sensitivity 7. Thixotropy - with time regain of lost strength at 8. Activity

same water content.

9. Collapsibility : Volume decrease with increase in water content.

2. CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS

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 Step - 03) Plasticity Chart

CL, CI, CH, ML, MI, MH, OL, OI, OH

3. EFFECTIVE STRESS

SHORT TERM

LONG TERM

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4. Permeability and Seepage analysis
The permeability of a soil is a property
which describes quantitatively, the
ease with which water flows through
that soil.

FACTORS
PERMEABILITY OF A STRATIFIED SOIL B) Average permeability of soil in
A) Average permeability of the soil in which flow is perpendicular to
which flow is parallel to bedding plane. bedding plane.

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5. Compressibility and Consolidation

Coefficient of Compressibility Coefficient of Compression Coefficient Recompression

METHOD TO FIND 𝑪𝒗

Coefficient of Symbol Formula 1. SQUARE ROOT OF TIME FITTING

1) Compressibility av ∆𝒆
⎯⎯⎯
∆𝝈
2) Compression ∆𝒆
Cc ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ T90 = Time factor at 90% consolidation
𝝈𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈 ⎯⎯⎯
𝝈𝟏 t90 = time at 90% consolidation
d = length of drainage path
3) Recompression Cr ∆𝒆
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝝈𝟐
𝒍𝒐𝒈 ⎯⎯⎯ 2. LOGARITHM OF TIME FITTING
𝝈𝟏
METHOD
4) Volume Mv 𝒂𝒗
Compressibility ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝟏 + 𝒆°
5) Consolidation Cv 𝒌
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝒎𝒗 𝜸𝒘 T50 = Time factor at 90% consolidation
t50 = time at 90% consolidation

TERZAGHI'S 1-D CONSOLIDATION DEGREE OF CONSOLIDATION

1. SATURATED
2. HYDRODYNAMICALLY
PLASTIC LAG
3. SOLIDS - INCOMPRESSIBLE

4. 1D - VERTICAL DIRECTION ONLY

TIME FACTOR

5. SMALL STRESS INCREMENT

(𝒂𝒗 and Cv is constant )

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 Initial Settlement

𝐻 (𝜎 − ∆𝜎)
𝑆 = ⎯⎯⎯𝑙𝑜𝑔 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
𝐶 𝜎
 Primary Settlement

 Secondary Settlement

 Elastic Settlement

6. Shear Strength of Soil

Stage 01 :: Undrained Stage 02 :: Drained

Stage 01 Stage 02
Unconsolidated Undrained X X Clay in short term
UU Test
Consolidated drained Clay in long term/
CD Test Sand in short & long term
Consolidated Undrained X Sudden Drawdown
CD Test

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 (One way shearing)

(Two way shearing)

Direct Shear Test

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7. Earth Pressure

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8. STABILITY OF SLOPE

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 9. Foundation Engineering

Terzaghi's Theory

For Strip

Square

Circular

Rect./
Raft

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 STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

Plate Load Test

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 **********
PILE FOUNDATION

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Case (a) end bearing piles

1. Assume an imaginary raft at the base of pile group.

2. Ho
3. 𝜎° at the center of compressibility layer.
4. Load distribution in 2V : 1H. (n = 1/2)
𝑞𝐵 𝑄 𝑄
∆𝜎 = ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯= ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
(𝐵 + 2𝑛𝑧) (𝐵 + 2𝑛𝑧) (𝐵 + 𝑧)
5.

Case (b) Piles are embedded or when piles are friction piles.

1. Assume an imaginary raft at 2/3 L from GL.

2. Remaining steps are same as (a).

NEGATIVE SKIN FRICTION

UNDER REAMED PILE

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