Graduation Project

2019

ZagazigUniversity, Mechanical Power Department.

Faculty of Engineering,
4th year.

Graduation Project
School HVAC Design

Under supervision :

Prof.Dr. Sayed Ahmed El Sayed

Prof.Dr. Emad Zidan
Dr. Mohamed Attia
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Team Members

Ahmed Elsayed Mohamed

Goerge Elhamy Youssef Ahmed Elsayed Abdo

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Ahmed Hossam Abdullatif Omnia Nasser Mahmoud

Mahmoud Abdullatif Mohamed Omar Mahmoud Fouad

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Mohamed Ahmed Hassan

Mohamed Ali Mostafa Hassan Mohamed Hassan

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Khaled Mohamed El-Shafey

Abd El-Rhman Atef Elsayed Ahmed Hussieny Mohamed

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Graduation Project Report submitted to Zagazig University,

faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Power Department,
Zagazig, Egypt in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.Sc.)
Date of Presentation : 6. July 2019
Supervisors:
Prof. Dr. Sayed Ahmed El Sayed …............ signature
Professor at Mechanical Power Engineering Dept., Faculty of
Engineering, Zagazig University.

Prof. Dr. Emad Zidan …............ signature

Professor at Mechanical Power Engineering Dept., Faculty of
Engineering, Zagazig University.

Dr. Mohamed Attia …............ signature

Doctor at Mechanical Power Engineering Dept., Faculty of
Engineering, Zagazig University

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The contents Page

1-Introduction 8
2-Building Data 12
3-Load estimation: 17
a-Hap 21
b-Revit 25
c- Manual 29
4-Error estimation 33
5- Air Conditioning Systems 35
6-System and equipment selection 74
7- Duct design 82
8-Air outlets selection 95
9-Duct and air outlets drawing using 109
Revit
10-Results 117
11-Tables 118
12-References 129

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1.Introduction

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What is HVAC?

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)

equipment perform heating and/or cooling for residential,
commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC system may
also be responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to
dilute interior airborne contaminants such as odors from
occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) emitted
from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning,
etc. A properly designed system will provide a
comfortable indoor environment year round when
properly maintained.

How does my AC work?

An air conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as is passes over a
cold coil surface. The indoor coil is an air-to-liquid heat exchanger with
rows of tubes that pass the liquid through the coil. Finned surfaces
connected to these tubes increase the overall surface area of the cold
surface thereby increasing the heat transfer characteristics between
the air passing over the coil and liquid passing through the coil. The
type of liquid used depends on the system selected. Direct-expansion
(DX) equipment uses refrigerant as the liquid medium. Chilled-water
(CW) can also be used as a liquid medium. When the required
temperature of a chilled water system is near the freezing point of
water, freeze protection is added in the form of glycols or salts.
Regardless of the liquid medium used, the liquid is delivered to the
cooling coil at a cold temperature.

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In the case of direct expansion equipment, the air passing over the
indoor cooling coil heats the cold liquid refrigerant. Heating the
refrigerant causes boiling and transforms the refrigerant from a cold
liquid to a warm gas. This warm gas (or vapor) is pumped from the
cooling coil to the compressor through a copper tube (suction line to
the compressor) where the warm gas is compressed. In some cases, an
accumulator is placed between the cooling coil and the compressor to
capture unused liquid refrigerant and ensures that only vapor enters
the compressor. The compression process increases the pressure of the
refrigerant vapor and significantly increases the temperature of the
vapor. The compressor pumps the vapor through another heat
exchanger (outdoor condenser) where heat is rejected and the hot gas
is condensed to a warm high pressure liquid. This warm high pressure
liquid is pumped through a smaller copper tube (liquid line) to a filter
(or filter/dryer) and then on to an expansion device where the high
pressure liquid is reduced to a cold, low pressure liquid. The cold liquid
enters the indoor cooling coil and the process repeats.

As this liquid passes through the indoor cooling coil on the inside of the
heat exchanger, two things happen to the air that passes over the coil’s
surface on the outside of the heat exchanger. The air’s temperature is
lowered (sensible cooling) and moisture in the air is removed (latent
cooling) if the indoor air dew point is higher than the temperature of
the coil’s surface. The total cooling (capacity) of an AC system is the
sum of the sensible and latent cooling. Many factors influence the
cooling capacity of a DX air conditioner. Total cooling is inversely
proportional to outdoor temperature. As the outdoor temperature
increases the total capacity is reduced. Air flow over the indoor cooling
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coil also affects the coil’s capacity and is directly proportional to the
total capacity of an AC system. As air flow increases, the total capacity
also increases. At higher air flow rates the latent capacity of the cooling
coil is reduced. Indoor temperature and humidity also affect the total
capacity of the AC system. As indoor temperatures increase, the
sensible capacity also increases. Similarly, as indoor relative humidity
increases the latent capacity of the AC system increases. Manufacturers
of AC equipment typically provide a “performance map” of specific
equipment to show how total, sensible, and latent capacity change with
changing indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidity. Power
consumption and energy efficiency are also provided in these charts.

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2.Building Data

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The architectural drawing:

a) first floor:

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b) second floor

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C)3D

The project:
*In this project we will make full hvac system design for ahool in
Cairo, Egypt .
The school involves:
44 classes, 2 bookroom, 2 workroom, 2 special education, 5
offices , 1 copy , 2 reception , 1 breakroom , 1 nurse office ,2
counselor , 1 resource , 1 gym , 1 cafeteria , 1 library .

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Overall heat transfer coefficient from architectural

drawing:

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3.load Estimation

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OBJECTIVE
Cooling load calculations may be used to accomplish one or more
of the following objectives:
a) Provide information for equipment selection, system sizing and
system design.
b) Provide data for evaluating the optimum possibilities for load
reduction.
c) Permit analysis of partial loads as required for system design,
operation and control.

SIZING YOUR AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM

Concepts and fundamentals of air conditioner sizing is based on

heat gain, and/or losses in a building. It is obvious that you will
need to remove the amount of heat gain - if it is hot outside.
Similarly, you'll need to add inthe heat loss from your space - if
outside temperature is cold. In short, heat gain and loss, must be
equallybalanced by heat removal, and addition, to get the desired
room comfort that we want.

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The heat gain or heat loss through a building depends

on:
a. The temperature difference between outside temperature and
our desired temperature.
b. The type of construction and the amount of insulation is in your
ceiling and walls. Let's say, that you have two identical buildings,
one is build out of glass, and the other out of brick. Of course the
one built with glass would require much more heat addition, or
removal, compared to the other - given a same day. This is
because the glass has a high thermal conductivity (U-value) as
compared to the brick and also because it is transparent, it allows
direct transmission of solar heat.
c. How much shade is on your building’s windows, walls, and
roof? Two identical buildings with different orientation with respect
to the direction of sun rise and fall will also influence the air
conditioner sizing.
d. How large is your room? The surface area of the walls. The
larger the surface area - the more heat can loose, or gain through
it.
e. How much air leaks into indoor space from the outside?
Infiltration plays a part in determining our air conditioner sizing.
Door gaps, cracked windows, chimneys - are the "doorways" for
air to enter from outside, into your living space.
f. The occupants. It takes a lot to cool a town hall full of people.
g. Activities and other equipment within a building. Cooking? Hot
bath? Gymnasium?

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h. Amount of lighting in the room. High efficiency lighting fixtures

generate less heat.
i. How much heat the appliances generate. Number of
powerequipments such as oven, washing machine, computers,
TV inside the space; all contribute to heat.

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3.a- using HAP:

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What is HAP?
Carrier’s Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) is a computer tool which
assists engineers in designing HVAC systems for commercial
buildings. HAP is two tools in one. First it is a tool for estimating
loads and designing systems. Second, it is a tool for simulating
building energy use and calculating energy costs. In this capacity
it is useful for LEED®, schematic design and detailed design
energy cost evaluations. HAP uses the ASHRAE transfer function
method for load calculations and detailed 8,760 hour-by-hour
simulation techniques for the energy analysis.This program is
released as two separate, but similar products. The “HAP System
Design Load”program provides system design and load
estimating features. The full “HAP” program provides the same
system design capabilities plus energy analysis features. This
Quick Reference Guide deals with both programs.

HAP System Design Features:

HAP estimates design cooling and heating loads for commercial
buildings in order to determine required sizes for HVAC system
components. Ultimately, the programprovides information
needed for selecting and specifying equipment. Specifically, the
program performsthe following tasks:
•Calculates design cooling and heating loads for spaces, zones,
and coils in the HVAC system.
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•Determines required airflow rates for spaces, zones and the

system.
•Sizes cooling and heating coils.
•Sizes air circulation fans.
•Sizes chillers and boilers

HAP Energy Analysis Features:

HAP estimates annual energy use and energy costs for HVAC and
non-HVAC energy consuming systems in a building by simulating
building operation for each of the8,760 hours in a year. Results of
the energy analysis are used to compare the energy use and
energy costs of alternate HVAC system designs so the best design
can be chosen. Specifically, HAP performs the following tasks
during an energy analysis:
•Simulates hour-by-hour operation of all heating and air
conditioning systems in the building.
•Simulates hour-by-hour operation of all plant equipment in the
building.
•Simulates hour-by-hour operation of non-HVAC systems
including lighting and appliances.
•Uses results of the hour-by-hour simulations to calculate total
annual energy use and energy costs.Costs are calculated using
actual utility rate features such as stepped, time-of-day and
demand charges, if specified.

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•Generates tabular and graphical reports of hourly, daily, monthly

and annual data.

HAP Useful Applications:

The program is a powerful tool for designing systems and sizing system
components. HAP can easily handle projects involving:

• Small to large commercial buildings;

• Systems including rooftops, central air handlers, WSHPs, GSHPs,
fan coils, VRF, chilled water and hot water plants and more;
• Many types of constant volume and VAV system controls;
• Small office buildings, retail stores, strip shopping centers,
schools, churches, restaurants, large office buildings, hotels, malls,
hospitals, factories, and multi-use buildings; and
• New design, retrofit or energy conservation work.

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3.b- using Revit:

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Revit MEP Basic: Heating and Cooling Load

Calculation
After you create spaces and zones, you can start using Heating and
Cooling Loads tool. This tool is available in Revit ribbon> Analyze tab>
Report & Schedules> Heating and Cooling Loads.

Click Heating and Cooling Loads. Revit opens the Heating and Cooling
Loads dialog. If you have spaces in your model, you should see them in
the preview on the left pane. The spaces are shown green. Review to see
if there are spaces are not defined yet. You can zoom and orbit the view
like in Revit views.

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Change the parameter’s value as necessary. After you finish, click the
details tab. In details tab, you can check for warnings. You can also
change the parameter for each space.

Examine each space. You can see the space is highlighted when you
click a space in the list. Change the Space Type and the parameters as
necessary.

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When you are finished, click Calculate. Revit needs some time to
complete the calculation. When it’s finished, Revit will open the
calculation result.

The calculation result is now available under Reports> Load Reports.

Summary

Heating and Cooling load calculation can help you analyze the model.
This is the part of I in BIM. It’s not only a 3D model, but also provides
information.

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3.c- Manual method:

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The manual calculation method steps:

1- Calculate the amount of heat transferred through the walls,
ceilings, floors, doors and windows from the following
relationship QT = U * A * DT
2 - Calculation of the amount of heat due to solar radiation
from the following relationship QS = A * U * DTS + [A* W/m2*SC]
3 - Calculation of internal loads:
A-persons from the following relationship QP = No of person*
W/person
B- Machines from the following relationship Qm = N * W/machine
C- Lighting from the following relationship QL = A * W/m2
4. Ventilation load calculation:
A-Occupancy ventilation rate method from the following
relationship: Qv=[N*(L/S/person)*10^-3] m^3/s
B-Crack method from the following relationship:
Qv=L/S/m*perimeter
C-Air Change method from the following relationship:Qv = n .A .H
D- Space area ventilation rate method from the following
relationship:Qv=A*L/s/m^2 .

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Load estimation using Excel sheet:

1501-1503-1505-1507-1509 CLASSROOM todb=38, towb=21, tidb= 24, 50%RH

1-Transimition load QT = U * A * DT Summer

2 2
Surface U, w/m k A, m to ti Δt Q,W
wall N 1.3 17.67 38 24 14 321.594
S 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 0 0 0 0 0
Window N 6.8 3 38 24 14 285.6
S 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 0 0 0 0 0
Door N 0 0 0 0 0 0
S 0 0 0 0 0 0
E 0 0 0 0 0 0
W 0 0 0 0 0 0
Celling 0 0 0 0 0 0
Floor 1.725 51.7 38 24 14 1248.555
Sum 1855.749

2- Heat of sun
QS = A * U * DTS + [A * W/m2*SC]
Orientaion U A Ts W / m2 SC Q,w
Wall N 1.3 17.67 3 68.913
Glass 6.8 3 0 78 0.95 222.3
sum 291.213
Wall s 0
Glass 0
sum 0
Wall E 0
Glass 0
sum 0
Wall W 0
Glass 0
sum 0
Celling 0 0 26 0
Glass 0
sum 0
sum total 291.213

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3- Heat of occupancy
QP = No of person (QPS + QPL)
Number of People
Qsensible, w/person
Qlatent, w/person Qtsensi Qtlatent sum
37 75 40 2775 1480 4255

4- Heat of light

W / m2 Afloor Qlight
20 51.7 1034
5- Heat of machine

Numb of mach w / mach Qmach

37 36 1332

6- Heat of ventelation Qv = mv (ho -hR)

1- Ocupancy ventilation rate Q=[n (L/S/person)10-3] m3/s
Numb. Pepol (L/s/person) Qa (m 3/s) Summer
3
37 4.7 0.1739 vo (m /kg) 0.8
2- Air change method Qv = n.A.H ho - hi (kj/kg) 12.5
Number air change/HOUR H, room heigh, mQa (m 3/s)
A, floor area, m2 Δt ('c) 14
2 51.7 2.74 0.0786989 Qa (m 3/s) 0.1739
3- Crack method (Infiiltraton rate) Qv=L/S/m*L, m ma (kg/s) 0.2174
L/S/m L, m Qa (m 3/s) Qv total (W) 2717.188
Door 6.5 2 0.013 Qs (W) 3058.466
Window 6.5 7.02 0.04563 QL (W) -341.279
sum 0.05863
4- Space area ventilation rate Qv=A*L/s/m2
Space area (m2) (L/s/m2) Qa (m 3/s)
51.7 3 0.1551

Cooling sensible load 10346.428

Cooling latent load 1138.721
Cooling load , w 11485.1495
duct heat 1148.51495
Cooling load total , w 12633.66445
Cooling load total , TR 3.609618414
Room sensible heat factor0.909866116

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4-Error Estimation:

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HAP load (T.R) Manual load (T.R) Revit Load (T.R)

314.4 325.1 316.7

|𝑯𝑨𝑷 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅|

% Manual ERROR =
𝑯𝑨𝑷 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
|𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟒−𝟑𝟐𝟓.𝟏|
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟑. 𝟒%
𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟒

|𝑯𝑨𝑷 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅−𝑹𝒆𝒗𝒊𝒕 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅|

% Revit ERROR =
𝑯𝑨𝑷 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅
|𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟒−𝟑𝟏𝟔.𝟕|
= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓%
𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟒

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5- Air Conditioning Systems:

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Abstract

HVAC systems are milestones of building mechanical systems that

provide thermal comfort for occupants accompanied with indoor air
quality.

HVAC systems can be classified into central and local systems

according to multiple zones, location, and distribution.

Central HVAC systems locate away from buildings in a central

equipment room and deliver the conditioned air by a delivery ductwork
system. Central HVAC systems contain all-air, air-water, all-water
systems.

Local HVAC systems can be located inside a conditioned zone or

adjacent to it and no requirement for ductwork. Local systems include
local heating, local air-conditioning, local ventilation, and split systems.

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∎ 𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 (𝑫𝑿)

In the DX system the air used for cooling the room or space is directly
passed over the cooling coil of the refrigeration plant. In the direct
expansion or DX types of air central conditioning plants the air used for
cooling space is directly chilled by the refrigerant in the cooling coil of
the air handling unit.
Since the air is cooled directly by the refrigerant the cooling efficiency
of the DX plants is higher. However, it is not always feasible to carry the
refrigerant piping to the large distances hence, direct expansion or the
DX type of central air conditioning system is usually used for cooling the
small buildings or the rooms on the single floor.

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Advantages of Direct Expansion System

Low installation costs.

Minimum ceiling or wall space needed.

Low energy consumption

Low maintenance costs.

Comfort under varying load conditions
Low noise level (NC 35)
High Running cost
Low Initial cost
Easy for maintenance

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Split Unit
Mini Split

1-High wall

High Wall Split Systems have an indoor wall mounted unit and an
outdoor compressor, and depending on the application, can be ground or
wall mounted. Split systems have refrigeration pipe work and electrical
cabling run between the indoor and outdoor units which made of copper,
1 3 1 5
its diameters ( , , , ).
4 8 2 8

Cooling Capacity is higher than window unit (12,000 - 36,000 Btu/Hr)

…. (1.5 – 5 HP)

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Air conditioners are fitted at higher levels on the walls of a room in

order to produce quick cooling in the room. This is because the cooled
air from the AC comes down and the warm air from below rises up.

Advantage

1) Low noise which the compressor installed outside the space and no
need for large hall in the wall.
2) The level of outside unit is lower than the level of inside unit so, the
oil in the compressor not mixing with the refrigerant.

2- Floor and
Ceiling

It consists of such as high wall unit:

Indoor unit – Outdoor unit – Piping (copper) – Cables
It is preferred installing on wall because the cooled air outside from
indoor unit with high denisty blows down and the warm air rises up.

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Advantage

Flexible Installation, ceiling suspended and floor standing

Low noise such as high wall unit
Cooling capacity is higher than high wall unit up to 40,000 Btu/Hr
This type can be used in restaurant and commercial sectors.

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3- Floor
Standing

Floor standing (Free-Standing) air conditioners allow you to quietly cool

specific areas of your business which consists of the indoor unit can be
placed at any corner of the room, the outdoor unit is installed outside the
house to throw out the warm air.
Floor-mounted air conditioning units provide a unique advantage in that
they can be installed in locations where no wall or ceiling space is
available so are often installed in cafeterias, convenience stores, large
reception rooms and hotel foyers. This type can be used in places with
large height and no fresh air.

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Advantage

∎𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑢𝑙, 𝐹𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝐹𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟

∎𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
∎𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑠 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 80,000 𝐵𝑡𝑢/𝐻𝑟(7 𝑡𝑜𝑛)

4- Cassette

It works the same way as wall-hung split system units, with the
difference being that cassettes are installed into the ceiling instead of on
the wall. The indoor unit itself sits flush to your ceiling and distributes
conditioned air through two, three or four sides of the unit. The inside
unit has a small pump which pushes the water into the nearest drain, the
inside unit is similar as square diffuser. The air throw of this type
reaches into 3m.
They’re most commonly installed in commercial or office areas, they
tend to be more powerful than wall-mounted systems. Cassette units
tend to be more expensive than other systems.
Cooling capacity up to 4 ton (36,000-48,000 Btu/Hr)

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Advantages Disadvantages

• Low-profile and unobtrusive • Limited installation

options

• Able to distribute air throughout a • Expensive to operate

room

• Powerful cooling capabilities • Less suited to smaller

spaces

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5- Ceiling Concealed
Ducted

Concealed Ducted Units consists of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit

installed in the ceiling space. Air is disturbed from the indoor unit by
duct to one or more air vents.
Fresh air is a requirement in commercial premises. With these systems,
fresh air can easily be introduced and mixed in with the conditioned air.
Air outlets are quick and easy to install, and can be moved relatively
easily should air distributed requirements change in the future.
Several rooms can be air conditioned by one indoor unit and zoning is
available as an option. Zoning allows you to control which rooms you
want to air condition at any particular time.
Cooling capacity up to 7 ton(18,000-80,000 Btu/Hr). A wall-mounted
thermostat provides convenient control. This type can be used in hotels,
restaurant and banks.

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6- VRF System

Is a Variable Refrigerant Flow:

The term variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the system to
control the amount of refrigerant flowing to each of the evaporators,
enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and
configurations, VRF systems are essentially larger, more complex,
versions of direct expansion (DX) split systems much like the one you
likely have in your home.
The diagram below indicates how a single outdoor VRF condensing unit
can serve various styles of indoor units (wall mounted, ceiling cassette,
concealed ducted.
This sophisticated new VRF HVAC technology is capable of providing
not only cooling, but also heat, and even both simultaneously to different
areas within the space. The use of multiple indoor units provides the
ability to create zones that can be individually controlled. What’s more,
these VRF systems are very quiet and energy-efficient because the
variable-speed compressor runs only at the capacity needed for the
current conditions.

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VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems which connect one
outdoor section to several evaporators. However, multi-split systems
turn OFF or ON completely in response to one master controller,
whereas VRF systems continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each
indoor evaporator. The control is achieved by continually varying the
flow of refrigerant through a pulse modulating valve (PMV) whose
opening is determined by the microprocessor receiving information from
the thermistor sensors in each indoor unit. The indoor units are linked by
a control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the demand from
the indoor units by varying its compressor speed to match the total
cooling and/or heating requirements.
VRF systems promise a more energy-efficient strategy (estimates range
from 11% to 17% less energy compared to conventional units) at a
somewhat higher cost.

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Central Split

It consists of two units: The first, the indoor unit is similar as ceiling
concealed ducted which installed in ceiling, the second, the outdoor unit.
Central air conditioners circulate cool air through a system of supply
and return ducts. Supply ducts and registers (i.e., openings in the walls,
floors, or ceilings covered by grills) carry cooled air from the air
conditioner to the home. This cooled air becomes warmer as it circulates
through the home; then it flows back to the central air conditioner
through return ducts and registers.
A central air conditioner is either a split-system unit. In a split-system
central air conditioner, an outdoor metal cabinet contains the condenser
and compressor, and an indoor cabinet contains the evaporator.

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Central air conditioners are more efficient than room air conditioners. In
addition, they are out of the way, quiet, and convenient to operate. Large
cooling capacity up to 50 ton
To save energy and money, you should try to buy an energy-efficient air
conditioner and reduce your central air conditioner's energy use. In an
average air-conditioned home, air conditioning consumes more than
2,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. Central air conditioning is
used for cooling big buildings, houses, offices, entire hotels, gyms,
movie theaters, factories.

Package Unit

Packaged units are different from these setups in one main way: all of
the heating and cooling components are housed within one single unit,
rather than being split up. Typically these units are installed outside of
the home, either on the ground or the roof.
These units function in the same way that central air system do, except
that the single unit is connected to both the supply and return air ducts
(in central air systems, the ducts are attached to various components in
your home). The input air is processed through the compressor and coils
to cool it, and is then pushed through the duct system. The packaged air
conditioners are used for the cooling capacities between5 to 10 ton.
Since packaged units are installed outside the home, they are a great
option for those needing heating and cooling without sacrificing indoor
space.

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Benifits

∎𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 − 𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
∎𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
∎𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑡
∎Vulnerable to Damage ∶
The flip side of the convenience of an all − in
− one system is that it can be more easily damaged by severe weather
or nosy animals.

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Window
Unit

Window air conditioner is sometimes referred to as room air conditioner

as well. It is the simplest form of an air conditioning system and is
mounted on windows or walls. ... The evaporator side is located facing
the room for cooling of the space and the condenser side outdoor for
heat rejection.
Cooling capacity ranging from 12,000to 24,000 (Btu/Hr)…. UP to 3 HP

Advantage

∎Easy Maintenance
∎𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∎𝐶ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒

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Window air conditioners are priced lower than other types of air
conditioners making it an affordable option. It is now rarely installed in
commercial buildings as the installation of the unit requires an exterior
wall or window right behind the unit. A window air conditioner is that it
uses lesser amount of Freon gas.
Modern units have more features like ventilation and energy efficiency.
Moreover a window air conditioner can last longer and does not require
much maintenance as they seldom breakdown. They are also compact in
size since all the components are packed in a single unit unlike a split
unit that has an indoor as well as an outdoor unit. If the room is large
then a window air conditioner will not capable of cooling the entire
space evenly.

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Central
Package

Packaged AC Unit (PACU) is only one unit usually installed outside the
building (ROOF or ground) nobody will be disturbed or affected while
doing the maintenance servicing while Central Split Unit or DX unit has
two (2) components; one above or inside the ceiling and the other
outside also which will require the area. Definitely Central Package unit
is easy to maintain than the central split. Capacity of package up to 50
ton.

The compressor, coils, and air handler are all housed in a single-box
cabinet. The packaged air conditioner can also provide some warmth by
using an electrical heating strip. A packaged heat pump uses heat pump
technology to cool and heat your home.

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Roof Top

As the name indicates, a rooftop air conditioner is a packaged system

that resides on the roof of your home. It not split, and ties directly into
your ductwork from its place on the roof. Like traditional split-system
air conditioners, rooftop ACs comes in different sizes to accommodate a
range of properties.
Rooftop conditioner is a self-contained unit which is usually installed on
the rooftop of a commercial building. The type of unit can be for cooling
only, heating only or a combination of both. Departmental stores,
cinemas and supermarkets are ideal buildings for this type of air
conditioning.

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As these units are installed outdoor, they must be designed to withstand

tough conditions such as strong gust of winds, rain and direct sunlight.
Paint coating used is of suitable grade to withstand these harsh weather
conditions

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Benefit

• Less dirt and debris – the outdoor unit of a split-system air

conditioner can accumulate a great deal of dirt, dust and yard debris
just from its placement on the ground. A rooftop air conditioner is
not exposed to the same elements, and there is less dirt and dust,
allowing for a rooftop unit to stay cleaner than a ground-based one.
• Better security – sadly, it is not unusual for air conditioners to be
vandalized for individual parts. Installing a rooftop air conditioner
makes it virtually impossible for your AC to become a victim of
vandalism.
• Safer from damage – ground units can be more exposed to damage
from a variety of sources: yard appliances, broken trees/limbs,
children’s activities – the list can be long. Having your unit on top
of your roof keeps it far away from ground activity that could be
detrimental.
• Quieter– while many outdoor units have made great strides in
noise reduction, the fact is you will still hear a ground unit make
some noise. Placing your air conditioner on the roof puts it out of
earshot, giving you more peace and quiet.

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Air Handling Unit

(AHU)

Air handling units, which usually have the acronym of (A.H.U) are
found in medium to large commercial and industrial buildings.
They are usually located in the basement, on the roof or on the floors of
a building. AHU’s will serve a specified area or zone within a building
such as the east side, or floors 1 – 10 or perhaps a single purpose such as
just the buildings toilets. Therefore, it’s very common to find multiple
AHU’s around a building.
Some buildings, particularly old high rise building, will have just one
large AHU, usually located on the roof. These will supply the entire
building. They might not have a return duct, some older designs rely on
the air just leaking out of the building. This design isn’t so common
anymore in new buildings because it’s very inefficient, now its most
common to have multiple smaller AHU’s supplying different zones. The
buildings are also more air tight so we need to have a return duct to
regulate the pressure inside the building.

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Air handling units’ condition and distribute air within a building. They
take fresh ambient air from outside, clean it, heat it or cool it, maybe
humidify it and then force it through some ductwork around to the
designed areas within a building. Most units will have an additional duct
run to then pull the used dirty air out of the rooms, back to the AHU,
where a fan will discharge it back to atmosphere. Some of this return air
might be recirculated back into the fresh air supply to save energy.

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Chiller System

∎𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

∎𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
∎𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
The chiller will usually be located either in the basement or on the roof
and this depends on what type of chiller is used. Roof top chillers are
usually “Air cooled” whereas basement chillers are usually “Water
cooled” but they both perform the same function which is to generate
cold water for air conditioning by removing the unwanted heat from the
building. The only difference is how the chiller discards the unwanted
.heat

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Air Cooled
Chiller

Air cooled chillers are very common, especially in small to medium size
commercial and office type buildings. They are usually located
externally, either up on the roof or at ground level. This is because Air
Cooled Chillers do not use cooling towers, instead they dump their heat
into the ambient air and therefore need access to a lot of fresh air, in
order to reject the unwanted heat from the building. Air cooled chillers
consume around 10% more power than a water-cooled unit; wet surfaces
are better at transferring heat than dry surfaces.

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Benifits

• No cooling towers
• Better environmental stability-no water wastage
• Low maintenance costs
• Easier to operate and control-tower freezing and tower bypass
absent
• Chemical costs avoided
• Water costs avoided, especially in cities
• No water problems to deal with in case of disaster

Drawbacks

∎𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

∎𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
∎𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑚𝑎𝑥. 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 500 𝑡𝑜𝑛)

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2- Water
Cooled Chiller

The evaporator of the chiller is where the “chilled water” is generated.

The “chilled water” leaves the evaporator at around 6°C (42.8°F) and is
pushed around the building by the chilled water pump. The chilled water
flows up the height of the building to each floor in pipes known as
“risers”. These pipes are known as risers.

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The chilled water branches off the risers into smaller diameter pipes
which head to the fan coil units (FCU’s) and Air Handling Units
(AHU’s) to provide air conditioning. The AHU’s and FCU’s are
basically boxes with fans inside that suck air in from the building and
push it across the heating or cooling coils to change the temperature of
the air and then push this air back out into the building. The chilled
water enters the AHU/FCU and passes through the cooling coil (a series
of thin pipes) where it will absorb the heat of the air blowing across. The
chilled water heats up and the air blowing across it cools down. When
the chilled water leaves the cooling coil it will now be warmer at around
12°C (53.6°F). The warm chilled water then heads back to the
evaporator, via the return riser, and once it enter the evaporator a
refrigerant will absorb the unwanted heat and move this over to the

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condenser. The chilled water will then leave cool again, ready to
circulate around the building and collect more unwanted heat.
Condenser water
The condenser of the chiller is where the unwanted heat is collected
before being sent to the cooling towers. A refrigerant passes between the
evaporator and the condenser to move all the unwanted heat. Another
loop of water, known as “condenser water”, passes in a loop between the
condenser and the cooling tower. The refrigerant collects the heat from
the “chilled water” loop in the evaporator and moves this to the
“condenser water” loop in the condenser.
The condenser water enters the condenser at around 27°C (80.6°F) and
will pass through, collecting heat along the way. By the time it leaves
the condenser it will be around 32°C (89.6°F). The condenser water and
the refrigerant never mix, they are always separated by the pipe wall,
heat just transfers through the wall. Once the condenser water has passed
through the condenser and picked up the unwanted heat, it will head up
to the cooling towers to dump this heat and return cooler ready to collect
more heat.

Benefits

∎𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 (𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑).

∎𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒, 𝐼𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟.
∎𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡.
∎𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦.

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Drawbacks

∎𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

Cooling Tower

The cooling tower is usually located up on the roof and is the final
destination for the unwanted heat in the building. The cooling tower
contains a large fan which blows air through the unit. The condenser
water is pumped up to the cooling towers and it is sprayed into the air
stream. The cool ambient air will enter and come in direct contact with
the spray of condenser water (in an open cooling tower) this will allow
the heat of the condenser water to transfer into the air and this air is then
blown out into the atmosphere. The condenser water then collects and
heads back to the chillers condenser ready to collect more heat. Also,
cooling towers can be used to provide comfort cooling for large
commercial buildings like airports, schools, hospitals, or hotels.

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TYPES OF COOLING
TOWER

1) Natural Draught Cooling Tower:

In this type of cooling tower, fan is not used for circulating air but here,
by enclosing the heated air in the chimney and it will create pressure
difference between heated air and surrounding air. Because of this
pressure difference air enters in to the cooling tower. It requires large
hyperbolic tower, so capital cost is high but operating cost is low
because of absence of electrical fan. There are two types of natural
draught cooling tower, rectangular timber tower and reinforced concrete
hyperbolic

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2) Mechanical or Forced Draught Cooling Tower

In this type of cooling tower, fan is used to circulate the air. When
power plant runs on peak load, it requires a very high rate of cooling
water. To rotate fan, it uses motor with speed around 1000 rpm.
Working principle is same as natural draught cooling tower, only
difference is that here fan is mounted on the cooling tower. If fan is
mounted on the top of the tower is called as induced draught cooling
tower which is most popular for very large capacity installation and
requires large capacity of fan. So, forceddraught cooling tower contains
horizontal shaft for the fan and it is placed at bottom of the tower and
induced draught cooling tower contains vertical shaft and it is placed at
top of the cooling tower.
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Chillers according to type of

compressor

1-Reciprocating
Compressor

Advantage:
∎𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 100 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.
∎𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠.
∎𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑠.
∎𝑆𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 200 𝑇. 𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠.

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Disadvantage:Type equation here.

∎𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
∎𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∎𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

2- Rotary or Screw Chillers

Like reciprocating chillers, are positive-displacement compressors.

Rotary chillers are available in capacities ranging from 20 to 2,000 tons.
Rotary chillers more efficient than reciprocating chillers.
Less efficient than centrifugal chillers.

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Advantage:
∎𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
∎𝐿𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑣𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Disadvantage:
∎𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑)
∎Reciprocating chillers are less expensive to purchase and install.

3- Centrifugal Chillers

Available in capacities ranging from 90 to 1000 tons.

Centrifugal chliiers cost lower than screw chillers by 10 to 15 % at the
same operation.
Centrifugal chillers are the most efficient at peak load.

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6-System and equipment

selection:

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System selection:
• After the calculations of the cooling Loads we find that:
1- Cooling load for the entire building is 1069.5 KW = 315.3 TR.
Required supply air flow rate is
245,587.8 m3/h = 144,546 CFM.
Dividing these loads into three basic sections:
A- Cooling load of first floor (west side) is 357.2 KW = 112.9 TR.
With supply air flow rate equal to 82,173 m3/h = 48,365 cfm.
B- Cooling load of Cafeteria, Gym, Library and its related offices is
303.5 KW = 86.3 TR.
With supply air flow rate equal to
70,084.8 m3/h = 41,250 cfm.
C- Cooling load of the second floor is 408.8 KW = 116.1 TR.
With supply air flow rate equal to
93,330 m3/h = 54,931 cfm.
• After these calculation we decided to choose the type of HVAC system
form two types of system
• First system is chilled water system and the second one is DX system.

Basically, in large centralize air conditioning units model design are

equipped with water cooled or air cooled condenser plus fan coil
units or air handling units. However, for medium application spaces,
these are some weaknesses:

- Complicated system design such as: Chilled water system and

condensing water system.
- Preventative maintenance or treatment for the water system
must be provided to avoid scaling and leakage.

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- High installation cost and long set up installation period.

To eliminate the above conveniences, Carrier Company has

developed another advanced product of air cooled direct expansion
conditioning units. The refrigeration cycle connects the four basic
components of the refrigeration cycle (Compressor, Condenser,
Expansion device and Evaporator) directly in a single unit without
any water system application. No only provide the simple clean
solution but also energy saving for equipment.

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The reasons for dividing the cooling load on three units:

1- Reliability:
When the system works on more than one unit, it will be more reliable
than it works on one unit.

That’s because when the system relies on single large unit, the
reliability is low

Because if there is any failure occurs to any part of the unit, this will
stop the whole system until we make the required maintenance to the
failed part.

And to increase the reliability we need to add another unit as a

standby, so this will increase the capital cost of the system. However,

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when we divide the load on three sections and use an individual unit
for each section, this will decrease the size of the required unit and also
will increase the reliability of the system.

Because when any failure occurs to any part of one the units, this will
only stop one unit and the system will still work on the other two units
and the standby unit until we make the required maintenance for the
failed unit and also the cost of fixing or replacing the failed part of the
small unit will be lower than the cost used for the large one.

And also we use only a medium unit (120 TR) as a standby instead of
using a large chiller (300 TR) which will decrease the initial cost.

2- Control:
The second reason for dividing the system to three sections is to
increase the ability of system control.

When each section relies on an individual unit, this will make each
section works as independent system which will works independently
of the other systems.

This will help to control each system alone and will help to control the
properties of the supplied air to each system individually.

And also will help to switching on/off and maintenance of each system
independently.

3- Efficiency:
The third reason for dividing the system to three sections is to increase
the efficiency of system.

How…….?

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When we calculated the cooling load of the building, we designed it

based on the maximum load, assuming that the system will work on the
maximum load all the day all the season.

But in real, the situation is different.

Because of the change in the temperature difference during the day

and the change of the nature of activities through the building spaces
like as: classrooms, offices, gym, library and cafeteria where some of
these spaces such as: gym, library and cafeteria will not on full load all
the day.

This will make the system work on part load almost the time.

So if we choose to put the entire load on a single large unit, it will not
be efficient and will increase the energy consumption which in turn will
increase the operating cost.

But when divide the load on three units, this will make the system more
efficient when it works on part load as we can use each unit
independently, so this will increase the efficiency of the system and
reduce the energy consumption and operating cost and also increase
the life time of the units and make the system more economical.

According to these features, the system will be:

1- More efficient.
2- Better control.
3- Economical.
4- With high reliability.

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6- Duct design:

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DUCT SYSTEM
A duct system is an assembly whose primary function is to convey air
between specified points. ASHRAE categorizes duct systems as either
single path or dual path. Systems should be designed using accepted
engineering practice and data such as that in the four ASHRAE Handbooks
and the SMACNA HVAC Duct Systems Design manual.

A duct system may contain ducts under positive and negative pressure. Air
velocities will vary within the system. At coils and filters , the velocity may
vary from below 1000 rpm (5.08m/s) to over 3000 rpm (15.24 m/s). Velocity
in duct mains and branches can be at constant (high or low) or varying
levels. With the many available systems sizing methods (e.g., equal friction,
static regain, velocity reduction, total pressure) and system types,
performance cannot be economically optimized unless the designer selects
construction details appropriate for the given pressure and velocity.

GENERAL PERFORMANCE REQUIAREMENTS FOR

ALL AIR DUCTS
In fulfilling the function of moving air, the duct assembly must satisfy certain
fundamental performance criteria. Elements of the assembly are sheets,
reinforcements, seams, and joints. Theoretical and/or practical limits for the
following criteria must be considered for the duct assembly and its
elements.

1. Dimensional stability (shape deformation and strength).

2. Containment of the air being conveyed (leakage control).
3. Vibration (fatigue and appearance).
4. Noise (generation, transmission).
5. Support (alignment and position retention).
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6. Seismic restraint.
7. Thermal conductivity (heat gain or loss and condensation
control).

Types of Air Duct

Air ducts can be classified into four types according to their
transporting functions:
1. Supply duct. Conditioned air is supplied to the conditioned space.
2. Return duct. Space air is returned
(a) To the fan room where the air-handling unit is installed
(b) To the packaged unit.
3. Outdoor air duct. Outdoor air is transported to the air-handling unit,
to the fan room, or to the space directly.
4. Exhaust duct. Space air or contaminated air is exhausted from the
space, equipment, fan room, or localized area.

-Each of these four types of duct may also subdivide into headers,
main ducts, and branch ducts or run outs.

Header is that part of a duct that connects directly to the supply or

exhaust fan before air is supplied to the main ducts in a large duct
system.

Main ducts have comparatively greater flow rates and size, serve a
greater conditioned area, and, therefore, allow higher air velocities.

Branch ducts are usually connected to the terminals, hoods, and

supply outlets, return grilles, and exhaust hoods.

Vertical duct is called a riser. Sometimes, a header or a main duct is

also called a trunk ..

MATERIAL
-When a designer chooses the shape (round, rectangular, or flat oval
duct) or material (galvanized sheet, aluminum, fiberglass, or other

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materials) of an air duct, the choices depend mainly on the space

available, noise, cost, local customs and union agreements,
experience, quality, and the requirements of the project.

-In many high-rise commercial buildings, factory-fabricated round

ducts and sometimes flat oval ducts with spiral seams are used
because they have fewer sound problems, lower air leakage, and
many configurations of ways and tees available for easier pressure
balance.

-Round ducts also have the advantage of high breakout transmission

loss at low frequencies. For ducts running inside the air conditioned
space in industrial applications, metal rectangular ducts are often
chosen for their large cross-sectional areas and convenient
fabrication.

-Round ducts are often used for more demanding projects .In
projects designed for lower cost, adequate duct insulation, and sound
attenuation, fiberglass ducts may sometimes be the optimum
selection

FIRE PROTACTION
The design of air duct systems must meet the requirements of
National Fire Codes NFPA 90A,Standards for the Installation of Air
Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, Warm Air Heating and Air
Conditioning Systems, and Blower and Exhaust Systems as well as
local codes. Refer to these standards for details.

The following are some of the requirements:

●the duct material discussed must be made of class 0 or class 1
material. Also the duct coverings and linings—including adhesive,
insulation, banding, coating, and film covering the outside surface
and material lining the inside surface of the duct must have a flame
spread rating not over 25 and a smoke development rating not over
50 except for ducts outside buildings.
Supply ducts that are completely encased in a concrete floor slab not

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less than 2 in (50 mm) thick need not meet the class 0 or class 1
requirement.

● Vertical ducts more than two stories high must be constructed of

masonry, concrete, or clay tile.

● When ducts pass through the floors of buildings, the vertical

openings must be enclosed with partitions and walls with a fire
protection rating of not less than 1 h in buildings less than four stories
high and greater than 2 h in buildings four stories and higher.

● Clearances between the ducts and combustible construction and

material must be made as specified in NFPA 90A.

● the opening through a fire wall by the duct system must be

protected by (1) a fire damper closing automatically within the fire wall
and having a fire protection rating of not less than 3 h or (2) fire doors
on the two sides of the fire wall. A service opening must be provided
in ducts adjacent to each fire damper. Many regulatory agencies have
very rigid requirements for fire dampers, smoke
dampers, fire/smoke dampers in combination, and smoke venting.

● When a duct penetrates through walls, floors, and partitions, the

gap between the ducts and the walls, floors, and partitions must be
filled with noncombustible material to prevent the spread of flames
and smoke.

● Duct systems for transporting products, vapor, or dust in industrial

applications must be constructed entirely of metal or noncombustible
material. Longitudinal seams must be continuously welded, lapped
and riveted, or spot-welded on maximum centers of 3 in. (75 mm).
Transitions must be 5 in. (125 mm) long for every 1-in. (25-mm)
change in diameter. Rectangular ducts may
be used only when the space is not available and must be made as
square as possible.

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RECTANGULAR DUCT
For the space available between the structural beam and the ceiling
in a building, rectangular ducts have the greatest cross-sectional
area. They are less rigid than round ducts and are more easily
fabricated on-site. The joints of rectangular ducts have a
comparatively greater percentage of air leakage than factory-
fabricated spiral-seamed round ducts and flat oval ducts, as well as
fiberglass
ducts. Unsealed rectangular ducts may have an air leakage from 15
to 20 percent of the supply volume flow rate. Rectangular ducts are
usually used in low-pressure systems.
The ratio of the long side a to the short side b in a rectangular duct is
called the aspect ratio Ras.
The greater Ras, the higher the pressure loss per unit length as well
as the heat loss and heat gain per unit volume flow rate transported.
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In addition, more labor and material are required.

Galvanized sheet or, more precisely, galvanized coated steel sheet,
and aluminum sheet are the materials most widely used for
rectangular ducts. To prevent vibration of the duct wall by the
pulsating airflow, transverse joints and longitudinal seam
reinforcements are required in ferrous metal ducts.

ROUND DUCT

-For a specified cross-sectional area and mean air velocity, a round

duct has less fluid resistance against airflow than rectangular and flat
oval ducts. Round ducts also have better rigidity and strength.

- The spiral- and longitude-seamed round ducts used in commercial

buildings are usually factory-fabricated to improve the quality and
sealing of the ductwork. The pressure losses can be calculated more
precisely than for rectangular ducts, and result in a better balanced
system.

- Air leakage can be maintained at about 3 percent as a result of well-

sealed seams and joints. Round ducts have much smaller radiated
noise breakout from the duct than rectangular and flat oval ducts.

OVAL DUCT

Flat oval ducts have a cross-sectional shape between rectangular

and round.
They share the advantages of both the round and the rectangular
duct with less large-scale air turbulence and a small depth of space
required during installation. Flat oval ducts are quicker to install and
have lower air leakage because of the factory fabrication.

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FLEXIBLE DUCT

Flexible ducts are often used to connect the main duct or the diffusers
to the terminal box. Theirflexibility and ease of removal allow
allocation and relocation of the terminal devices. Flexible ducts are
usually made of multiple-ply polyester film reinforced by a helical
steel wire core or corrugated aluminum spiral strips. The duct is often
insulated by a fiberglass blanket 1 or 2 in.

FIBERGLASS DUCT

Fiberglass duct boards are usually made in 1-in. (25-mm) thickness.

They are fabricated into rectangular ducts by closures.

A fiberglass duct with a 1.5-in. (38-mm) thickness may be used in the

Gulf area of the United States where the climate is hot and humid in
summer, to minimize duct heat gain.
Round molded fiberglass ducts are sometimes used.

DUCT INSULATION

Duct insulation is mounted or inner-lined to reduce heat loss and heat gain
as well as to prevent the condensation on the outer surface of the duct. It is
usually in the form of duct wrap (outer surface), duct inner liner, or
fiberglass duct boards. Duct liner provides both thermal insulation and
sound
attenuation. The thickness of an insulation layer is based on economical
analysis.

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DUCT SIZING METHODS

Duct sizing determines the dimensions of each duct section in the air
duct system.

After the duct sections have been sized, the total pressure loss of the
air duct system can then be calculated, and the supply, return or relief
fan total pressure can be calculated from the total pressure losses of
the supply and return duct systems and the pressure loss in the air-
handling unit or packaged unit.

Duct-sizing methods are currently used:

1. Equal-friction method with maximum velocity

2. Constant-velocity method

EQUAL – FRICTION METHOD

-This method sizes the air duct so that the duct friction loss per unit
length pf.uat various duct sections always remains constant. The final
dimensions of sized ducts should be rounded to standard size.

-The total pressure loss of the duct system pt,in in. WC (Pa), equals
the sum of the frictional
losses and dynamic losses at various duct sections along the critical
path:

CONSTANT – VELOCITY METHOD

The constant-velocity method is often used for exhaust systems that

convey dust particles in industrial applications.

This method first determines the minimum air velocity at various duct
sectionsthe constant-velocity method is often used for exhaust
systems that convey dust particles in industrial applications. This
method first determines the minimum air velocity at various duct
sectionsaccording to the requirement to float the particles, either by

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calculation or by experience. On the basis of the determined air

velocity, the cross-sectional area and, therefore, the dimension of the
duct can be estimated and then rounded to a standard size.

The total pressure loss of the duct system pt, inin. WC (Pa), along the
critical path can be calculated as

BY USING EQUAL FRICTION METHOD

➢Manual Method
1- Determine velocity and Quantity of air.

2- Enter chart (Friction chart for air) and make intersection between
them to get

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friction loss (inches of water per 100 ft& help us to determine power of
fan) and
get Round Duct Size.
3- When get Round duct size enter table to convert from round size to
rectangular
size (Circular equivalent of rectangular Duct).
4- After we know available depth we can use above false ceiling (tiles
or gypsum
board) we enter with that depth and make intersection with round size
then get length of duct ,all rectangular duct dimension should be even
numbers By using duct sizing

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➢BY USING DUCT SIZING

1-Determine air flow rate from AHU then select suitable velocity according
to
application from table
2- Determine the maximum available depth above false ceiling
3- Enter in duct seizer program Flow Rate, Velocity and available depth
4- Then get the other dimension and friction drop value
5- Fix Friction drop Value and enter it and the remain amount of flow rate
and fix
depth or width then see velocity is suitable take those dimension if not
change
dimension
6- Repeat the above steps to get the other Sections dimensions.

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8-Air outlets selection:

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Space Air Diffusion

Proper selection of air diffusion devices requires basic knowledge of

the mechanics of room air distribution.

Primary Air

Primary air is defined as the conditioned air discharged by the supply

outlet. This air provides the motive force for room air motion.

Total Air

Total air is defined as the mixture of primary air and entrained room
air which is under the influence of supply outlet conditions .This is
commonly considered to be the air within an envelope of 50 fpm [0.25
m/s] (or greater) velocity. The temperature difference between the
total air and the room air creates buoyant effects which cause cold
supply air to drop and warm air to rise.

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Terminology :

Throw :Is the distance from outlet device to appoint in the air stream cross
section has been reduced to a selected terminal velocity (.25 m/s ).

Diffuser : refers to ceiling mounted air delivery devices which diffuse the supply
air along the ceiling and induce the room air from below .

Register : are similar to diffusers except that they are designed and used for
floor or side wall air supply application .

Grille : are simply decorative covers for return air inlets they are used to block
sightlines so that occupants cannot see directly into return air openings a grille
is different from a register in that it usually doesnot have a volume control
damper .

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SUPPLY OUTLETS AND RETURN INLETS

-The proper type of supply outlet for a conditioned space is largely

determined by the architectural setup of the room, the airflow pattern
needed, the indoor environmental requirements, and the load
conditions.

- Five types of supply outlets are currently used: grilles and registers,
ceiling diffusers ,slot diffusers, light troffer diffusers, and nozzles. A
window sill outlet is actually a type of grille mounted at the top of a
fan coil.

Grilles and Registers

-The term grille is commonly applied to any air outlet or intake that
consists of a square or rectangular face and neck and whose facial
appearance is made up of stationary or adjustable louvers which may
be used to deflect the air.

-A register is simply a grille which incorporates an integral damper for

air volume control.

-Supply grilles and registers usually have adjustable louvers and are
available in single or double deflection models.

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Supply grille and register: (a) grille, front view; (b) single-deflection, vertical vanes; (c)
double-deflection register, with vertical and horizontal vanes.

Ceiling Diffusers
-A ceiling diffuser consists of a series of concentric rings or inner
cones made up of vanes arranged in fixed directions and an outer
shell or frame.

-Ceiling diffusers can be round ,square, or rectangular. Square

diffusers are most widely used.

-Supply air is discharged through the concentric air passages or

directional passages in one, two, three, or in all directions by using
different types of inner cone and vanes

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Round Ceiling Diffuser

-Round ceiling diffusers consist of several concentric cones

suspended below the ceiling line by an outer cone.

-Neck sizes are available from 6 to 36 in.[152 to 914 mm], allowing a

wide range of air volume selections.

- Adjustable models are available to provide either horizontal or

vertical air pattern.

-The round diffuser’s excellent horizontal pattern makes it ideal for

variable air volume applications or exposed duct applications. Due to
the availability of large neck sizes, the round ceiling diffuser is often
used where high flow capacities are required (e.g. supermarkets,
gymnasiums ,halls, industrial applications).

Square Ceiling Diffuser

-Square ceiling diffusers consist of several concentric square cones

and a round neck. Air pattern is a uniform 360°horizontal pattern
which is maintained at
extremely low flows, making it ideal for variable air volume
applications.

- Sizes are available to suit standard ceiling modules 12 in. x 12 in.,

20 in. x 20 in., 24 in. x 24 in.[300 mm x 300 mm, 500 mm x 500 mm,
600mm x 600 mm]. Adjustable pattern models are available for
horizontal or vertical air pattern setting.

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Louver Face Diffuser

-Louver face diffusers are available witha square or rectangular face

composed of a fixed modular core .

-This modular design allows for the selection of 1, 2, 3 or 4 way air

pattern. Available neck sizes are square or rectangular. In addition to
the design flexibility, the louver face diffuser is popular with architects
because the louvers do not protrude below the ceiling line.

Round Plaque Diffuser

-Round plaque diffusers consist of a plaque mounted inside an outer

frame with a round inlet .Standard round inlet sizes are available: 8
in. [203 mm], 10 in. [254mm], 12 in. [305 mm], and 14 in. [356 mm].
-There are three available field adjustable plaque positions that allow
this diffuser to go from a fully horizontal throw to a fully vertical throw.
This adjustability makes this

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diffuser ideal for VAV as well as cooling and heating applications. The
horizontal pattern is discharged in a 360° circular pattern.

Square Plaque Diffusers

-Square plaque diffusers are comprised of a square plaque situated

in a back pan with a round inlet .The air pattern produced is a uniform
360° circular pattern
which is maintained even at very low velocities, making it ideally
suited for VAV
systems.

-Sizes are available to suit standard ceiling modules: 12 in. x 12 in.,

20 in. x 20 in., 24 in. x 24 in. [300 mm x 300 mm, 500 mm x 500 mm,
600 x 600 mm]. Panels are
also available to fit in different grid sizes.

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Perforated Ceiling Diffuser

-Perforated ceiling diffusers are available with a square or rectangular

face supplied
through a round or square neck .Horizontal air pattern is achieved
with deflection vanes located at the diffuser face or in the neck. The
vanes can be configured
to achieve 1, 2, 3 or 4 way air pattern.

-The perforated face blends in very well with the acoustical tiles of
typical suspended ceiling systems, and is therefore preferred by
architects. Perforated return units (both ducted and non-ducted ) are
also available to match the supply units.

Radial/Twist Diffusers

-Radial/twist diffusers consist of a circular or square face with multiple

air vanes,either fixed or adjustable, and a round neck. Diffusers
produce a horizontal or vertical twisting pattern for rapid mixing of the
room air in heating or cooling modes.

-A distribution plenum or the outer cone can be connected directly to

a round duct.
Diffusers can be installed in a T-bar ceiling or exposed mounted to
the ductwork.

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Adjustable air patterns can be manually, thermally or electronically

controlled
depending on a room thermostat signal.

Plenum Slot Diffuser

-These diffusers consist of a factory fabricated plenum with integral

pattern controllers for vertical or horizontal air pattern adjustment.
Plenum slot diffusers are easy to install as they are designed to lay in
on suspended ceiling grids.

- This feature also provides flexibility for future tenant revisions.

Diffusers are available in lengths ranging from 2 ft to 5 ft [610 mm to
1524 mm] and offer a choice of multiples lot widths ranging from 1/2
in. [13 mm] to1½ in. [38 mm].

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Light Troffer Diffuser

-Light troffer diffusers are designed to integrate with commercially

available
light fixtures in suspended ceiling systems. The troffer consists of a
plenum
section, air slot and pattern controller.

-Troffers are available as single- or double-sided (saddle) units. Light

troffer diffusers produce an excellent horizontal air pattern, ideal for
VAV applications. This is also the most efficient diffuser in terms of
producing optimum comfort conditions. Since the air slot is very
narrow and integrated with the light fixture, it is also appealing from
an architectural standpoint.

Return grilles

Return grilles or registers usually have a fixed blade or core and can
be located in the side wall or ceiling.

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SELECTING SQUARE DIFFUSER

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SELECTING SQUARE DIFFUSER FOR CAFETERIA

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SELECTING JET DIFFUSER FOR GYM

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9-Duct and air outlets drawing using Revit:

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What is Autodesk Revit MEP?

Autodesk Revit MEP is a building information modeling (BIM) software

created by Autodesk for professionals who engage in MEP engineering.
MEP stands for mechanical, electrical, and plumbing, which are the
three engineering disciplines that Revit MEP addresses. By utilizing BIM
as opposed to computer-aided drafting (CAD), Revit MEP is able to
leverage dynamic information in intelligent models — allowing complex
building systems to be accurately designed and documented in a
shorter amount of time. Each intelligent model created with Revit MEP
represents an entire project and is stored in a single database file. This
allows changes made in one part of the model to be automatically
propagated to other parts of the model, thus enhancing the workflow
for Revit MEP users.

What are the benefits of using Revit MEP?

Individuals who currently work in or are pursuing careers in the

mechanical, electrical, or plumbing engineering fields will discover
many benefits of using Revit MEP. The BIM workflow offered by Revit
MEP not only maximizes productivity but also helps to streamline your

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design and documentation workflows; speeding projects from design to

completion while automating updates across your model with a single
design change. Autodesk Revit MEP offers many other tools and
features that can enhance productivity such as Building Performance
Analysis, Autodesk 360 Integration, Construction Documentation,
Pressure and Flow Calculations, Pressure Loss Reports, Parametric
Components, and much more.

How is Revit MEP used?

Autodesk Revit MEP is used by professionals across many industries to

help reduce risk, develop better quality designs, and improve project
delivery. For example, a HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning) manufacturing company may use Revit MEP to develop
detailed BIM-ready product models for engineering customers, which
not only saves customers from having to spend hours drawing a single
piece of equipment, but also increases accuracy and helps them deliver
a more buildable product. In the case of an architectural firm, Revit
MEP may be used to fast-track the design and construction of a military
community hospital; leveraging BIM to allow everyone involved in the
project to explore, visualize, and understand the outcomes of design
choices from the earliest stages of the project. Ultimately, Revit MEP is
used to streamline the engineering design process using a single model
to enhance the communication of design intent before construction
begins. This, in turn, helps stakeholders to make more informed and
accurate design decisions that not only reduce the time it takes to
complete a project but also have a significant impact on overall building
performance.

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a)first floor:

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b)second floor:

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Alternative Systems:

Equipment Type chilled water system DX system

AHU-01 $120,000 $120,000

AHU AHU-02 $120,000 $90,000

AHU-03 $90,000 $120,000

AHU-04 $120,000 $120,000

-----------------
Chiller Chiller-01 $250,000

Boiler Boiler-01 $50,000 -----------------

----------------
Coil-01 $35,000
----------------
Cooling Coil Coil-02 $20,000
----------------
Coil-03 $35,000
----------------
Coil-04 $35,000
----------------
Duct $17,785 $17,785
---------------- ----------------
Pipe $100,000
----------------
Exhaust fan $30,000 $30,000

Diffuser 379 Diffusers $9,000 $9,000

Total Cost $901,785 $622,785

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Bill of quantities [BOQ]

Item Works Statement Unit Quantity
1 WeatherExpert® Single-Package Rooftops75 to 150 Ton
PURON® (R-410A) REFRIGERANT
Specifications:
Unit type: 50N No Heat
Nominal capacity: 120 TR
Supply air :24000 up to 60000 cfm
Dual electrically and mechanically independent refrigerant circuits,
with coil frost protection, liquid line filter driers, crankcase heaters,
and Electronic Expansion Valves (EXV) standard on all models. Number 3
Dimensions:
• 600 inch in length
• 180 inch in width
• 100 inch in height
Notes:
• 2 units, one for the west side of the first floor and one for
the second floor.
• One unit as standby.
2 WeatherExpert® Single-Package Rooftops75 to 150 Ton
PURON® (R-410A) REFRIGERANT
Specifications:
Unit type: 50N No Heat
Nominal capacity: 90 TR
Supply air :18000 up to 45000 cfm
Dual electrically and mechanically independent refrigerant circuits,
with coil frost protection, liquid line filter driers, crankcase heaters, Number 1
and Electronic Expansion Valves (EXV) standard on all models.
Dimensions:
• 550inch in length
• 180 inch in width
• 92inch in height

3 Duct Works:
1. Supplyinstallation and setting to work ductwork as per
SMACNA Standards including full sealing of all joints,
Rectangular volume control dampers, galvanized hangers
and supports, leak testing, air balancing and testing and
commissioning etc., complete For Air-Conditioned Air &
Exhaust air.
2. Supply and installation Aluminum cladding 0.7 mm

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thickness to exposed supply & return ducts including full

sealing of all joints
3. Supply and installation Fiber glass Insulation 50mm thick 48
kg / m3 density from AFICO or equal to exposed supply &
return ducts
4. Supply and installation Fiber glass Insulation 25mm thick 24
kg / m3 density from AFICO or equal to indoor supply & Weight
return duct
5. Supply, installation and setting to work Flexible duct1.2m
long as per SMACNA Standards including full sealing of all
joints, Round volume control dampers, galvanized hangers
and supports, leak testing, air balancing and testing and
commissioning etc., complete For Air-Conditioned Air &
Exhaust air. as per drawings. from SAFID or equal
manufacturer

4 Air Distributing Equipment

“S“
1. Supply and install Supply air Ceiling Diffuser SCD with number 301
internally insulated plenum boxes as per drawings. from
GGC or equal
• 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24) Inch
“S“
• Size 10 & 2 Units Jet Diffuser number
24
2. Supply and install Return air Ceiling Diffuser RCD, with
internally insulated plenum boxes unless it is not connected 54
"R“
to return duct, as per drawings. from GGC or equal
number
• 600 x 600 mm (24 x 24) Inch

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10–Results:

“Appendix”

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11–Tables:

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11–References:

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1) ASHRAE Handbook: Applications. Atlanta: American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE.
(2017).

2) ASHRAE Handbook: Fundamentals. Atlanta: American Society of

Heating, Refrigerating and Air- Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE.
(2017).

3) Standard 55 - Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human

Occupancy. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and
Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE. (2013).

4) Standard 62.1 - Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.

Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE. (2013).

5)http://ashrae-meteo.info/

6)https://www.cad-notes.com/revit-mep-basic-heating-cooling-load-
calculation/

7)https://www.ahi-carrier.gr/media/154466/e20s-HAP50_manual.pdf

8)https://www.carrier.com/commercial/en/us/products/packaged-
outdoor/outdoor-packaged-
units/50n/?fbclid=IwAR2E3zcB7PpH8dz2qLZgZSP0tjY1z3FWj6AzgVUn
WthlhqPCHVcgkWA8ll8

9)SMACNA HVAC DUCT CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS METAL AND

FLEXIBLESECOND EDITION – 1995

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