GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Crafting Citations / Reference List

 Use the APA Style

 Capitalize only the first word of the title
 Date style: year, month, day
 Include the URL or link of the study or the source of the study
 If you can remember the retrieval date, include it in the
citation
 Follow the format on page 31-33 for checking
 Yung highlighted authors yan yung hanapan nyo ng citations
 If for example may “as cited by”
o Rask (2010), as cited by Rafanan et.al. (2020)
o Find the study of Rafanan et.al. (2020)
o Make sure na nandoon ang study ni Rask (2010) sa retrieved
study ni Rafanan
 If you have already obtained the URL link of the studies you may
use scribbr, mybib, or scispace for crafting the citations FOR
CHECKING (find it on google chrome)
 Send it thru PM at naka document / file dapat
 Deadline: December 20, 2023

Background of the Study (9)

Decision-making is the rational process of preparing one's thinking to

decide among the options in order to meet man's convenience. It is
accurate to say that making wise decisions is a necessary talent for
professional success in general and effective leadership in
particular. It is true that a person needs to be able to make wise
decisions if they want to succeed (Alba et al., 2010).

Every day we make decisions that have a significant impact on our

lives. As a person develops, so does his or her capacity for judgment,
which enables them to make better and smarter decisions in life. From
a methodological standpoint, not all decisions are amusing; some have
to do with individuals, while others have to deal with future career.
Graduating high school students face one of the most important
decisions of their lives - deciding on their courses and careers.
These students face the fact that the outcome of this particular
decision would affect their future. Choosing a college course involves
thoughtful deliberation and may not, in the long run, result in an
initial choice. However, there are some variables that can cause
confusion during this important time in every student's life, which
can then result in a mistake (Alba et al., 2010).
With the implementation of the K–12 program, the students decide on
their career track prior to entering Senior High School. This serves
as their first step in determining their professional path. This stage
is essential as this period serves as a training ground for students.
The long-term impacts on a person's professional development and
future accomplishments depend greatly on the career path they choose,
therefore it should take careful preparation (Nazareno et al., 2017).

One of the biggest conundrum and problem in a student’s life is

choosing a career. It involves the interaction of numerous, highly
interwoven factors. It is a challenging task that requires a
complicated decision-making process (Kazi & Aklahq, 2017).

Choosing a college course to enroll in can be difficult for many

students for a variety of reasons. When selecting a course that will
lead to the best job route in the future, they must take numerous
factors into account. In general, students choose their preferred
courses based on their interests, abilities, or experience. For
instance, a student might choose to enroll in a particular course
because of his or her interests, abilities, or experience, but due to
social trends and expectations, they occasionally have to adjust their
preferences. While some are prevented from choosing their preferred
course of study by their socioeconomic level, they tend to choose for
a degree or course that is currently in demand. They frequently try to
negotiate courses that they can only pay for out of their own cash.
Due of the speed of social change, students are being strongly
encouraged to follow social trends and select trendy course options
(Sadjail et al., n.d.).

A person’s future career depends on their choice of job path, thus

this decision must be carefully considered. Before enrolling in Senior
High School, students in the Philippines’ K–12 program must select one
of four career paths. In order to design tactics that may aid students
in making wise decisions, it can be helpful to understand the
variables that may influence their choices of career paths (Nazareno,
et al. 2021).

Students base their career decisions on their perceptions of their own

abilities, self-worth, and the relative merits of other professions.
The perceived value of a career is influenced by intrinsic elements,
such intellectual interest, and extrinsic factors, including wage
expectations and the cost and duration of additional training. These
beliefs are then created by the interpretation of prior experiences
(grades, test results, and events connected to them in or outside of
school), as well as through the perception of attitudes and
expectations of others, including parents, teachers, counselors, and
other people we refer to as socializers (Nazareno et al., 2010).

Recognizing the factors that may affect students’ career decisions is

essential in developing strategies that may help them make intelligent
career choices (Nazareno et al., 2019).

For today's young students, choosing the right professional choice is

becoming more and more crucial. When selecting a college degree,
students must consider a variety of factors (Fizer, 2013).

As an individual, one has the capacity to think for themselves and

make decisions, but there are times when the environment’s many
influencing factors can have an impact on how you make decisions. For
this reason, it’s important for students to make the right choice
regarding the college course they enroll in because, whether it’s
small or significant, the effort they put forth will have an impact on
their life and future. The choice you made yesterday can still have a
significant impact on your lives both now and in the future (Sadjail
et al., n.d.).

Definition of Terms (7)

Academic performance is defined as the degree to which a student,

teacher, or institution has attained their short-term or long-term
educational objectives. It is illustrated or interpreted either by
continuous assessment or cumulative grade point average or CGPA (Talib
& Sansgiry, 2012).

College course refers to a specific subject or area of study offered

by an educational institution at the post-secondary level, typically
leading to a degree, diploma, or certification. It involves a
structured curriculum, guided by an instructor or professor, designed
to impart knowledge and skills to students within a specified time
frame (Learn.org n.d.).

Factors are defined as the variables that control an outcome and

determine how the effect of responses. A factor may take only on a
small number of values, referred to as factor levels. They can be
categorical or continuous variables (Frost, n.d.).

Social influence refers to the process through which individuals adapt

their viewpoint, beliefs, or behaviour as a result of social
interactions with other people (Moussaïd M. Et al., 2013).
Socio-demographics refer to a confluence of social and demographic
characteristics that define members of a specific group or population
(Formplus Blog, 2021). Socio-demographic variables include, age, sex,
education, migratory background and ethnicity, religious affiliation,
marital status, household, employment, and income (Gesis, n.d.).

Socio-economic factors pertains to the variables, such as social

standing or class of an individual or group, that is frequently
measured as a combination of education, income, employment, and
occupation (APA, 2022).

Personality factors are defined as the characterized distinctive

patterns of thought, emotion, and behaviour that determine how an
individual may choose to engage with their immediate surroundings
(Rubinstein, 2005).

RRL STEM (6)

In 2011, the Philippines government agreed to enhance primary

education in the entire archipelago called K to 12 basic education
programs by virtue of Republic Act 10157 (Cabansag, 2014).

With the new curriculum, the Department of Education promises to offer

higher quality education through the strands. Senior High School is
two years of specialized upper secondary education; students may
choose a specialization based on aptitude, interests, and school
capacity. The choice of career track will define the content of the
subjects a student will take in Grades 11 and 12 (Estonanto, 2017).

STEM stands for science, technology, engineering and mathematics and

refers to any subject that falls under these four disciplines. Because
these things are never straightforward, there are also dozens of
alternative versions of STEM (including STEAM, STREAM and METALS) but
STEM is by far the most widely-used (Craig, 2023).

STEM is a field and curriculum centered on education in the

disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics. The
acronym was introduced in 2001 by scientific administrators at the
U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) (Hallinen, 2023).

It is designed to provide students with a solid educational core,

while allowing you to explore your interests and the connections of
science, math, health and technology to other disciplines such as
medicine, pharmaceuticals, the arts, psychology, computer science,
engineering, business and communications (Estonanto, 2017).
Rask (2010), as cited by Rafanan et.al. (2020), states that the STEM
program is very costly in terms of one’s motivation and future career
potential as well. STEM education is one of the most in-demand strands
in DepEd’s senior high school. With the K to 12 curricula, more
students became more competitive, especially in the field of science
and technology, as well as in engineering and mathematics using
advanced concepts and topics. As a result, the Philippine education
system is continuously improving, and it also helps the students to be
more globally competitive. But due to lack of scholarship
opportunities, lack of parental support, and some other factors, many
STEM students fail to finish their chosen careers.

RRL STEM-Related Courses (3)

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics majors are

incredibly important for a modern and competitive global world.
Science and technology are taking the lead for knowledge-based
economies, meaning that education focused on STEM is increasingly in
demand (Bouchrika, 2023).

As the world continually develops, colleges and universities are

introducing more and more STEM majors in order to meet the needs and
obstacles that arise. These academic institutions provide a range of
science, technology, engineering, and mathematics courses and programs
to draw in students with an interest in this field. Through this,
those who are focused on their career goals are presented with a
bounty of job opportunities. Ultimately, STEM classes vary. They can
all be tricky, but some may have more job opportunities than others
(Bouchrika, 2023).

As mentioned, STEM stands for science, technology, engineering and

mathematics, but a far wider range of academic disciplines fall under
this description. Here’s a list of some of the other STEM courses one
could study: aerospace engineering, astronomy, biochemistry, biology,
chemical engineering, chemistry, civil engineering, computer science,
electrical engineering, mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics,
psychology, statistics, and more. The full is list is far more
exhaustive, but this gives you an idea of the range of subjects
included under STEM (Craig, 2023).

With the wide variety of STEM courses in college available today,

students often have a hard time choosing which one would be most
appropriate for them. Courses in STEM strand require a great deal of
specialization, therefore, it is important for students to weigh their
skills, talents, and knowledge when choosing which major to pursue.
Other than the cost of college itself, a number of factors must also
be considered (Fizzer, Darren, 2013).

RRL Common Factors

(1) socio-demographic factors (3)

> Braza et al., 2015
> Mudhovozi & Chireshe, 2017
> Kim, 2011 as cited by Nazareno et al, 2021

(2) socioeconomic factors (6)

> Wang & Degol, 2013
> Sukovieff, 1989 as cited by Kazi & Aklahq, 2017
> Bolles, 2011 as cited by Eremie & Okwulehie, 2018
> Raj, 2014
> Ngesi, 2003 & Sanz et al., 2007 as cited by Nazareno et al, 2021,
> Alphones, 2016

(3) academic performance (2)

> Beggs et al., 2008 as cited by Fizer, 2013
> Lent et al., 1994, & Eccles, 2009 as cited by Nazareno et al., 2021

(4) personality factors (8)

> Nazareno et al., 2021
> Ettu & Oyadeyi, 2022
> Rico-Briones & Bueno, 2019
> Ahmed, 2014
> Parson, 1909, & Holland, 1997 as cited by Ettu & Oyadeyi, 2022
> Afidatul Asma. 2015
> Eremie & Okwulehie, 2018
> Kazi & Akhlaq, 2017

(5) social influences (12)

> Eremie & Okwulehie, 2018
> Alphones, 2016
> Rico-Briones & Bueno, 2019
> Pascual, 2014
> Xing & Rojewski, 2018
> Wang et al., 2018 as cited by Marznaki et al., 2021
> Johnson & Mortimer, 2002 as cited by Udoh & Sanni, 2014
> Wang et al., 2018
> Tian et al., 2021
> Liaw et al., 2017
> Koçak et al., 2021
> Pima, 2003 as cited by Nazareno et al., 2021).

RRL (1) Socio-demographic Factors

In the study of Kim 2011, as cited by Nazareno et.al. (2021), it was

concluded that men and women may think differently while making
decisions; men tend to be more liberal and progressive, whilst women
think more hierarchically.

In particular, the students’ projected career anchors are

significantly influenced by age and gender (Schein 1978, referenced by
Nazareno et.al. 2021).

In a study by Mudhovozi & Chireshe (2017), it was stated that socio-

demographic factors indeed influence career decision-making. Their
results illustrated that majority of their respondents had made
delayed career decisions due to determining socio-demographic factors
that anchor their career choices.

Bolles (2011), which was cited by Eremie & Okwulehie (2018),

illustrated that when students ultimately acquire financial support
and other resources from their parents, to some extent, it does indeed
affect their career decisions.

RRL (2) Socioeconomic Factors

Students’ career decisions are influenced by their socioeconomic

background, including the family’s monthly income and the educational
and employment status of their parents (Wang and Degol 2013).

Bolles 2011, which was cited by Eremie & Okwulehie (2018), you
ultimately acquire some money and other resources from your parents
that, to some extent, affect your career decisions.

When money is tight, students are more likely to select a career that
requires less academic achievement (Ngesi 2003, as mentioned by
Nazareno et.al. 2021).

In a study by Raj (2014), it was cited that Salami (2006) illustrated

that students in higher socio-economic status homes have more
opportunity structures like financial and material resources, wider
information and horizons about career options.
Alternatively, students from lower-income families tend to choose
careers that require little effort but pay off quickly (Sanz et al.
2007, as referenced by Nazareno et.al. 2021).

Additionally, Alphones (2016) mentioned that children whose parents

complain about the struggle to support the family with their income
are likely to take a career field that could lead to a job with higher
earnings.

As cited in the study by Kazi & Aklahq (2017), Sukovieff (1989)

concluded that socioeconomic variables have a significant role in
influencing students’ career decisions. Nothing succeeds like success,
as the saying goes, students who perform well academically have better
career prospects and choices as compared to the struggling ones.

RRL (3) Academic performance

According to Beggs et al. (2008), referenced by Fizer (2013), students

base their major decision on their academic performances and aptitude.
Although some degrees may demand more study than other fields of
study, some students lack the aptitude or work habits to excel in
them. These students might do better in a major that demands fewer
challenging coursework and less work overall. This affects the career
paths of these students. Additionally, he asserted that students who
can handle challenging academic loads are more likely to pursue a
career path that would result in a career requiring many years of
educational attainment. On the other hand, pupils with insufficient
intellectual ability might be better suited for professions that
demand less time-consuming and difficult academic work.

According to Lent et al. 1994, quoted by Nazareno et.al. in 2021,

academic performance is linked to students’ perceptions of their
abilities, suggesting that those who perform well in school have
strong career self-confidence. Therefore, his findings imply that
people who are confident in their ability to learn and do well in a
subject tend to select career paths that are closely related to the
subject.

This is consistent with Eccles 2009’s conclusion, which Nazareno et

al. Cited (2021), who claimed that a person’s perception of their
ability can have a direct impact on their job objectives and choices.

According to a recent study by Nazareno (2019), students’ grades in

SHS in the Philippines have a moderate to significant connection with
their decision regarding their career strand.
RRL (4) Personality factors

Based on Nazareno et. al. (2021), people are likely to feel more
content and driven when they choose a career that matches their
interests.

According to Ettu and Oyadeyi (2022), interest is a highly important

factor in deciding a person's preference for any line of work. One's
preferred ranking for various hobbies, jobs, occupations, or careers
can be shown by one's interest, which has been described as a
personality factor. It is one's preferences, sentiments, and beliefs
on the kinds of activities one is capable of engaging in.

One benefit of choosing a degree program and school based on personal

preference is that it makes them more independent, responsible for
their actions, aware of the potential pitfalls in a given profession,
and ready to deal with the consequences of a poor career decision
rather than blaming their elders. They also choose what they enjoy the
most (Rico-Briones, E. and Bueno, D. C. 2019).

In Ahmed's (2014) research article, the author placed a high value on

the interest of students in choosing their careers. She claimed that a
student's interest in a career is based on their likes and dislikes.
The career choice of students is predicted by their lack of interest
in activities connected to careers and occupations.

Parson’s traits and factor theory (Parson, 1909) and Holland’s

(Holland, 1997) personality theory of vocational choice, as cited by
Ettu and Oyadeyi (2022), emphasized that it is impossible to discuss
career choice without considering one's interests. People may be
intelligent enough to take advanced university courses that will make
them stand out in society as extraordinary people and have the skills
to execute particular tasks, but if they are not interested in those
fields, they will never go there or do well even if they are forced
into a vocation.

Afidatul Asma (2015) listed the interests that are most likely to
contribute to academic success, such as the area of study that you
choose. Students who were pushed to pursue a particular vocation, on
the other hand, had low self-esteem and subpar performance.
Interest can change, as students experience life and meet more people;
they become interested in new things and discard some of their old
interests.
As interest changes so does career choice of a person change. Students
seek career that meets their interest at a particular time hence the
career that they may have wished to take when they were younger is not
what he eventually do (Eremie, M. & Okwulehie, C. 2018).

This is supported by the analysis of the semi-structured interviews

that were conducted in the study of Kazi and Akhlaq (2017), all of the
students stated that their interest in the subject was the primary
factor in their decision. However, one of the female respondents
claimed she had other interests when she was younger but was unable to
follow them due to financial limitations or her inability to gain
admission to a medical institution.

RRL (5) Social Influences

Before choosing a career, students take into account a variety of

contextual elements, including social effects (Johnson and Mortimer
2002, referenced by Nazareno et al. 2021).

These include the effects of close relatives, close friends from

school, teachers, and the neighbourhood. Family and friends are
extremely important in determining a person’s professional decision
(Eremie, M. & Okwulehie, C. 2018).

Parents, who serve as their children’s main source of support, have

the power to affect their motivation, work ethics, and educational
aspirations (Alphones, 2016).

Nazareno et. al. (2021) referenced Udoh and Sanni 2012, they have
demonstrated that secondary pupils’ profession choices are influenced
by their parents’ educational background.

Pimpa 2003, qouted by Nazareno et. Al. (2021), investigated the impact
of peer, family, and student recruitments on Thai students’ decisions
to pursue abroad education. The findings of the study demonstrated
that the neighborhood and the family’s cultural and social background
have a considerable impact on how students are informed about and
influenced by their educational options.

However, in the study of Rico-Briones, E. & Bueno, D. C. (2019), the

findings revealed that parents do not influence the decision of the
students.
This is similar findings to Pascual (2014) who stated that when it
comes to course preference, not much is affected by the decisions of
others.

Structured and process-oriented elements can affect students’

decision-making skills in choosing to pursue their intended profession
(Xing & Rojewski, 2018).

However, parental social support for a student’s career choice was

noted as one of the most significant determinants (Marznaki et al.,
2021; Wang et al., 2018).

The self-efficacy of students in making job decisions is consequently

significantly impacted by parental influence (Tian et al., 2021; Wang
et al., 2018).

In light of this, parents have an impact on their kids’ decision to

pursue a career of their choosing as well as their career advancement
(Wang et al., 2018; Xing & Rojewski, 2018).

Koçak et al. (2021) claim that Turkish families have an impact on and
support their children's academic and career success. When gender,
age, wealth, and parental education were taken into account as
predictors, there was a substantial correlation between family
influence and academic fulfilment and pleasure as measured by career
decision self-efficacy. Involvement in the family and academic
satisfaction were linked to self-efficacy and happiness in choosing a
career.

Students are more confident in their capacity to undertake job

research and pick a fascinating and exciting career when they feel
loved and encouraged by their parents (Liaw et al., 2017).

Parents desire for their children to be successful and happy (Marznaki

et al., 2021).

According to Marznaki et al. (2021) and Wang et al. (2018), parents

have a big impact on their kids' job growth and decision-making.
Students are more confident in their capacity to undertake job
research and pick an intriguing and fascinating career when they
perceive their parents' affection and support (Liaw et al., 2017).

Chapter 3 Sampling Technique (3)

Multi stage sampling is a method of sampling where you draw a sample
from a large population using smaller and smaller units at different
stages (Arslan, 2023).

Systematic sampling is a probability sampling method where researchers

choose individuals from the population at predetermined intervals (k)
(Thomas, 2022).

Stratified random sampling is a sampling method which involves the

partitioning of a population into smaller subgroups known as strata
(Hayes, 2023).

Statistical Data Analysis (1)

The frequency statistics of a variable such as the proportion of males

and females in the sample, simply count how often each occurrence of
the variable happens (Korb, 2013).

When calculating percentages, participants’ totals are multiplied by

100% after the frequency in the category is divided by that amount
(Korb, 2013).