E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

The implementation of BIM in construction projects

Sergey Sinenko1,*, Pavel Hanitsch 1, Sheroz Aliev 1, and Mikhail Volovik 1
1
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, 129337, 26 Yaroslavskoye sh., Moscow, Russia

Abstract. Building Information Modeling Implementation (BIM) is a

management task that has undergone major changes. Therefore, identifying
the critical success factors in BIM implementation and identifying its
implementation challenges in the construction industry is a prerequisite for
this change process. The purpose of this research is to understand the
construction industry in order to provide a clear understanding of the
application of BIM and to provide a suitable way of the mobility of people
to implement more comprehensive BIM, which in turn, implements
modeling. Building information provides strategies and recommendations
for the construction industry. This research, based on a review of previous
study, BIM implementation methods and critical success factors in the
field of implementation have been discussed, which opens the way for
quantitative and qualitative method analysis. Also provides a solid
foundation for organizations to make informed decisions in implementing
BIM in the body of the organization structure. The main purpose of this
research is to identify the factors that are important for the success of BIM
implementation. Such factors include BIM potentials and the impact of
these potentials on improving the performance of the companies that
implement BIM. The research based on a literature review, and presents
survey results and significant factors identified on the impacts of BIM
implementation and organizational performance improvement.

1 Introduction
The BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a powerful tool that has taken almost two
decades to develop. In the past few years, the use of BIM tools has been under increasing
pressure from many architects, engineers, and consultants (AEC industry), so construction
companies are now beginning to adopt these innovative ways to increase productivity. One
of the technologies that have emerged over the past decade and a half is the creation of
information modeling (BIM). This technology has made the design more sophisticated due
to the evolution of technologies that support BIM. Currently, the model industry in
developed countries can support not only 3D models, but also the areas of construction
management as well as planning, cost control, evaluation, safety education and
sustainability. This study focuses on identifying the problems / problems you face when
adopting BIM in a developing country. Prior knowledge of problems / potential problems
can be the difference between successful adoption and the inability to adopt BIM in a
timely and cost-effective manner [1].

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

1.1 BIM Definition

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is not a proprietary product or software. This is an
integrated process built on consistent and reliable project information from design to
construction and operation [2]. BIM is not just for architects. Implemented in architecture,
BIM principles apply to everything that is built, and the advantages of BIM are used by
civil engineers as well as architects [3].
BIM is not only 3-D (although it is part of it). BIM allows engineers to more easily
predict the performance of projects before they are created; Respond to design changes
faster Optimize design with analysis, modeling, and visualization and deliver better
building documentation. In addition, this allows extended groups to extract valuable data
from the model in order to facilitate earlier decision-making and implementation of
economic projects [4]. The building information model is primarily a three-dimensional
digital representation of the building and its internal characteristics [5]. It consists of
intelligent building components that include data attributes and parametric rules for each
object. In addition, BIM provides consistent and coordinated representations and
representations of the digital model, including reliable data for each representation. This
saves a lot of time for the designer, since each view is coordinated using the model’s built-
in intelligence [6]. In accordance with the national BIM standard, the building information
model is “a digital representation of the physical and functional characteristics of the object
and a common knowledge resource for information about the object, which forms a reliable
basis for decision-making during its life cycle; defined as existing from the earliest concept
to demolition” [7].
BIM or 3D modeling has led to a dramatic change in the AEC industry in technology
and processes. The National Committee for Building Information Modeling Standards
(NBIMS) in the United States (USA) defines BIM as a digital representation of the physical
and functional characteristics of an object [8]. Different people and organizations have
different definitions for BIM based on their specific use and different ways of working with
BIM. Another definition of BIM proposed by Van Nederwin: “A building information
model” that contains complete and sufficient information to support all life cycle processes
and that can be directly interpreted by computer applications. Therefore, most of the
benefits offered by BIM are included in its definitions. The National Institute of Building
Sciences states that “Building Information Modeler (BIM), uses advanced digital
technology to create a computable representation of all the physical and functional
characteristics of an object and related project/life cycle information, and it is intended to
be a repository of information for the owner/operator of the object to use and maintenance
throughout the entire life cycle of the facility” [9].
Research shows that BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a critical asset for pre-
construction construction through end-of-life operations. Only recently, however, have
BIM's benefits for infrastructure construction begun to be recognized and realized [10]. In
addition, the benefits of using BIM for infrastructure management include the opportunity
to record and detail each maintenance operation. Documents can provide a record for each
component in terms of cost and maintenance history [11].

2 Materials and methods

2.1 BIM applications in construction industries

Building Information Modeling (BIM) is widely seen as a catalyst for innovation and
productivity in the construction industry. The BIM can contribute to a more sustainable

2
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

construction process that may in turn help eradicate poverty in developing countries
(United Nations Millennium Goals) [12].
The use of BIM in a different area is expanding because researchers realize the potential
value of BIM can provide [13]. While the use of BIM for structural and energy analysis
with 27% and 25% frequencies, respectively, its main use is still in the faster development
of 3D geometric models and 3D synchronization with usable frequencies; [13] Has been
reported. The use of BIM is not limited to architects and engineers. There are also
incentives for owners, facility managers, contractors, and fabricators to use BIM [14].
Many of the important factors that lead to the adoption of BIM in a project are focused
on automation in the modeling process, improving the accuracy of construction documents,
improving inter-party communication in the design and construction process, automatically
reflecting changes in design. All observations after correcting a view and reducing
background coordination problems [13]. While many applications of BIM are dedicated to
building design, the emphasis is on some other areas, such as the use of BIM in energy
modeling, which cannot be referred to as BBIP. A review of the relatively comprehensive
literature on BIM and its applications shows that most sources, focusing mainly on
planning, design, construction, operation, and energy consumption, with the publication of
a more focused archive on energy design and consumption [15].

2.2 Implementation of BIM in various countries

2.2.1 BIM in developed and industrialized countries

There were no significant changes in building design methods were observed until the mid-
nineteenth century and engineers were used to describe their design with traditional
methods (pen, paper, and ruler) [16]. With advances in technology, building materials and
mathematics, the design process in the experienced construction industry is undergoing a
dramatic and dramatic change. In developed countries, BIM, since its introduction in 1990,
has found its place in Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) (Table 1). [17].
In the Nordic countries (Norway, Denmark, Sweden and Finland) where the main
producers are the main producers of AEC technology (Tekla, ArchiCAD (Hungarian) and
Solibri companies. In these countries, IFC has standards for the proper use of construction
technologies). Although there has been no government official for the use of BIM in
Northern European countries, the concept of the construction industry seems to have grown
significantly in these countries [2].In the United States, the official use of BIM relates to the
Office of Public Services. (GSA) that supports BIM third and fourth dimensions. Since 1,
GSA has made it mandatory for all projects to use BIM for approval before finalizing a
project idea. Today, 5% of US construction companies are thought to be using BIM to save
significant costs on projects. Several US states, universities, and private organizations adopt
BIM standards. GSA is actively involved in architectural, engineering and construction
conferences, including the AIA-TAP, its annual projects for the AIA-BIM Award nominee
[18].

3
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

Table 1. BIM in developed countries.

United  Known as the leader of BIM movement.
States of  Starting in 1990’s with the formation of building SMART, formerly called the
America (USA) International Alliance for Interoperability (IAI).
BIM Level 3  The National BIM policy program was introduced in 2003, and later in 2007 BIM was
mandated in the USA.
 In UK, BIM is a term that has become abundant in the design and construction fields over the
past 20 years.
 UK is known as a current world leader in BIM adoption promptness.
United Kingdom  UK government in 2011 published The Government Construction Strategy and announced its
(UK) intention to require collaborative 3D BIM on its projects under asset information, documentation
BIM Level 2 and data being electronic by 2016.
 UK has a vision in adopting UK Digital Built Britain / UK BIM Level 3. The Digital Built
Britain strategy takes the next step in integrating these digital technologies and use fully
computerized in construction process.
 The integrated computer-aided building design study have been discussed in Finland since
1983.
Finland  In 2002, the 1st integrated BIM project HUT-600 was implemented in Finland.
BIM Level 2  The government body known as Senate Properties in 2007 has given a mandate on BIM
requirements in its projects.
 Building information modelling (BIM) has emerged in Australia, particularly in 2011 after the
UK Government recognized. The tangible benefits of using BIM and announced a mandate that
requires all central government-funded projects from 2016 to use a BIM framework.
Australia  In February 2016, Infrastructure Australia recommended: that Australian government should
BIM Level 2 make the use of BIM as mandatory for the design of large-scale complex infrastructure projects.
 The Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure (DPTI) have developed BIM
guidelines for government agencies, consultants and contractors, with the New South Wales’
Health mandating BIM deliverables on all projects over $30 million.
Singapore  The Singapore Construction and Construction Authority (BCA) began work with the Corenet
BIM Level 1 project in 1990 (before the BIM), but with its early introduction, its development was delayed.
 BIM implementation in construction industry in Hong Kong is still in the primary stage in
terms of the scale of application;
Hong Kong  The Hong Kong Institute of Building Information Modelling (HKIBIM) was established in
BIM Level 2 2009.
 However, the 5-year construction program began in 1953, and now the twelfth period of the
program has become mandatory due to resource constraints in the country.

3 Results

3.1 BIM in Developing Countries

While many construction projects in developed countries are gradually enforcing BIM,
technology development in developing countries is lagging. For example, although BIM is
growing slowly in the Middle East, a recent survey found that adoption rates are still
unsatisfactory with a low percentage of BIM users [19]. In this regard, in order to determine
the level of awareness and implementation of BIM in developing countries, a survey of
questionnaires was conducted among a number of construction companies (contractors and
consultants) in Iran and Northern Cyprus, the results of which were analyzed. It was found
that there was no supply and demand for BIM, since architects and engineers were not
properly trained and the owners were not aware of the benefits of BIM. In addition, there
was not a single governmental or non-governmental organization that could monitor
construction companies and motivate them to implement BIM [20].
However, the benefits of construction technology have not been limited to developed
and industrialized countries throughout the history of the construction industry. The
diffusion of construction technology from industrialized countries to developing countries

4
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

has long been addressing prominent technological problems in developing countries.

Developing countries, on the other hand, share the chronic challenges of the same project
delays and overflow costs as industrialized countries. However, to some extent, deep issues
have been addressed through the adoption of technology from developed countries such as
Auto CAD, software planning and other design programs that have resulted in significant
time savings.
Over the past few decades, technology transfer from industrialized countries has
focused on lower-level technological development challenges in developing countries. For
example, planning software distributed in developed countries has helped construction
industries in developing countries develop more reliable and efficient construction
schedules and control processes [21]. In this regard, the results of a study by Bui. et. al.
(2016), showed that the volume of research on BIM and its use in developing countries is
increasing [1].

6
5
4 China
3 India
2 Malaysia

1
0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Fig. 1. BIM studies in developing countries.

Although the introduction of technology has helped developing countries alleviate
problems, there is still a long list of issues that need immediate attention. Long, etc. al.
(2004) found that incompetent designers/contractors, poor valuation, change management,
social and technological issues, construction issues, improper methods, and tools are key
factors in building problems in Vietnam and other developing countries. In addition,
inaccurate time estimates, excessive change orders, lack of resources (including outdated
technology), organizational culture and kickbacks, inaccurate cost estimates, poor planning
and non-participation, and non-design and impractical design invariably rank as high-
frequency emerging problems in the developing construction industry countries [2, 21].

4 Discussion

4.1 CAD and BIM comparison

Computer-aided design is the process of using computers to assist in the design process of a
building, allowing CAD designers to create higher quality paintings more quickly. CAD
replaces traditional drafting processes with an automated one. The NBS defines BIM as "a
process for creating and managing information on a construction project throughout the
project life cycle." This means that modeling is software information that incorporates
typical CAD concepts for the design of buildings in a way that incorporates physical and
intrinsic building properties [22].

5
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

In other words, the main difference between BIM and conventional 3D CAD is that the
latter describes a building with Independent 3D displays such as plans, Section and
elevations. Editing one of these views requires that all other views be reviewed and
updated, and the error prone process being one of the main causes of poor documentation
[14]. In addition, the data in these 3D maps are only graphical entities, such as lines, bows
and circles, as opposed to the contextual meaning of BIM models, in which objects are
defined in terms of elements and systems such as spaces. , Walls, beams and columns [23].
Building information model carries all building related information, including its
physical and functional features and information lifecycle project, in a series of "smart
objects". For example, an air conditioning unit in a BIM also includes data on suppliers,
operations and maintenance procedures, flow rate and clearance conditions [24]. Also,
below, the efficiency of BIM compared to Auto CAD in the Indian industry is shown in
Table 2.

Fig. 2. Comparison between Conventional CAD and BIM Approach.

Table 2. Efficiency difference between CAD and BIM.

The Efficiency Difference Between CAD and BIM Applications for Particular
Project in Different Phases
Task CAD BIM Hours Saved Time
Schematic (Hours)
190 (Hours)
90 100 Savings
53%
Design Development 436 220 216 50%
Construction Documents 1023 815 208 20%
Checking and 175 16 159 91%
Coordination
Totals 1824 1141 683

4.2 BIM as a value creator, not as a cost factor

The initial costs of BIM can be significant due to the investment required in software,
technology infrastructure, consultants and training [25]. Organizations also incur project-

6
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

specific costs for setting up BIM models and changing workflows and team processes.
However, companies looking to estimate the financial benefits of BIM often find limited
information. This lack of detailed cost-benefit analysis may select some decisions against
investment [26]. Figures 2 and 3 show that BIM results in a change in the allocation of
resources and costs associated with the early stages of the project. Compared to the
traditional 3D CAD approach with BIM, BIM is considered more efficient and less time
consuming, so it is less expensive.

5 Conclusions
The BIM Using concentrates stakeholder engagement throughout the building’s life cycle.
At the same time, it provides a central repository of information, which can be accessed by
any interested party, when necessary, for the optimal and most efficient use of available
information. BIM will only succeed if stakeholders work together to achieve a shared
vision based on a common plan. This will allow society to take advantage of the many
benefits of BIM, including more accessible infrastructure and housing, a safer and more
predictable project implementation, a more sustainable and sustainable environment, and
high-quality provision of services to end-users.

Fig. 3. When using BIM, most of the effort happens during the construction documentation phase
when the ability to impact project cost and performance is declining and the cost of making design
changes is increasing.

7
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

Fig. 4. Using a BIM workflow shifts the level of effort to earlier in the project when the ability to
impact project cost and performance is high and the cost of making design changes is low .

References
1. E. M. Nur, M. S. Rozana, L. B. Hamizah, A. Tajul, International Conference on
Research and Innovation in Information Systems (ICRIIS), 1-7 (2017)
2. Associated General Contractors of America, The Contractor’s Guide to BIM, 1st ed.
(AGC Research Foundation, Las Vegas, NV, 2005)
3. A. N. Boukara, A. Brief, Introduction to Building Information Modeling (2015)
4. A. Borrmann, M. König, C. Koch, J. Beetz, Building Information Modeling (Springer,
2015)
5. S. Azhar, A. Nadeem, Y. N. Johnny, H. Mok, Y. Leung, First International Conference
on Construction in Developing Countries (ICCIDC–I) 1, 435-436 (2008)
6. S. L. Fan, J. Miroslaw, W. H. Skibniewski Tsung, Journal of Applied Science and
Engineering 17(2), 157-166 (2014)
7. NBIMS, National BIM Standard - United States, Version 3-Scope, 1–5 (2015).
https://www.nationalbimstandard.org/
8. S. Azhar, M. Khalfan, T. Maqsood, Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and
Building 12 (4), 15-28, (2012)
9. B. Abbasnejad, H. I. Moud, International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications, 2248-9622 (2013)
10. G. Yilmaz, A. Akcamete, O. Demirors, Automation in Construction 101, 245-263
(2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.10.022
11. M. Marzouk, A. Abdel Aty, Construction research congress (2012), 2320-2328 (2012)
12. N. Bui, C. Merschbrock, B. E. Munkvold, Procedia Engineering 164, 487-494 (2016)
13. R. Kreider, J. Messner, C. Dubler, Proceeding of the 6th International Conference on
Innovation in Architecture, Engineering and Constraction,1-10 (2010). http://
bim.psu.edu/uses/Freq-Benefit/BIM_Use-2010_Innovation_in_AEC-
Kreider_Messner_Dubler.pdf

8
E3S Web of Conferences 164, 08002 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf /202016408002
TPACEE-2019

14. C. Eastman, P. R. Teicholz, K. Sacks, Liston, BIM Handbook, A Guide to Building

Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors,
978-0-470-54137-1 (2011)
15. H. Y. Chong, C. Y. Lee, X. Wang, J. Clean. Prod. 142, 4114–4126 (2017). DOI:
10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.222.
16. H. Yan, P. Damian, Benefits and barriers of building information modelling, The 12th
International conference on computing in civil and building engineering (2008)
17. K. D. Andy, K. W. Wong Francis, N. Wong Abid, Architectural Engineering and
Design Management 6, 288– 302 (2010)
18. D. J. Gibbs, S. Emmitt, W. Lord, K. Ruikar, BIM and Construction Contracts –
CPC 2013’s Approach (2013)
19. A. I. N. Akmal, M. Chiozzi, R. Drogemuller, AIP Conference Proceedings 1903,
080008 (2017). DOI: 10.1063/1.5011596
20. N. S. Sistani, A. Rezaei, BIM Implementation in Developing Countries, 10th
International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering (2012)
21. N. D. Long, S. Ogunlana, T. Quang, K. C. Lam, International Journal of project
management 22 (7), 553-561 (2004)
22. S. Azhar, Leadership and Management in Engineering 11(3), 241-252 (2011)
23. CRC Construction Innovation, Adopting BIM for Facilities Management: Solutions for
Managing the Sydney Opera House, Cooperative Research Center for Construction
Innovation (Brisbane, Australia, 2007)
24. J. V. Kumar, M. Mukherjee, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review
2(1), 165-169 (2009)
25. W. S. Lu, Y. Peng, Q. Shen, H. Li, ASCE 139(2), 195-203 (2013)
26. W. Lu, F. Ada, P. Yi , L. Cong, S. Rowlinson, Building and Environment 82, 317-327
(2014)