viv Concoss Chapter 4; Ditferentia! Equations 44 Taroducton 122 Homngenoous Linear DifercaatEqutions 43. Neahoogeeots Epon 4A. Shep ond Impulse Repose C5 seers Equations AE Sineneove Dice Equations ‘chapter: Network Anaysae SA Inteodvetion 52. Network Elements 55 Ina aod Fal Condivons 34 Step and Ingale Rapoose 5S. Solwion of Network Equations Si Anuge of Trasformers, Chapter 6s The Laplace Transform 61 The Poway of Transform Metods (62 The Laploe Tanfora 63. Properties of Laplace Transoxns 4 Unn of Laplace Trasorns ES. Paral Fraton Expansions 85. Pes od Zoe 57 Eraution of Resides 68 ‘The itl and Final Value Theorems CChepter 7: Transform Methods in Network Analsie 111 The Transformed Cite 42 Thiveits and Norton's Thorens 13 The Stem Function TA The Step nd Impulse Response 18. The Conch targa 1 The Debame! Superposition Integral a 2 S 0 13 Ds m mM m 7 us a Mw ie 13 a 165 ms ns 100 ie 96 w MI Contents hope signals and Sypens ' 1 Signal Analysis 1 12 Complenqeeny 4 13. Nemont tosh ; Ue Resor Sts a Chopter2: Signals and Waveforms » cecal Chara of Sgn » Stent Dorper of Signe y ‘ese Fuacion sn Ascited Waveforms 2 “he on pe 2 “he Frequency Domain: Fourer Analysis 4 eden 6 ‘rtnogoalFoactns z ‘Arpaia Ug Oop Functions & Four Sete 2 alain of Fons Cota 2 rato of Foner Corea Using Unit Inpes, # Te one Iga a ropa of Peer Tenor 9 conan 7 CChpter 8 Amplitude, Phas, and Delay mm 81. Amplad sd Pas Repos 22 82 fot P| a £3 She Tone Crue 2 Ee Dowie toned Geis EA £5. On Pues and Zany ad Tine Daly 28 hep 9: Network Analyses I a9 91 Nene Foon at 52 Rektontipe Boman Two-ort Parone ed 33 Tranter Powis Uany Twotort Prats 266 58 Inmconoeatn of Fo tore mn 53 inca Diipaton A Si Raab of Leder Neinks Fa Chapter 10: Elments of Raaizablty Theory m0 101 Gasaiy and Sabitiy 2 102 rms Felis be 103. Pomive Rew Fores > 104 Bees Syme Prost ae Chepar 1s symhess of OnePort Networks with Two Kinds oF elements as ULL Proper of A tite Fusions us 112 Shaler 2C Deowmgrantimmicet IB 113 Peoprtts of RC Dingroin inpdinss 338 TA Syne o RC pele or RE Admiaees 339 115 Proper of RL npecices ane RE Adee: 37 116 Shiba of Cetin RiLC Foosons Bsot Contents CChoper 12: Elements of Transfer Function Sytheis 1241. Prope of Trasier Futons 123 Zero of Tension 123. Syutbs of Fu and Zi With 2 1-0 Tertieation 124 Syatbre of Comant Resetune Networks “Topic im Fiker Desay caper 231 The Fier Design Frcblem 132 The Approximation Detar ia Network Thcory 323 The Maninaly Fat Lon-aee Fite Appradinaton 34 Other LowePss Fitec Approximations 13 Trane Responge of Lass Filters 136. A Method qo Reduce Oversoot in Fler 133. & Masry Fat Deny a8 Cortes Magn Ihypreimadon 228. Sy of LowePas kere 139 Mapntde a Fregeency Nocmaiation 1.to Frequency Trantormatons Chapt 4s The Seatering Mate 141 eidat and Reet’ Power Fow 142 The Seating Prats fer a Oat Port Network 143 The Setering Mase for a Two-Port Newer, 184 Proper af he Selering Maze M5 sete Lv 146: Dango Inertion Los Pier yates Chapter 15:° Computer Techniques In Circuit Analysis 162 Te Uses of Digital Computers ia Cat Ants 152 Anpltde aca Phat Subeoutce 152 A"Foruan Progam for Oe Andis of Ladder Networks 150 Progam tha Ai in Datbagtn Fler Sythess a a as tie as ay an we ws o “ “ Concentra ‘Appondix A: lntroduetinn to Matrix Algebra a Ad Furdamental Operations a1 ‘£2. Elemonary Conceps ia 43. Operations on Mates ‘se ‘51 Shion of Liner Euston, fo ‘A'S Reference on ati Ase @ ‘Appendix B: Generalized Functions and che sit Impulse 470 BA Generated Puntos m0 12 Propane ft Unt Impute a Appundx C1 Elements of Complex Variables a C1. Flementary Defintons and Operations #8 2 nase e C3. Sagvinite and Revives Bs C4 “Contour Integration B Appendte D: Preeke of Somme Theoramt on Postve Rest Functions 0 Appendix E: An Rid tothe Improvement ef Fler Apron ‘ation o Introduction os {Constant Lopate Gin Cootours oe ‘Constant Phase Contours, os ontove Drawings 86 Soection Prosar os Conesion Nee Design so Consuson soe as 9 su chapter 1 Signals and systems ‘hia hock an ntodsio to ect network theory. The es alt ofthe book i devoed to network atau and the remarnet to network patie and derge What are neworkanaijss nd synths? m9 estlly accepted defon of network anes and eats hee ate {Bre ey words! the eer the tor athe reponse ce Spite nig £1. Network analsis concerned with determining the espns, {geen th exsation sed te eter Tp ator stb, te rote [6 deagn the netmork gen the cxclation and the Gers espose Tn thi chapter we will ogtae come ofthe robles tee counted in thie hock without gong ito the stu rai othe problema We lle des ome Bs definitions Li SIGNAL ANALYSIS Forelecie actors the entation and response ae give inter of voltages and corents which ae fuacons of tne, Ie pene these Facets of tne sca pnts In describing signals, we bee (0 soieral languages of elesiel enginceing tine and frsuecy. See) Speaking. sgl Isa faction f Ure. However, the nigel am be )impis that oT) re, ners th ye = mene “iver ret.” To understand the eee [ot tme ivarince iat Kina sytem, It ws spose that inly te tretton i introns at =O, which give to a repent 10) IE Ue eiiation wee ptodaced at = 7, andthe shape of te espouse | wvetorm were te sme an te Bist ease, bt lye by a ie 7 (Gig 11, then we cols the system stig nvarant.Aaetber ay of oukeg 2 (ts ncep ough the fact tht tre nesta syste: satan only ements ht do ot vary with time. tshould be entoned fee that ines sytece need no Be near Derivative property rom the ne ivan! peopery we can sow tha if) the input seer rs to) athe outp (Fig LIS, they te spe ere 4,10 Network aay and yt a — afin — ie pe oe be | ev, The prot is quite Pea guna. By he ‘S Nlw suppose the ite dain ot erp Spee eapone would Der gpa tie 9-00 wy own scene erry a neni open epee ~e om beeen) op sing ett ase F 440 edo Sad on ts 4 tigno Sr ean entens esto ibe desivaines a6 well a8 Wh asaya stownin Fa 4. or te ates of san iestind models of see stems, THe Le pen inte a es whch ake bem 77 yin ge nth flowing hare PS BERT ipa proces. enor ast and est ie 1 » : " ' | | 4 + frien ox comma igs 0 Dstt cp (Oia csr Bayt one ene ee incr mae ean eens crm weft Tnecenents es mst en En nnd tether Ein eas Te ep th Se a afer ermine wh Cd rns Rott ec a rac ae am example Of © CHS-POM. the eapesitor iether observed. Ta Fi rework ces that ‘The every som ener eloge net 38 SOW = [el ‘ne tan Toop ik sion rnc re Hel ate up te xa ; vi Figs. 1c and b, The polarities Signats and ysterne UN we 01 oes a an fa, : mayan 1 Anger pierces p the nage he fp r= Rath hrs Rvs const 1) ™ 2 caper“ ap sia eed a pos see ep ocdawn (L10. 2 taeptrt Te opti the negro he ps 8 sown in retin ', Tame deloer: The outpt delayed by an aout T, but retinthe sain wave shape the ipa (Fg 18). Suppose we tke the tranglar pulse Fi. .19 05 the ipo sgh. ‘Then the catpue foreach ofthe foe sptens jot deseribed ve shown in Figs. 1.200 1204, Sign andsytene 12 ea ott lndeted forthe voltage soc and the dietn of flow for the cent Sout re abiarly sumed foe reference purposes ony. A deal tehag coun cnr soc tat roots por vol Siualthisindepenon of he costar pre Atweimichane the Sek etvg a ted en in ntvork ana he placa pote i od the reaonse thn cus een the caret vege hep he none (Crain sine voltogecarent eltonhie fore network clement ko Sire a dens eftaions or Ge mers tunttve. er sap, ‘ehnthe curens nd volages We exprened a funtion of tine then he JRsand Cees shown in Pi 1.2, ar dened bythe eats wom tio . a te ee or 9-7 fede tH so pat fitows os 2 watfiomee = one wer the consans of atepaton A) and 0) ar inal condone be ‘ected in dtl ate, pees funetonofthe complex frequency rile, theegustione 11012, (9 Rar 1) acer (9 Capiee choke lh Sots 16 126 (9 Restor Ohandun Cnet ebing the £, and C elements shown in Fig. 124 re (enon Ssitl enedoge forte mamen®) 1 vent of tom EY es us) yomuts «© 19-570 von Lin ono =eHo eset eee doa wht independent caer eanatdaonhie ae ieninicnscf crea eqato® een inthe compen donate vse cue Cee ae cen te Cpe in gre eins he or trenmost ces mare ey aie tan dierent Ai irae ron ener engined eons soe ewes Some yp an intcuecion of Ta et ea cele by tron ov tae faction HU) See ya te cua FL) are ested by Oi euaton HO= HED ae rs noo nas, we te Gen Be and we can obtain MU ded gen eect Ouran eine La NETWORK SYNTHESIS some ofthe poems gece etna ee the espe A) ad he ‘rca te wore or he We il ao bia nes: yma, Tn enor seth ‘Keitin 29h ae we are eeqed (0 Syl 16 Network anti and sath 10 pat mtn Sane, ‘our enki to pnts a ewok equine io the networkin the Hck Son am lw sey ofthe evi point adtnce Yo we 8 {hata pom suuton ig como 8 ressorof FO in pra with Spelt o fares ao er Fig 127 “The problem of ding poet ses, a8 shows from the eumplet just geen comats of ecompocng#gienIniuanee fenton ino ‘ireeopable part (Goh a 34 4). Before we posed wih the ‘mechanssot deccmpasien, we must ft tein whether tein IE voll, Le cant be ynheed i tes of pu reine inducowe’ ad capocaess? twill be shown that rexible 06 nt imitances Blog css function tno posit rel t, Tryp trios rome pope ert weet ren Saray pat futon fr Fenty. Ce Appendices pron & Soe intodecion fo comply varies a nell aye pron of some Theor oa postive eal funeton) Wiha loowedge of i. fnstions, spe tina goo to oxamine spel droit fnctons, These aloe Tonslong whch ean berented wih two Kind element LC, eC, and Ree ies. ‘esr we eocndtote syhes of ant fnctins. Aezodig 8 the IRE Sora: fase iar melvorks* a rower fon troumtiance syste oncton for which teva ar ested ‘ira yr Toere are mary eiereat ors which waster funtion tipi take, For cumple, concer the tmorport networkin Fig. 128. In cecation b(n th response Pa), he re Foeton 8 tanger mgednce y= Fe) 16) ‘onthe cer had fe) were he exition and Vee respons, hen tee would havea sllageraie wander faction = HOF) aay a2» Signals and systems 15 ia 11613 eptintine MK ak syste fnction 49 = 20 1 OF) on Since Rand la) vokges or crrnt ten) i denotes gery fan oitonce 8) ina volgen £0) a aren, oF eevee, 1 ibesuepoineDnmitonce i dtned to Be fonction for whieh the ‘esate are eared a hese port THs ig pon impedance ia) aa given ports he fusion ¥) 10) whe he excitations a crvent sand the reponse sa vltge 7 a6 ‘Rive nig 125, When we one e wort “erent and mage fe st deation, me ten MNS a ding pin acta ‘Ae ample oF 8 criving pot Inpedance se monk bn Pig. 123, whee 20= ap, 1, =Qar 216) Now supp the resistor in Fig. 1.25 were econ ia “back box” Weave nd eas Toth lsc Bo, except ath tema 1 bo Pe 1 Our tsk te determine te mtwor nthe Back bon Soppre we ave pe tbe ifernation that, for tien cation) ne ea Tespdne M0) proportional to) By the eguston 1) = KH) 20) ‘An obvi slution, tough no unique that he network coms of a fetotor of value R= A's Syppoce wat thatthe excation sw oat ih the esponse a cure) ae tht iy Vo om ht tar Pie Na I a, ay Hy) S44 aay cep nay | —_ 4 |_|, 1:12. Tna cept pan ropa ‘A fo diving fnction, thee ate cin properties which « tron fantion mast say inorder toe wealtle We sal ey th rent condom seth pose 0 the ate a me ‘epi eune encos “He nat inpoan spect of wane function yee ile den A fers dare sone wich pers an prt os ene spr nosh he remain eset. By he sn Siskin we imp hat she ope come jo fede ape fou vn Tan tal po Slee ontonk wise pues frequen up © a cua feo Sevan boca eect stow ogrteahnain Fg 135 “espe acAlter design to phe he eto ror he atc Auocton ity. Tooter opt Ga wit ce pb Of olin» ‘eal tomanitance HG) pen the apesdeton of, fr camp Sapte hanteisicinkig 2% Thbputelheayatess gealy Ital to the apposition peolem, Why te word “apo ‘son Bese gue epnie hac of he Line © | Sins ate conianoss (th be region of bt oits cld oon pony netonh contigs dens ane ae 2 (etotfabrnty toga Fig 12 nda veces vac rs ‘his tvetie apa character of ig 1. In omni ih a ia co [ogth fer, tn dein men ee erate sohmend€ = 2oradsinsendot™prache” SETAE Piette R= sma ohms and c= 2 ess SETI “eng et ey ree ee oe orm ne hers neon Dat Sele at pe beatae of ths seo ied Fee ee ome pets of eas and synthesis in which the oe ee or els gnats operate ah in rt pert ops Se pena sh came wet | rote pine eens Fre So Eee ual esse of many wo Meh Cee ea tn ei Te see 2 Cr es ail ilo ys pst comme Sean eo al 18 Neework aye and syoshant the Ske design poles, we wil lsu cra problem in magne oblems 1A Death ie spect ei sj otin(o-g ao =rsn( ) 4 6ioa 1. ate xaos in ns seer tat cee) Kifecmissaae eo 53 ns Dr he rapowe iD S452 11 Tinbergen: te uation soning De eve old TnAMEReeae Be Sem 14 tthe sa feet ofa tors pes a WO FEIT chapter 2 | Signals and waveforms ‘ee ain concer in ths chapter ie he characterization of egal fusions of tine, In previous eats we have dat with de egal {bat ner constant nih time, or igal which were siwsits of ‘Somsoncamplitee, sich aa() = Asin (or +, Inengieerin pacts, ‘SRE ot gnats encountered fr sustetialySrader in seape than UUs 2 or the signals. To atlerp to charts each stems of thelasi oohandy la view of the almost ifitevatity of signal restated. Tasted; we wil Selon with thove signal tat can be ‘Farntersed in ample maths eo and which serve 0 dng ask fora lange marie of eter mpeals. Wevwilleohcentrate 8 oem ignated i cing ia ie el th fe representation of spose signal Because of te ad pase iit (Soe weer ony spate vic do not exit random bebavig, reggie wild cane expletly characterized at fonetions of time ‘These gals ve ohn sefered to a8 deerminie signals. Le ws st discs tain guatative aspect of signal in pata 1LI GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIGNALS a this section we ill examine certain Behavior pater of sigs ‘cs these pateras ae enabled, igaals con be esate scorngy, Sii‘wome implications reat. ‘The adjstnes which give © peer [Gate deseo feign ae poring grievant. ‘Eat dais teve eras the gen ones Tin signas are eth peor aperod. 1Fa signals perio theo ftir dete bythe ution Oe mEERD k= 0,12. en Sgraandayatens 1 nt henpine A f exetton t=} 1.5. hea te diving fncion fod the Sgt sewer rei © ao nsaned wees © wong nests 14 Feet eter sho, sie hh egudonin ter oe reais eins sd) Songer 12 Forthaneiorkown, ite he andeegnn ine ah ort eins aa caplet form “ pyti. ii 2 Suppote the rons of Hee gn to an ccinon 4) wee 1) ie Wat woul the reponse hn en at Sipmleand waveoems 21 ‘o.2). sq wae ence rhe psd esp Tew pd errs arse teat cae mee Ps arererrs see PE BL Outen seat te a P22 ae ots eee rome eee rae ea dae Se my papel asp Theses bere are eten apd oA signal function can be even 0 ed or neither ‘An even function obey the elation =4-9) ey Foran oddfunaion = a1 e For oarnple, the fnton sn 03, wheres coe even. The 200 pas in Fg, 2.2 even, ween he lagu ple oa (Fi. 22), (Obervethatasigoalaced aot beeen el. Two examples of gral ‘shone in Figs 2.30 and 2d, Ti sgneat fo noe, etl) oun be reve ina sn even component 9) nd an odd component 0 sue tat = 80440 on For example the signal a ign 2.34 and 24a canbe decomposed into ‘5d tod eve components, nde ia Figs. 23,230,248, and 240, “ ” © « 110.22 (Een ncn. 08 tn2 Neswothanlss and eyachet ot) —— ‘l = “ o ar aD ° 8-23 renga ne ©) Sepa weisa rept oO a rom Bq. 2:4 yp ober that Ae ahod b9d-O =a 8i0) oo ‘Consequently the od ad even pats of the signal co be expe ws 240. Hl + 01 06 24) = Ab) ~ 0-0) Consider the signa), shownia Fig 2a. The function — equal too ebsted about he = 0 ai gad is given in Fig. 25h We then bias) andr) a show i igs 2a respecte. 2A Network naa and peter ast Sith tn zones f0¥) 908 f0~) ae on = afte a.) f= lgs0 oo For onal the quate pulse in Fig. 2.7 ba to sont ot 708 The height ofthe contin 2 7. AT) 10, ‘Sinai, the ight ofthe escoatinty ot Tis ~K. 122 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONS OF SIONAGS An sie sztion wo consider vais time domain deseriptons of sgn donate examine te mboings ofthe following erste ‘e.Eto om ee eeu, dy jee, an crestfotr. The te ime cee teeny te exponential waveforms: the rensiing Foor {tame dette only prio eforns “ime conte ena 2am te Sy ence Tete PY conten te exponential veto dered n= Ret i) em ronal oF, 28 We tat when = T so~ ost) em Ato nar) = 00210) ea) | | | | | Signs and waveforms 23 “ wa 4) “0 1 4 5 tugm ou attention tothe signal skowaiaFig,2& Ate= 7. “The hig ofS Gaon is [THI Om y= en ere STH) = linger + SO-)= fend «i real poive quantiy. tr petelar, we ate conned with ‘ictus i te migiborhood of =, Eom Bq. 28 the pointe Signe snd wavelorme 25 715.28 Nomad eave ee sot T= hn th ge hin sont, ne gue oe Sender fo reo oe pak na. To crest soa, comme Sect Reo Ts va ‘erat mage pdm tad cw [Ef'a04] aw ‘nko isthe pitiod, I the waveform i not peso the tm ems doe aotapaly. As aa cramps etuscaleolate he rms voltage the perode on ee HE fea eat -n4} wc vame ‘The dc clue of « yavefoom has meaning only whe th waveform i idl, ti th sorage vue a he Navefonm over OB peti eas) avntffane eo15 Network sss and aye “ id er 7 “the sqoae wave la Fig. 2 has eo € vale, wheres she maeform io Fig. 2atas 22s value of en uty ace Tete dy ley poate aap wean fe pees Ps ea, + in becomes important eating wih a ei oe tte encryeoe “Tear aag te wane is denis the ai of the time duration ofthe That, “he dy geo pte Tensorive ype shown Fig 210, ‘Sam ina row pl of wih Te ae eee aged = AlaE = AyD Sie sia. 218 ee wae ih a a aw 2 Necwork asian yates Sie eet itor CF = een we ve =e 0m 1 pet = os oF on -vi ») = wom aigy ne cr = Sina 10 ax nado at cf Avi ith ip eso neo a ce ‘pra enc om anual nce SM th Ae a is ae to Sr Aaa ute of tat Do 0 Chg = Ba ex “STEP FUNCTION AND ASSOCIATED WAVEFORMS “the uit sep Cantona) shown in Fig. 2.12 sie deo 6<0 any -1 reo reeponds to a oth S, Woieos given seu ‘whenever he ‘he pps algo wit ste elation ot TRAN sndeomec e tten o TESUTN B21 Now tue ent ep 2 20 +0 Sipnis snd wavtorns 37 SS © | 10.231, Pei wml ith 0 82 a yes, We thatthe salle the dy ey the smaller the om voltage, The square wave Fig 21 basa OY duly fe ‘crest factor {Crest fiom Ig efined a8 te alo ofthe pe vole of a ptt savior tothe ns ale (th the dc compansa ered). Esp, or eny waveform ith tro ds soc ste ve shown in Fig 2.1—ret fon, Che deta a2 cra or am) itisover is greater For the vavefoom in Tig, 2.1, the pedis peak ‘olage defined os mete ean, Sloe the waveform ha seo vse ete) am A, fet 2) =e D) ean om alt of the waveform eam (t= DE tet T=)" T a2) BIRD) aaa "Pe Stone of rn act” Ment tnd orn 3M 8 Gina r_ 2 7 716.244 Shed se fac. 0.25. Sqm pa argument (1) wiin the patentee mga ad is uy when the {gument (9 e grater than aero, “Thor the fection at a) whee SO mdetocd ty coy andi showa in Fig. 214. Note tha he Jump dicominty ofthe tp ‘eur hen th argent within he paentheses 2, Thi Tore the eso the ing property af he stp Fancton. Aso the igh of te feopdhestaaty fteap canes po: own emai: "Wh the wo ofthe ohange of ampli and the siting properties the sep function, weean roced to comstret fay of pe wel Focerampl, tbe sjste pulse la Fig. 2.15 ean be control bythe sm of two Hep fants Ai) = At — D+ (ar) an te even la Fig, 216, ‘The “eaves” fenton, shown is Fig. 217, ‘Shoaceied By the geaion| doa 33) “ oe T__| i028. ates lag of ip. 1, 22. ua sep non the 710-216, Centon ane pe Wy sp tn30 Network aay ad rates ally kt ys onset the snr mae lo Fig. 2 Using he iting Fite agate nave gen by (20 woe) if Tt Bt 37) ~ 2M 3) oor 30 ‘Act ny wo ree he age wave 1 ang ME rE A etre wenear arguments, ROUELOE esto hard 20, he fon re) os in Fs Js eco whenever sin 7 mative a8 sen by th waveform nF JEJE Mow sparen thatthe square woven Fp 2. canbe represented * sto = fant!) ~o(-sn) 09 ‘Another meth of dein he quate wave isto consider gear salon tn se ation awn ste ap fertion (PromCed HEN. “Theo funstion deine 0s Teuolet {022 eur) fone an Tha foo mean meus ainn 4622. Ramp oso ah en =a. The i, tw ele th variable ¢ by 8 ow vibe Hm tos ean When si plated ago he rentng eu i en 0 te pot Wit Sera sin Fg. 2. My bowsser, we abu r= ei le Nene ave ANa oat) ey ‘hen we plo (asin tne have te delayed version of sbown in Be2at "From be peeing dscns eat that i any signa 40) dyed ty ative The Glyed oF hited Sali BER MO) fe T)Me=D es For exalt edly the netin (in 7) yap Zhen {he delayed foion 2, shown In ig, 222, easy 022, shited te ware, Spas nd waveores 31 “Ths the sgt nt 21 iy eae 0 = 0 (so) a8) ening hig rope fe ey in we ath angen san sorsntlee— mma) 039) |The tp funetion io entemely wea in tepreentig the shied ot Aslgedvesion of ay gv pmol For exam conse he unl ramp Santon v= eo ew) shown in Fig 220. Suppos the mpi delayed by an amount = a.28| Shown in Fg. 2.21. How do me vepresent he delayed version of rap? 1238, Rampton wh 2 a. Signs and warsorme 33 tees! io. 332 Tenge po Ae age eco 2%; oc fs eect a "tina ce civshgeaSt peters deat smash Manion oars he A0=20= Dae 20 ae —2)—2H0— DAS) 24 THE UNIT IMPULSE “The ni mpa, ot dels fatonis2 thematic anomaly. PAM Dire fist wet hs wigs on quantum echanis He defied the 1.224 Penodtion de ang pea Fe 222 “AM Biase Pnplee Qs Meco On Ui Pas 190AA SA Network nals and che ta usetion bythe esatons [lave oxy yO for 10 any ennui pty cin ory [rosna-10 on ln this ea we nl cramine the ait imple rom a maga approath, Those who reer # igor teatmest sould tie (0 ‘Kapondc for development ofthis dcsson, Te rate in that i bed nthe theory of gealaed fonctions originated by Eepemptee te Append Bi is shown tak whe wit pase he erate che UME SED yy oy) oo ‘ac glace i stteeah doubt. Af all te eat of the Ase co every east a the orp cunt, and does oteven enti poet Homeve, conse he actin 2.0 8 Bg 23s Ieee hat at goer to 26.40 approaches a Units a fim 549 = 40 es “Taking te esnative of gh, e ola 40, which seine by Se ‘yuatons ret; osise en wo 10 oe ssshown a Eig, 226. Now ke «takoom a sequence ae «uh th rae Canider the saquens of functns fF for decease q = 3 i Ung wen ad, 23h Deve fin “ Brae @ Taree The they ot cand Feo” Pre Roya Sey, 42h vos abe, a6 Netvor atlas and thet G48 hoses 10) 1 sold be nrssd tit thie aot sigorows definition (etic, ui eva, found Appel Hb ay hue one SAE eee don we cn nk o he Get “Ton” 28 bevig the nena propeti, wore as) =O for 10 ‘Signals and waveforms 35 oo eo FIG.2EF Toe ot et oon sey 2 Tet an ae * a en sruaeharremoinme, prorgarematests peters ruts as sate ea it ea nr se ee ens tates et fe ee Rea Eras Peery Churn rent as we [is00 je feana ms as da [ida Siena and waveforms 37 Continuing with hs eure eaten We uy that the sea “unr” the impult nly, and since dhe impuise i era for 0, we Have fo aoa fanaa 06 “Tos the ene are of the lapels “concentaad” at = 0. Cone equal, any integral het doesnot integrate tough ¢ = Of 250, wot [aoaefManaeo een nae “The ehnnge ofscaleansime shin propels -—— cet carter ao aply forthe imple fincion. The derivative of sep futon L : y= 4et=3) es) yes a inp ureson vw MO=AH— a 29) I* whichsshown in Fig. 229. Graphically, we representa imple ftion by ah ao 7 Tah pining Spars the co ‘lupor < witen eit te aigwhens, TARE Mote thi ete area under dhe impue naa Ben. “Consider te inpletion of as. 2.58 and 28. From hte eations we ze tha th cervatve ofthe stp a the ump decontinty of Bight ji onine fred ame 1 Gmgnge is foment, conse ny funtion (with jump discon a1 = 7, “Then the deat, (0) most Rave enmpuls at = 7 Arse example, amide (in Fig 250 Att = TJ) har 8 Sscontioly of Beg ‘{ OT 1,328. Fuetin wih nt36 Nexwork ama and ants hich igen a8 Aasry ST) em “Ln os dean fi) 2 bring equal to 4) for <7, and having (tho the eu tinlyfor 1 Tat i sant ape of Hons Aa =D) ea “Te inane (i tes SO=PMEAMAD 2@ te towing samp sts hs pint meaty 102318, erin JD 8 Aya aai-d- Anim 8) ea Is aeivaineis Sejm Adee) — 4800) a sug shown in Fig 2318, Sie) Naso coon at aan a ane mas ive puns oon pans. The cout of {ee mp at = 85 netive Deca ass) 7 at t wo we w ‘no. 231. ors no. 220 en Ee Shenae ‘hana ogo Pe 40 Neeworkaasizand sates 0,294 Laps ae consider nex the abe whee @isgeminvausfor — 2 <6 % TR ‘wsdl our atetin 6 the nega [Lrom- mann ony wich hols fr al in this cae IFT were varied fom == 16 OS wou oe sepecacd nats eneety. Am open of Nt ot ten tm cement unto) by ing set of paper Sin sas a plot ofthe fanson, mf anowN FE 234, Ae ow stamine hier order derivatives ofthe uni tp fms ne ae apace the eis impulse by the function £0 i Fi 228, Fe we Pr cones th tps The dria of) = WP Ss Abe epproshes sro, 40 aperoscesthe dea of Se tafe bh bic emt of ye of mpules ay sen iF 2.26, FREE nce Bg) whisk sometime cae adobe, eal 020 Tm, ‘Signals and waveforms 39 ‘As cod eal coe te fn) shown nF wsttdin (ty baeson sod nae ht deel kf Pict fete in (ta (64) — 1) = ‘as given in Fig, 2.325, wea > a ‘hotest property of tempol wa ns propel ofthe imps aston expres bythe [rm neesen ow “Ts egal ay eats we conder ta = 2) = 16 T, Therefore, the product He =O erat {8~ NO ore 268) yt) snghevalacd at 7,77) ean be feted on Hp ge AT) ean bef Do the tera 0 pol ane ae BARA Tactaah tion r= [Coane stad asin stem one rangle 21 sores [leste— name ow room [fenlijond a my =D Site and wavelet 4 where") ste deseatve of ferent at fe T where agin Eston conto: Hoa en ie proved by nteraion [ros -naesou—nf- [trom ma evs are [Laor-nane om ji ands drnatves. The igh oder 0) can be evaluated in similar fashion. ™ eerdenine Probieme 2.1 Resets wale the te ino den composts [Lv@ano en) “ect sient propery of he doves * yo Da= FD aw “ m9 ly | reat kde MO. A34 The de © ° Bt. ro8.21‘ne Neework ane nd synthe ia nn equation forte wear ate AEE ng. in rob 2.2 and ite egunions 23. Fine eva mt tant cade ake dog sey seo ev ton rj) ee RE, pl ensily foe for ave ot > ot chapter 3 The frequency domain: Fourier analysis a1 INTRODUCTION ‘ne othe mast common casts of sigs encounter ae periodic signs 107 fhe period of he signal, han aM AD) FROM 6 tn sition 1 being pero, i 0) Has only te umber of disson- te any Be pood a Fhe nega [vor site (wher ean abitrary eal number) hens) can be expanded in te infinite Wigner srs HONS + aon + eeostan 6 sinc Bla 200 + whee o = 2. This rigononee seis is generaly rere 1005 the Pre ari To compat frm ne Fourier es is wom Ba Secoimet naam 02) 1 is apparent from Egg, 32 and 3.3 tht, when 4) expanded in & Foor re, wo ei Geo comple ster ofthe eotiints ‘Signals and waveforms 43. 2 Fo te warm, 8 peri wh ae © ya =o o [reese 126 othe mnvfiens sown fo he Su, pref em of lemetay ine Sain, ha t= 1 ME IAI OPTOKD | Hoda ‘Sitch the mea) ade) my ~ @ “ = —ek-9) ® peers ° [iseno 2a Theva) ine erie a fhm ok 28, te ‘on a «0,79 became tne verse tongue ‘Th traquency domain: Fourersnabste 47 sft eros am ub Th oi ome ates fequney anata deseripin of he sigs Out ask 0 i ferv the equaios for the cocina, rn oh ven nal functions) Let us Ast cus the mathemati bass of Fou: ser, {he theory of orthogonal set 32 ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS kia ftw 0 a a at ey [aona0 on ve sy that fi) and) ae orthogonal oe titel (Ty Tek Foe ‘eam tho unoios let and cart are ortnogonl ver the itv Marrs (e4 ow Consider sey sot oral fnsion (0), Join. 50). Ibe fanaions obey the coon Getraltwonoann ins 08 is denote by the tne roc! by 4). Poe cone febi te, we ue the nner produc otal i our dacs. “Thee (bf orthonormal ove [Fy Tit GGn0 ins non oo Thmomt a le es ()ded tainmara([Patne)" on cana yo big ‘term g, by its norm Jaf. fe “e [Example 31, The Lagu se! with besten shown tobe very afl (ine Goan appeniton, xbogonal over] The fat four es am Ste he Ta DF I Ce48 Necwork analysis and sybase or Lape ae Aone ym = 2001 Ay mentt ~ dan +2001 en Ay emt Sr a? — $07 Tob ated Mag ence ig [onana= [fem -anvanne an atagr a,b tense! [ora —ararne (Gino Mall =([eme) ein ee 1s ott to vent he ne fe lente te | ‘piste V2 Terr tenth Lagu nt ekotena we ie ‘tendons by V2 23. APPROXIMATION USING ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS In hs section we eplore some of the se of erthogoea antions in ‘ae ines approximation of factions. The pri problem i a of sppeuinatings ncn yo aque ess) ate tne sguced eter satin [0 ~s008 oy 5) Network nas ane sya Sige the st (f) is onthoacemat, HfL = 1, and by ein, 6, = gp. Weehas have eit Sat G18) aur ve Aegan stig 3h nut 2baa 45 wuts Sen ar Se ‘We se tat in ode o stan tama nepal guard exon, We sat ft opmcy The cotient dese Eq. 3.16, ar cll the Ferler fins i) mith reset oe oehonoral (0) Parsera's equality Conder Ao) gen in Ea 34, We te that [lou since, ar orthonormal functions. Thierevle s known as Parseats uly, atts impotent in detesiting the enecty of «pei sia : G20) 24 FOURIER SERIES Let return tothe Fourie sere as define eter this capt, HOB Rocosnor + d.semod 20 rom ou icesion of approximation by orthonomal functions, we a feta he peo futon x) mith petod T can be appro by © oui series) sch that 0) converges inte mena #0 0, that, i {Pw = 507 aio ex where i ny cea amber, We know, moreover, that i eit, the mean squared eroe[x0)~ s(9 18 minimized whe the constants By rs the Fou costae of) ath espe tthe orhonaeal st {erails Gramh bon | Aervd, we have ‘The fequoney domain: Fourier aatals 49 Yen 32a we ay at 0) ome re men J nani te concept of coven the men mor cl, we mt st consider te folowing detaons 7 Definition 31 Givens foton (and constant p> Or which [vara yf) ge 1 adv i Pe (%, Ti fen “ en, sear ore St Fake sa ["0~ sore m0 (740 sa seers offense the comers abe mea of er ptf), Sei, when po Pony ta i) ome een Oh) The principle of lent squares Ne tones tt hon oasis of ts conbintion of oronoral fuels $y ns Py £0 2,840 oy ‘squared error ‘ Ne eet {ve go minimum. ‘The prinpe of at sures states hai order ata ‘minima squared eto, the coneants not hae the Valves aay 140 eas) a [fone ao Prof We sal sow that nee for If — ft be min, we Must set ay wc, for every {= 1,2... 5. ease Ll CDE eS -un-: en hands Zong ‘The equeney domi: Four aats 51 In expl fu te Fourier coeficents,aeordeg to the definition giv le, ae caine from he equations 2 [oa ox) 2 sponsor 020 2 voxnra ox ‘We should note ia beau the Four series) only converges 0 0) he mean whan) conse # jump sso, for al, sg) = +=) 026) AC ny point that 4) ferentibie hue materly omtauow) ap sonwege 00)" ‘Asan example, let us determine the Four coins of the folly sec sie Wave Ja Fig) 31. At we observe, he period is T= 52 Hat the fundamental eeguncy eo = 2, The ign even ab Hi) Aline on eis tate « = Oand evans betveen and. Using the formal just ten? (aosinznt amo 62» oom fin om eon! [eocotuar aot G0) Trae SEIT SRI Gg Poe omen et At52 Nework asta sprout “Ts the Four serie of he etl sie WV it (4 $, os?!) ep ae 3 EVALUATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS Ta this seton we wil conser 2 the nfl rms of Fis i tein we wt dacara nmber of method simplify the evalaton Ep'peutr meres Fi ess vom ow the evlanion of ot Rents sinpited by ymin connceroton. From Eas 323-325 Sen pie the groea formuls forse Four oesents Ito Fr Seta age Whe sm of two sepa pars, <2 ronnie eoonneal vl since the vail (nth above integral «Sty vata sutntutes = in kegs ut (05 TP), a0 et = ners with Kins 72; 9. Then we have om Paoianr a,x net] abe be ws we apn? [ee + d-neoenar de Fh ters om rend [ae = Aen ede ‘Suppo now the ftom iso has 2) = =~ then we ser that poe forall seat [eoinnante 20 ‘simples tha ution 06 Frere conn ony soe terms On the stor band supose the function is even, at He) sca) thee byw 0 and atk [xe yooe needs 3.35) aah ‘ Cousoqently, the Fourier aries af an even function wil contain only ‘one ers 54 Neiwork anes and athe 3.4) Ee nto soins my) O88 ao tml) ‘Ostia ws son ea oa ms ‘We can deine the form ofthe Foie cosine sre by seting Cyo08 639) soe b= Gyn, ow We then obtain C28 yin terms ofa, en By 88 coe test ba! ean ‘rwecombine the cosine and sae term of ach harmonic inthe vig tics we rely obtain from Ege 3.383. the Fouter ose sis Ho) = Cs Cyconlat + 8) + C605 Dat +6) 4 Cyeos Ga + 6) ooo Cyan (at + yee Ga ‘The feguiney domains Fourie 3 Sap st on) oo di (a2) =-a0 0%) sien hy the example Fig. 12. Then econ show thet) conan cay 064 Raemoni termi that ate and - [Po ]oo8 mot dt *e on tent [Meosnnaa at Wid this knowiedge of symmetry conditions, It ws ermine how we cua aproninat an arieary tie farton) ya Pou ses within sinter [0,7 Ovid thi inter, the Four se 0) 208 teqied to ts). Ceaser the anal (in Fig. 3.3. We om aproa tate) by any of the padi futons show in ig. 34. Obuewe {Geren pod mavelo exis some sot yey. "Now let ws coms two other ntl forms of Four sts, The st lathe owes couiae erin, mache Based upon he wigoaometi ent, Cy c0h not +99) = C,ca8 moto%e 8, ~ Cysin ma sO 2.38) 40.23 Spa oe apes The tegen domain: Four ais 55 ash be noted hath cots Carel taken be oie {thowever tam sth a 3 et Dru ngewe at wet cet om Ty sos20r = Boer at 0) ea For espe, he Forse ofthe ly rete ne wen Fg 3.1 Sershown be syatiee3 Apert) can gree a owen rs AD onhieS 2 jomrcwsn] 069 Nest we cone the eames oom aa Powis, Ww pit cot td nat fat tmp sonst he Se Fst emma We thE (oO Se Slots Yo pel teeta ony 0 = fos Sinem hme .- ro) San ec nex oa 85 os bn ls [Feroune -sanmaner 04 1 [Peorma Byuason 3.9 is sometans calle the drreteReerragfom ofc) a Bg 148 the erseransform of Be) = BeSe Network arate nd yest wal be 5. Angier =f yep 10.18, sme nave. 58 Network ane and ete TT Simplyng ove sep fords, we cts 24 feo 2k we es <0 new “the amplitude and phase specs of the square wave are giea i Fig 37 Ld EVALUATION OF FOURIER COBFHICIENTS USING UNIT tmPULses Iathis section we make ve of baste propety of impulse funtion sie he cleltion of compiee Four coetens. This method testi unstions which ae mace up of rahi conporents al “Ts the eto apple forte square mae ia Fg 3.6. The method i breed onthe relation [Low—manny 0m) “Let us we tit equition to ealate the compen Foner coeieats fr ‘He dinpue trom in Fg. 88, Uaing By 3.58 wih f@) = we ave wold Jit gem Aeome 8) ‘The Frequency domi: Fourier anasis 57 ‘Ober hat sus complex and cam be eepreseated se Pam RePy + JIB om ‘Te cel part of fy Res sone fom Bq, 24962 mice} [ase oso tm B= "sia net dt as mtn arcane oss Ieee tat Re tam eve anetion in m wheres Im 3 08 fascion inn The cmd pecrum of the Pour sere eed Iaal = e's, + Im 8 659 sud the phe scr is died a Imp, Ref, be = isan os "his easy scent the ample spear i an even funtion and the ne spectrom om 9 fasstiooin Te ample spect provi: ‘rh vlantesaight ao te to aca the te ex andl ‘mania a goodapprosimation othe orga waveform. From = plot {he amplitude spectrum, econ alost pick ou by inspection the nos ‘cv terms in the eis. Fr th aplfode spectra in ig. 3, we see {huts good aperoximation can be oblsinnd i ve regard ty harmonic shove the tia “Avan example, let us obi he complex Four cota for the square wave in Fig 36, Lets ako find the ample and phase recs ‘ofthe equate wave. From Fig. 3.6, we note tat) isn Fenton, ‘Moreover, sine sli — 72) =~), the seve has nly od monks From Bg 3.9 we otain the conicknt ofthe compins Fou sever LP permet ds 2 fF gerinoeay Be “att nae em G5) “The frequency domain: Fourier amie Pere Fe 24 npn We se that he compos Fou coetiient for impulse functions ate hase by simply stbtting te nea wih he ple oc to te egesson, =" nie eatin of Fourier cote, we must rier thatthe i fr i ten oe nr ony ene ily a sgh prod ofthe gon he sone Conder, tor eam tie oqe weve Pig 3.8 To lot fl we conic aly sage peridot square wate, ay, from t= 00 Fi ssstowninFig 398 Since thesguare | veoe isnot nde ap of ipso It Set ing rome rae Grnow bmi the comps ote oe rr ‘eu fu the derintve 70), whch cys fede op oie none Atay, f=) Ro ghense winS pet 0) we ota is q a then the dec Ho= Snape — (363) at, ne done» nv compen cou rah, 6 o joe 6s) 1 the diate #0 = Satin wich “ ovis skimp comporen sone? ye. 45 uae ene Sresnply eine yo at andthe ann E- 2%. (0 Sve ee Fe froma. 363, Forexampe the deivatve reales we oe of the square wave Jie the impale tain pad 9.70 Neawoek nay an sss in Fg. 394 Se the era [1,7 he sips (0 ven as HO= 48-2491 T) Ak BHD “The hcp soto ae Lffeoema 065) fae reimr® ge $0 “The Fourier cosficiens of he square wave ae “ (3.66) ata emer tery on cb inte enc ay a B98. Whe fit Sats mnt canis hn me ates ain 8 ron dpe om ewe Aemsnmre= Goh oe Fore wang pn Fig 310, ean athe or he poieaie " ron fay a(i—Zj+m-n] ow “The coufcens 2, ae HOW obtained 2s LPrige mera seb [fnnena sm n pm) mG aetna gery Re which simples oie ant nod oon 0 nen 2 secon ana nd yl ‘We san therefore oleate dole o ever higher derivatives of impabis Means atginConider the ignl (peo in Fig. 3.1, 1s Geriatie Frcshown in Sig 3090 as De expe ws 0 = 240 -a(o=2)] +40 —m(- “The second deviate "(consi of «pair of impabes a Soublew as given by rom 3fvo 4 os, ra poi of zl Jero-ar(--2) orm ssshown in Fig. 2.116, We refoe eve Tyendt aa bfeoe an ery [Oey neti = cimerny 4 1? " The faquengy domain: Foray 6h From 4, we obtain Tony 4, om BE nowa 0 neve A sigh dt arises fhe exes fer #0) contin an imple in aden to ite saightlioe terms Because of tees stig ne ‘ems we mus ifseatate ence more~ Homer, fom this eéduonl Aiferenision, we obtain he Salie OF the impuse ws well This resem diay, however, Besse we know the : 20) 625) naeoot om “The equency domain: Fowler amis 6) “The complex coefisents ae now obiad ee 2 Ga 2 syaainty 4 “ino om Bagong = newer Sinpiyig we have E +f nous : ox» In constovon, it ut be pote ot that the method of wing imps to-rfaats Fourie sofia dows not ve hes cose By ‘We obtain this costing trough standard mesods 2 given By 3.3. 27 THE FOURIER INTEGRAL Ta he ssi we extend ur alysis of signa tthe apeioic cue. Westow troughs plnulity argument hat generally prio sgl ovecontinuousampitye and pavespes, Inowe dann of Foe series the complex coeBsiet for poo sgoas Wag also sled the (decte Fant esform tone} [aoe ow) ad the inverse (ice eanform vas xo= 3 pone om From the distete Fourier ionm we obtain anplitade and phase spect wih coat of Sse hac The spacing betwee cet es i the spucteum Bae Dh 4 .) wind 6a) -Arthe povod becomes age, he spacing betwen the hans ine fn {he sperm beans stile Roesperiode Signals, we let approach fait 20 that athe Timi, the castete spect becomes simonest Neswork analysand smth hence dfn the Four ine! rao a old (yaya os) nepali {00 heerecantrn wo=[Lanena ou she Fewtr tans por ons 8 nd. ois ce Fle air sin 30 pen ou Wo andere n> siper-st) os) Qa FED. sn geneal tie Foran Sf) compe can este oF wanes sie3D oo eva pt ne gy west HSI) + SP sores om tft ut tna ra rou 13960) come weir heist 8a coda foton £8 «i talent oe ton ve an exponen ier /0) = 0 ‘Se wotake ie eat or gina pat of the sling parca integra xa 46 Fade pas ity oe egtion 20+ 510 F449 22a a Hiv =res am se that he pace inter ahs he form, l= Ae am om the aati maton QB e544 vv emo te coun do be dagig ete Femmes G8) Wh" AaB WB | co | 2 uarsneinat Thanet aa = pagan Diferencaequons 8 ‘We se that te polynomial within the penthess i the haters equation lp) wih p =f. Conequcni, the uakwa, ee egies Ho Consoenty, the unksown coeRceat és ao ‘Provided that Af) +4 0. ° empl uth ton on F439 + ae asp witb nil onions 0) =), 2404) = ‘Salon Tp chase cata NOP $39 +2 = 42% +9 10 tate complet fein is = Ges Ce Foch foig fen) = he eating A are 9 = 5 ‘That ne oiin sone ‘Te total sowion HOH) +1) = Get + Ge ate «a ‘Toestet the conan C 98, ne uti he en con moh . ~ son one

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