EARTH

LIFE SCIENCE
 Makati High School
Gen. Luna St., Poblacion Makati City

ROCKS AND EROSION AND

DEPOSITION
 Learning Objectives

Learning Competency #4: Classify rocks into

igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
S11/12ES-Ib-10

Learning Competency #5: Explain how the

products of weathering are carried away by erosion
and deposited elsewhere. S11/12ES-Ib-12
 Learning Objectives
Learning Unpacked Learning Objective 1:
Competency
#4: Classify rocks Differentiate the three types of rocks
into igneous,
sedimentary, and
metamorphic. Unpacked Learning Objective 2:
S11/12ES-Ib-10 Give examples each of the three types of rocks

Unpacked Learning Objective 3:

Cite importance of the three types of rocks based on
their application as we used them in everyday lives
 Rock, is typically defined by geologists as a
combination of naturally occurring substances,
mainly minerals. It has long histories, unlike
animals and plants. Rocks seem prehistoric and
everlasting because within our lifetimes, they are
not altered that much.

How do scientist classify different types of rocks?

 A r​ ock ​is a combination of unique set of minerals
with properties that differentiate them from others.

The mineral components varied because of

chemical components and structure creating unique
physical properties that allows
them to be classified.
All rocks may be classified
into three major types. IGNEOUS
They are distinguished SEDIMENTARY
from each other according
to how they are formed. METAMORPHIC
Igneous rocks are formed from the
solidification of molten rock material
(magma or lava). Molten rock
material can solidify below the
surface of the earth (plutonic
igneous rocks) or at the surface of
the Earth (volcanic igneous rocks).
• Igneous rocks are characterized by intergrowth of
crystals and/or volcanic glass.
• Crystal size is directly proportional to the cooling
rate of magma.
• Big crystals are formed deep underground, while
smaller crystals are formed near the surface.
An example of a rock with large crystal is a diorite
while those with smaller crystals is an obsidian.
Bowen’s reaction series is a general model is created to show the
progression of silicate crystallization at specific temperature.
Types of Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks can be classified based on
the temperature-pressure condition during
the solidification of magma: extrusive and
intrusive.
• An extrusive igneous rock forms
when magma or volcanic
fragments erupt and solidify on
Earth’s surface which results to
very fine-grained rock with very
small crystals that could not be
seen through naked eye. Example of Extrusive
• It is also known as a ​volcanic rock​. Igneous Rock
The texture of most extrusive
rocks can be of three different
forms: smooth, full of holes, or
can be with large crystals
embedded in a fine ground mass.
• An intrusive igneous Formation of Intrusive
Igneous Rock
rock forms when
magma crystallizes
within the crust and
is composed of
medium to coarse
grains. It is also
known as a plutonic
rock.
 Igneous rocks can be named using the binary
system which is mainly based on its texture and
composition of the rock.
Classifying igneous rocks based on texture and composition.
Composition (silica content)
Texture
Felsic Intermediate Mafic

extrusive (volcanic) rhyolite andesite basalt

intrusive (plutonic) granite diorite gabbro

Felsic ​igneous rock is usually light colored and contains large
amounts of quartz, potassium feldspar, and plagioclase. It is also
called​ granitic igneous rock.

Intermediate igneous rock is medium gray or medium green and

consists of major minerals like amphibole, plagioclase, and
feldspar.

Mafic ​igneous rock is dark gray to black-colored

and composed largely of plagioclase and
amphibole with small amounts of olivine.
It is also called as basaltic ​igneous rock.
 Sedimentary rocks were
formed from organic,
mechanical or chemical
sediments.
A process called lithification is
where harden sediments
become sedimentary rocks. Example of Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary processes at or near the
surface of the Earth include: weathering
of rocks, sediment transport and
deposition, compaction and
cementation.

Common sedimentary features: strata

and fossils
Strata: >1cm is called bedding and anything less is called
lamination; layering is the result of a change in grain size and
composition; each layer represents a distinct period of
deposition.
Fossils: remains and traces of plants and animals that are
preserved in rocks
Formation of Sedimentary Rock
Diagenesis is a collective process where sediments are lithified
(becomes rock). It has four main parts:
• Compaction – sediments are smashed together
• Cementation – gluing sediments together
• Recrystallization – crystallization of ions
• Chemical changes (oxidation/reduction)
Types of Sedimentary Rock
Clastic sedimentary rocks are made up of sediments from
preexisting rocks. When preexisting rocks are physically
weathered and eroded, they form sediments called ​clasts or
detritus​, which are composed of individual minerals or rock
fragments.
Non-clastic sedimentary rocks can be biological,
chemical, or a combination of both.
a. Biological sedimentary
rocks
are lithified accumulation of
dead organisms.
b. Chemical sedimentary
rocks form from
chemical
precipitation
Metamorphic rocks are rocks
that have been altered,
changed, or transformed in
the solid state due to changes
in pressure, temperature
conditions, and chemical
actions of hot fluids. Examples of metamorphic rock
Formation of Metamorphic Rock
Metamorphism is like the chameleon changing its color to
protect itself by blending into its environment.

The goal of metamorphism is like the chameleon which is to

reestablish equilibrium with the new conditions.
Changes in minerals during metamorphism can happen in three
possible ways.
1. Recrystallization occurs when small crystals of one mineral will
slowly convert to fewer, larger crystals of the same mineral
without melting the rock.
2. Neomorphism is the process whereby minerals not only
recrystallize, but also form different minerals from the same
chemical elements.
3. Metasomatism is the addition or loss
of elements new minerals form with
only some of the original elements.
 The scale indicating the level of pressure and temperature
during the formation of a particular metamorphic rock is
called metamorphic grade​. The higher the temperature and
pressure, the higher the metamorphic grade is. There are
two main scales at which metamorphism can occur: contact
and regional metamorphism.
Types of Metamorphism
Contact metamorphism occurs
only at a local area adjacent to
large intrusions and along
fractures that are in contact
with hot fluids.

Contact metamorphism is most

effective at narrow zones
specifically at the contact
between the host rock and
intrusive magma or hot fluids. Contact metamorphism.
 Regional metamorphism
occurs when there are major
igneous intrusions, presence
of extreme pressure and heat
due to deep burial.

Regional metamorphism.
Types of Metamorphic Rock
Foliated metamorphic
rocks are formed when
parallel planes of platy or
elongated minerals
creating what is called as
foliations.
Increasing metamorphism causes
distinct bands or foliation to form.
 Nonfoliated
metamorphic rocks do
not have layered
appearance. Examples
are marble, quartzite,
and anthracite.

Some metamorphic rocks with their

corresponding protoliths.
 Rock Cycle
Igneous rocks can change into
sedimentary or metamorphic
rocks.

Sedimentary rocks may

also transform into igneous
or metamorphic rocks.

Metamorphic rocks can

change into the all the three
rock types.
 All these changes, of course, in the rock cycle
are only possible if the ideal conditions and
processes needed are met. The arrows found in
the figure represent processes in each group
especially the role of various geologic processes
involved in the transformation of one rock type
into another.
How are rocks use in our everyday lives?
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.
1. What are the three main types of rocks?
a. Igneous, Sedimentary, and Foliated
b. Foliated, Non-Foliated, and Volcanic
c. Volcanic, Metamorphic, and Rocky
d. Metamorphic, Igneous, and Sedimentary

2. What type of rock is form by heat and pressure?

a. Igneous c. Metamorphic
b. Volcanic d. Rocky
3. What type of rock is form by volcanic activity?
a. Foliated c. Sedimentary
b. b. Non-Foliated d. Igneous

4. What type of rock is form by weathering and erosion?

a. Sedimentary c. Metamorphic
b. Foliated d. Igneous

5. Which of the following is a molten rock?

a. Molten pieces c. Crystals
b. Lava or magma d. Gems
 Learning Objectives
Learning
Competency Unpacked Learning Objective 4:
#5: Explain how Identify the different agents of erosion
the products of
weathering are and deposition
carried away by
erosion and
deposited Unpacked Learning Objective 5:
elsewhere
S11/12ES-Ib-12 Describe characteristic surface features
and landforms created and the processes
that contributed to their formation
• The three types of rocks include:
o Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock deep
inside the Earth.
o Sedimentary rocks are formed from layers of
sand, silt, dead plants, and animal skeletons.
Metamorphic rocks formed from other rocks that are
changed by heat and pressure underground.
 Coasts change a lot over time. For all the
wonderfully unique landforms to come about,
many processes have been operating. One of the
processes that are often at work in coastal
environments is weathering. Not (always) to do
with the weather and certainly not the same as
erosion, this process has helped shape the
coastlines we love worldwide.

How does weathering affect Earth’s surface?

 Weathering is any process that breaks
down rocks and creates sediments. There
are two forces of weathering, chemical and
mechanical (physical). Weathering occurs
as a response to the low pressure, low
temperature, and water and oxygen-rich
nature of the Earth’s surface. Physical
weathering and chemical weathering
almost always occur together in nature and
reinforce each other.
Mechanical Weathering
• Mechanical weathering is
a process wherein rocks
are broken down into
smaller pieces without
changing their chemical
composition due to several
factors like fluctuating Rocks by the sea change shape due
temperatures and to the force of water during high tide.
pressure, and biological
activity.
Types of Mechanical Weathering
Frost wedging is a process that
involves repeated cycles of
freezing and thawing of ice.

It happens when there is

sufficient moisture; pre-
existing cracks; and when
temperatures frequently rise
and fall
Weathering of rocks through frost
wedging
 Salt crystal growth is a
process that happens when
seawater penetrates
crevices in rocks which are
found mostly in rocky
shorelines and arid regions.

Salt crystals expand when

subjected to an increase in Rock weathering in beaches
temperature that causes
the widening of cracks.
Biological activity is the
action of organisms
including plants and
animals reduces the
size of rocks and
minerals which make
rocks more susceptible Weathering by roots of plants
to chemical
weathering.
 Unloading happens
through erosion or
uplift, thick layers of
sediments overlying
deeply buried in rocks
are removed. This
process is termed
Unloading of rocks
unloading.
Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering
is a process wherein
rock materials are
changed into other
substances that have
different physical and
chemical
compositions.
Chemical weathering
Types of Chemical Weathering
Dissolution is a process wherein a solid (i.e.,
halite) dissolves in a liquid (i.e., water).

Hydrolysis is a process where water reacts

with a mineral to form a new mineral.

Oxidation is a where chemical combination

of oxygen with a mineral to form an entirely
different mineral in which at least one of
the elements has a higher ionic charge.
 Erosion is a process by which soil and rock particles are
worn away and moved elsewhere by gravity, or by a moving
transport agent – wind, water or ice. Erosion involves
removal of solid material by a transporting agent.
 Agents like running water or rivers, wind, gravity,
groundwater, wave currents, and glaciers contribute to
erosion.

Erosion has different types: water erosion, wind erosion,

and glacial erosion.
 Once weathering has
broken down rocks, the
resulting particles are
picked up and transported
by erosion. The eroded
material will eventually be
dropped by the eroding
agent in a new place. This
last part of the process is
called deposition.
 Deposition occurs when
the eroding agent, whether
it be gravity, ice, water,
waves or wind, runs out of
energy and can no longer
carry its load of eroded
material. The energy
available to the erosion
agents comes from
gravity, or in the case of
wind, the Sun.
Types of Erosion
Water erosion is a type of
erosion where water carries
the sediments to different
bodies of water such as
rivers.

The high amount of rainfall Grand Canyon in Arizona, a

contributes to susceptibility product of water erosion
of the soil to water erosion.
 Wind erosion
happens when
light materials,
such as small rocks
and pebbles, are
carried by the wind Rock shaped by wind erosion

to different places.
Glacial erosion happens
when a glacier, or a river
of highly-compact ice,
move downhill due to its
weight.

It plucks chunks of rocks

and causes scraping Landform formed by
glacial erosion
between the ice and the
rock.
Causes of Erosion
Soil erodibility is the vulnerability of
soil to erosion caused by rainfall
intensity, soil properties, crop cover,
and slope.

The texture of the soil is the most

significant contributing factor to
erodibility although structure, organic
matter, and permeability may also
affect it.
 Overgrazing by
livestock or by
indigenous animals
may remove
vegetation leaving
the soil more
Overgrazing
vulnerable to
erosion.
Cutting of trees and removal of
vegetation to provide lumber can
also result in large amounts of
erosion.

Use of pesticides, herbicides, and

fuel oils also pollutes the soil.
Salt can also contaminate soil
due to the high salinity of
irrigation water as it passes over
croplands.
Preventing Soil Erosion
• Steep terrains are
shaped to produce flat
areas
• Reducing farmland
conversion
• Planting vegetation
• Application of organic
Rice Terraces
fertilizer
• Building retaining walls
How do plants prevent soil erosion?
 Weathering is the breaking down of rocks either mechanically
1 or chemically.

Weathering of rocks is caused by numerous factors such as

2 climate, surface area and topographic relief, and rock
composition.

Weathering can either be in the form of chemical or

3 mechanical weathering.
 Erosion is the movement of sediments and particles through
1 the help of transporting media such as glacial ice, water, and
wind.

Erosion has different types: water erosion, wind erosion, and

2 glacial erosion.

3 Soil erosion can be affected by several external factors.

Tell whether if it is weathering, erosion or
deposition.
1. Caves being form by acid rain dissolving
underground limestone
2. Waves dropping sand on the beach.
3. Deltas forming at the mouths of the rivers.
4. Wind blowing sand from one location to another
5. Glacier scraping rocks across the earth’s surface