Indefinite Integration

MANISH JHA (NIT Patna)

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 Indefinite Integration

Differentials :
Up to this point in our work, for y = f(x), we
have regarded dy/dx as a composite symbol
for the derivative f'(x), whose component
parts, dy and dx, had no meaning by
themselves. It is now convenient to modify
this point of view and attach meaning to dy
and dx, so that thereafter we can treat dy/dx
as though it were a fraction in fact as well as
in appearance. We shall not however enter
into any discussions on it. We shall only state
that,
for a function of a single variable y = f(x), the
differential of y denoted by dy is the product
of the derivative of y (with respect to x) and
the differential of x denoted by dx. Thus,
Differential of y = f(x) is dy = f'(x)dx.
For y = x 4, dy = 4x3 dx, or simply d(x4) = 4x3
dx. Thus
d(sinx) = cosx dx, d(y) 2 = 2y dy, d(tanu) = sec 2u
du.

Integration as anti-derivative :
Simplest way to define integration is as an
antiderivative or the inverse of a derivative of
sin x is cos x then we may say that integral of
cos x is sin x.
In general, if we consider
d
dx

f x  x 
or, using differentials d f(x) = (x) dx :
then an integral of (x) with respect to x or
an integral of (x)dx is f(x) and symbolically,
we write,
Indefinite Integration

 (x) dx  f(x)

1.
 Where the symbol  which is an elongated
Know the facts
S(the first letter of the word sum, or , of the
latin word summa) is known as the sign of Integration can be said to be
integration. Now we come to some formal d
definitions. reverse of finding the .
dx
The actual process of finding the function is
called integration where its derivative or its
differential is known. The function to which
the integration is applied is called integrand
and the function obtained as a result of
integration is said to be integral or Anti-
derivative or primitive. In the above case,
(x) is the integrand and f(x) is the integral.
The process of integrating many ordinary
functions is simple, but in general, integration Points to Remember!!!
is more involved than differentiation, as will
be evident from future discussions. d
If [F(x)+C] = f(x) then F(x) + C
dx
Some Basic Example
(i) y = x4 is called an antiderivative of f'(x)
dy on [a, b] and is written as
  4x3
dx
 dy = 4x3 dx  f  x dx  F x  C
Here C is called constant of
 y =  4x3dx
Integration.
(ii) y = x2 + c
In this case we say that the

dx

d 2

x  c  2x function f(x) is integrable on [a,
b]. Note that every function is
  2xdx  x 2  c not integrable
(iii) y = sinx 0 if x Ǫ
dy dsinx e.g. f(x) =  is not
  cosx 1 if x Ǫ
dx dx
integrable in [0, 1]. Every function
 cosx dx = d(sinx)
  cosxdx  sinx  C which is continuous on a closed
and bounded interval is
Indefinite Integration

(iv) y = tanx integrable.

dy However for integrability
 sec2 x
dx function f(x) may only be piece
  sec2xdx  tanx  C wise continuous in (a, b).

2.
(v) y = lnx
dy 1
 
dx x
1
 dx  lnx  C
x

 4tan3 x d  tanx    tanx   C

4
(vi)
Here, integration is done with respect to
‘tanx’.

Notes on Indefinite Integration :

(1) Geometrical interpretation :

y =  2xdx  x 2  C

 
y =  f x dx  F x  C

 F'(x) = f(x); F'(x1) = f(x1)


Hence y =  f x dx denotes a family of curves
such that the slope of the tangent at x = x 1 on
every member is same. i.e. F'(x1 ) = f(x) (when
x1 lie in the domain of f(x)). Hence antiderivative
of a function is not unique. If g 1(x) and g2(x)
are two antiderivatives of a function f(x) on [a,
b] then they differ only by a constant i.e.
g1(x) – g2 (x) = C

(2) Antiderivative of a continuous function is

differentiable:

i.e. if f(x) is continuous then  f x dx = F(x) +

C  F'(x) – f(x)  F'(x) always exists

 F(x) is differentiable.

(3) If integrand is discontinuous at x = x 1 then

its antiderivative at x = x1 need not be
discontinuous.
Indefinite Integration

i.e. e.g. x–1/3 is discontinuous at x = 0.

3 2/3
But  x dx  x  C is continuous at x = 0
1/3

3.
 d
(4) If
dx

(F(x)+C) = f(x)   f x dx  F x  C 
then only we say that f(x) is integrable.

(5) Antiderivative of a periodic function need not

be a periodic function.
e.g. f(x) = cosx + 1 is periodic but
 cosx  1dx  sinx  x  C is aperiodic.

Standard Integration
There are some functions which are frequently
used in differentiation as well as integration.
So, using these integrals (often called ‘LOVING
INTEGRAND’), we can integrate much more
complex functions.

n xn1
1. (a)  x dx   C, n  1 .
n1
ax  bn1
 
(b)  ax  b n dx   C, n  1

a n 1 
d  xn1  1
Proof: (a)  n  1 xn  xn
dx n  1  n  1

Proof: (b)


ax  b
n1 
  1 
d      
 n  1 ax  b n  a
dx  n  1   n 1
   

 
= a (ax + b)n
So, we have to divide by ‘a’ to neutralize it.
Indefinite Integration

4.
 Ǫ. Solve the following :

(i)  eln x dx

Sol.  eln x dx
=  x dx
=  x1/2dx
x3/2  C  2 x3/2  C
=
3/2 3

Ǫ. (ii)  elnx dx

 elnx dx
2
Sol.
1
=  dx   x2dx
x2
1
x 1
= c   c
1 x

 1 
Ǫ. (iii)  ln  x dx
 e 

Sol.  
 ln ex dx

=  x dx
x2
= c
2

dx
Ǫ. (iv) 
2x
dx 1
Sol.    x1/2dx
2 x 2
1  x1/2 
= c
2  1/ 2 
= x c
Indefinite Integration

5.
 Ǫ. (v)  eln2lnx dx

Sol.  eln2x dx
=  2x dx
= x2 + c

Ǫ. (vi)  emlnx dx
m

Sol.  elnx dx
=  xm dx
xm1
= C
m1

Ǫ. (vii)  2lnx dx

Sol.  xln2 dx a log b c

 clog b a 
x
ln21
= C
ln2  1

1
2. (a)  dx  ln x  C (loving integrands)
x
dx ln ax  b
(b)   C
ax  b a


 
Proof :
d ln x 1 1
(a)
dx
 sgn x 
x x

d a a
(b) ln | ax  b | sgn ax  b 
dx | ax  b | ax  b

Again, here we have ‘a’ in denominator to

Indefinite Integration

neutralize the ‘a’ which would come in

numerator after differentiating ln (ax + b).

6.
 Ǫ. Solve the following :
x4  x4  2
(i)  dx
x3
 2 1 2  Point to Remember!!!
 x  2 
 x 
 dx
Sol. x 3 Solving Trick:
x2  1 / x2 Try to convert the given form into
= dx or very close to one of standard
x3
1 1 forms.
=   dx
x x5
x4
= ln|x| +
4
c  
(∵  f  g dx   fdx   gdx )

dx

Ǫ. (ii)
3  2x
dx ln 3  2x
Sol.   c
3  2x 2
xdx
(iii)
Ǫ. a  bx
xdx 1 bx dx
  
Sol. a  bx b a  bx
1  a  bx a 
=   dx
 
b  a  bx a  bx 
1 a
= 1 dx
  bx
xb  a a  1
=  ln a  bx  c
   
b b   b 
x a
=  ln a  bx  c
b b2

2x
Ǫ. (iv)  dx
3x  5
2x 2 3x  5  5
Indefinite Integration

 dx =  dx
Sol. 3x  5 3 3x  5
2 5
= 1 dx
3 3x  5

7.
 2x 10 ln 3x  5
=   c
3 3 3
2x 10
=  ln 3x  5  c
3 9

xdx
Ǫ. (v) 
x  2x  1
2


xdx

Sol.
 x  12 
 x  1 1 
=     dx

 x1
  x  1 
 2  2
1 dx
=  dx  
x1
 
2
x1
1
= ln x  1  c
x1
dx
(vi) 
Ǫ. 2x  3  2x  3
2x  3  2x  3
Sol.  dx (∵ rationalization)
6
2x  3 dx   2x  3 dx
= 
6 6
 2x  33/2  2x  3
3/2

=  c
3 3
6 2 6 2
2 2
 2x  3
3/2

 2x  3
3/2
 
= c
18

 1  x
3

Ǫ. (vii)  dx
x
 1  x 3
Indefinite Integration

Sol.  dx
x
1  3x  3x2  x3
= dx
x
3x2 x3
= ln x  3x   c
2 3
8.
 1
Ǫ. (viii) 

x x1
dx


1 1
 is of the form  dx . In this case,
Sol. 
x x1  quadratic

dx

 roots are 0 and –1

x x1  Point to Remember!!!

x  1  x  0 If quadratic has roots  and 

=  dx
x x  1 then multiply and divide by the
difference of  and .
1 1 
=    dx
 x x  1
= ln |x| – ln |x +1| + c
 x 
= ln C
 x  1 
 

1
Ǫ. (ix) 
x  2 x  3
dx

Sol. 1 x  2  x  3
 dx
5 x  2 x  3
1  1 1 
=   dx
 
5  x  3 x  2 
1 x3
= ln c
5 x2

1 dx
Ǫ. (x)  dx or 
x  n x  n x  n2
2

Sol. 1 x  n  x  n
 dx
2n x  n x  n
1 x n
= ln c
2n xn
Indefinite Integration

9.
 x
Ǫ. (xi) 
x  2 x  3
dx

x
 dx
Sol. x  2 x  3
3 x  2  2 x  3
=  dx
x  2 x  3
 3 2 
=   dx
x 

= 3ln x  3 32ln x  2  c
x2

Note :
Because of how frequently we use it, the
following integration is strongly recommended
to remember as standard integration.

dx 1 xa
  ln c
x 2  a2 2a xa

dx
Ǫ. Solve 
x  5x  6
2
dx

Sol. Method-I:


x  2  x  3 dx
x  2 x  3
 x3
 = ln c
x2

Method-II:
dx
 2
 5 1
 x   
 2 4
 dx 1
Indefinite Integration

dx form  ,a  
=   
2 2
x 2
 a 2 2 
 5  1  
x  2    2 
   



10.
  5 1
1 x  2 2
= ln   c
 1   5 1
2    x  
2 2 2
   
x3
= ln c
x2
3. (a)  ex dx  ex  c
e 
axb
 e dx 
axb
(b) c (LOVING INTEGRANDS)
a

ax
a x dx  c
4. (a)
 
ln a
 a 
pxq
 a dx 
pxq
(b)  c, a  0
plna

Proof :  a
pxq dx

=  e
pxqlna
dx
e 
pxq lna
apxq
=
plna  c  plna  c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

x1 x1
(i)  2 5 dx
10x

Sol. 
 2.5x  5.2x dx 
 2  x  5  x
=  5   2 c
   
 2
ln5
5.2x  .5x  c
 ln2
ln2 ln5

Ǫ. (ii)  ax .ex dx

aex
Indefinite Integration

  ae  dx 
x
Sol. c
ln  ae 

aex
= c
1  lna
11.
  
2
Ǫ. (iii)  2x  3x dx

Sol. 
 22x  32x  2.6x dx 
x
4x  9 2.6x
=  c
ln4 ln9 ln6

e3x  e5x
Ǫ. (iv) 
ex  ex
dx



e4x ex  ex dx
Sol. e x
 ex 
e4x
=  e4x dx  c
4

(v)  amx .bnx dx

Ǫ.
 
x
Sol.  am . bn dx

a . b 
x
m n

= c
ln a . b  m n

amx bnx
= c
m lna  n lnb

5. (a)  sinx dx  cosx  c

cos ax  b  

(b)  sin ax  b dx    a
c

(c)  cosxdx  sinx  c

sin ax  b  

(d)  cos ax  b dx   a
c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

Indefinite Integration

(i)  1  sinx dx

x x
Sol.  sin  cos dx
2 2

12.
 x x
Case-I: sin  cos
≥0
2 2
 x x
  sin  cos dx
 
2 2
  
 x x
= 2cos  2sin  c
 2 2
x x
Case-II: sin  cos  0
2 2
 x x 

  sin  cos  dx
 2 2 
x x
= 2cos  2sin  c
2 2

Ǫ. (ii)  cos2xcos3x dx

Sol.  cos2x cos3x dx

1
=
2

 cos5x  cosx dx 
1  sin5x 
=   sinx  c 
2 5
 
sin5x sinx
=  c
10 2

cosx  cos2x
(iii)  dx
Ǫ. 1  cosx

cosx  2cos2 x  1 

Sol. 
dx
1  cosx
2cos2x  cosx  1
= dx
1  cosx
 
1  cosx 2cosx  1 
=  dx
1  cosx
=  2cosx  1dx
Indefinite Integration

= 2sinx + x + c

13.
 Ǫ. (iv)  sin2x dx

Sol.  1  cos2x 
 dx
2
 
x sin2x
=  c
2 4

Ǫ. (v)  cos2x dx

1  cos2x
 dx
Sol. 2
x sin2x
=  c
2 4

Ǫ. (vi)  cos3 d

cos3  3cos
 d ( cos 3= 4cos3–3cos)
Sol. ∵
4
1  sin 3 
= 4 3  3 sin  c
 

Ǫ. (vii)  sin4xdx
2
 1  cos2x 
Sol.  dx
2 
 
1

=  1  cos2 2x  2cos2x dx
4

1   1  cos4x  
=  1    2cos2x dx
4  2
 
   
1  3x sin4x 
= 4 2  8  sin2x   c
 
3x sin4x sin2x
=   c
8 32 4
Indefinite Integration

14.
 cos5x  cos4x
Ǫ. (viii)  dx
1  2cos3x
9x x
2cos cos
Sol.   2 3x 2

dx
1  2  2cos2  1
 2 
 9x  x  3x 
2 cos cos
 2   2   cos 
=       2
3x 3x  dx
3  4cos2  cos 
2  2 
 9x   3x   x 
2 cos   cos   cos  
2 2 2
=        dx
 9x 
 cos 
2 
 

=  cosx  cos2x dx 
sin2x
= sinx  c
2

cos3x  sin3x
(ix)  dx
Ǫ. cosx  sinx

Sol. 
 cos2 x  sin2x  cosxsinx dx 
 sin2x  cos2x
=  1   dx = x  c
2 4
 


Ǫ.  
(x)  sin x° dx
 
   
c
 x 
Sol.  sin  dx  1    
 180    180  
 
 x  1
= – cos   c
 180   / 180
180
=

 
cos x  c
Indefinite Integration

15.
 6. (a)  sec2xdx  tanx  c
1

(b)  sec2 ax  b dx  a

tan ax  b  c 
(c)  cosec2x dx  cotx  c
1

(d)  cosec2 ax  b dx   a
cot ax  b  c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

dx
(i) 
1  cosx
Method-I: 
dx    1  sec2  x  dx
Sol. x 2 2 
2cos  
2    
  
2

 x
 1 tan  2 
=     c
2
   1 
 
 2 
x
= tan    c
 2 

1  cosx
Method-II:  dx
1  cosx 1  cosx
1  cosx
= dx
sin2x


=  cosec2 x  cotxcosecx dx 
= – cotx + cosec x + c

cos2x  2sin2 x
Ǫ. (ii)  dx
cos2x
2cos2x  1  2sin2x
 dx
Sol. cos2x
1
Indefinite Integration

=  dx   sec2x dx
cos2x
= tanx + c

16.
 1  cosx
(iii)  dx
Ǫ. 1  cosx
 
2sin2 x / 2


Sol. dx
2cos2 x / 2
=  tan2 x / 2dx

=   sec2  x / 2   1 dx
tan  x / 2
= xc
1/ 2
= 2tan(x/2)-x+c

Ǫ. (iv)  cot2 x dx

Sol.  cot2 x dx
= – cotx – x + c

Ǫ. (v)  sec2xcosec2x dx

1
Sol.  dx
sin xcos2x
2

sin2x  cos2x
= dx
sin2cos2x


=  sec2x  cosec2x dx 
= tanx – cot x + c

Ǫ. (vi)  cot2xcos2x dx

Sol.  
 cot 2 x 1  sin2x dx

=  cot x  cos x  dx
2 2

=  cot2xdx   cos2xdx sin2x x

  cot x   c
4 2

Ǫ. (vii)  tan2x . sin2x dx

Indefinite Integration

Sol. 
 tan2x 1  cos2x dx 

=  tan2x  sin2x dx    sec 2

x1 
 1  cos 2x 
dx
 2  
sin2x 3x 
 tan x   c 
4 2
17.
 7. Now use can solve it.
(a)  secxtanx dx  secx  c
(b)  cosecxcotx dx  cosecx  c
sec ax  b  
  
(c)  sec ax  b tan ax  b dx   a
c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

asin3x  bcos3x
(i)  dx
sin2 cos2x
asin3x  bcos3x
 dx
Sol. sin2cos2x

=  asecxtanx  bcosecxcotx dx 
= a sec x – b cosecx + c

cosecx  tan2x  sin2x

Ǫ. (ii)  dx
sinx

Sol. 
 cosec2x  secxtanx  sinx dx 
= – cot x + sec x – cosx + c

dx
Ǫ. (iii) 
1  sin3x
1  sin3x
Sol. Method-I:  cos2 3x dx


=  sec2 3x  sec3xtan3x dx 
tan3x sec3x
 = c
3 3
Method-II:  dx 1 dx
   2  
1  cos  3x 3x  
   
2  cos2  2
2 
 
 3x    
1
Indefinite Integration

= tan   c
3 2 4 
 




18.
 Ǫ. (iv) 
cos2x
sinx

1  3sin3x dx 
sin4x
 tanxsecxdx  3  dx
Sol. cos2x
 1  cos x 
2
2

= secx  3  dx
cos2x
 1  cos4x  2cos2x 
= secx  3   cos2x dx

 


= secx  3 tanx   cos2xdx  2x
 x sin2x 

= secx  3tanx  6x  3  c
 
2 4
 
9x 3sin2x
= secx  3tanx   c
2 4

dx
8. (a)   tan1x  c
1  x2
(b) dx  1 x
    tan1   c
a2  x 2  a   a 


dx
9. (a)   sin1x  c
1 x 2

dx
(b)   cos1x  c
1  x2
dx x
(c)   sin1   c
a2  x 2  a 

dx
10. (a)   sec1x  c
x x 1
2

dx 1 x
(b)   sec1  c
x x 2  a2 a  a 
Indefinite Integration








19.
 Proof :
dx dx 1
  
a x 2 2 a2
x
2

1   
 a  1 x
1  1 1 = tan1   c
= a . a 2 dx a
  x  a 
1   
 a 


Ǫ. Solve the following :

 x2  cos2x 
(i)  cosec2x dx
 x2  1 
 

Sol.  x2  1  1  cos2x  2
  cosec x dx
x2  1
  
1 
=  cosec2x   dx
x2  1 
 
= – cotx – tan–1x + c

x2
Ǫ. (ii) 
1  x2
dx
 1 
Sol.  1   dx
1  x2 
 
= x – tan–1 x + c

x4
Ǫ. (iii) 
1  x2
dx

Sol.  x4  1 1 
  1  x2  1  x2 dx
  
1 
=  x 2  1   dx
1  x2 
 
x3
=  x  tan1x  c
3
Indefinite Integration

20.
 dx
(iv) 
Ǫ. 9  4x2
1
Sol. It is little bit similar to form  dx .
a2  x 2
1 dx 3
So,  , Now a =
2 9  x2 2
4
 

1
= sin 
x   c = 1 sin1  2x   c

1
 
2   3   2  3 
  2 
   


dx
Ǫ. (v)  dx
x x1
2

Sol. dx
 2
 1  3
x  2  4

 
dx 1 3
It is of the form  ,x  x  ,a 
x 2  a2 2 2
 
 1 
1  x  2  
 tan1   c
 
 3 
   3  
 2   2  
 
 
 2x  1 
= 2 tan 1
c
3   
 3 
dx
Ǫ. (vi)  dx
49  25x2
Sol.  1  dx
 
 25    7  
2
    x2 
  5  
 
1 1 x
Indefinite Integration

=   tan1 c
25
1
7 /55x
  7 / 5 
= tan1 c
 
35  7 


21.
 dx
Ǫ. (vii) 
2x  7 x  3 x  4
2dx

Sol.
2x  7 4x2  28x  48
2 dx
= 
 2x  7   2x  7 2  1
= 2 × sec 2x  7  c
1

2
= sec–1 (2x – 7) + c

dx
Ǫ. (viii) 
x 2

 4x  4 x 2  4x  5 
  x  4x  5   x  4x  4
2 2

Sol. 

dx
  


x  4x  42
x  4x  5 2

dx dx
=  
x  4x  4
2
x  4x  5 2

dx dx
=  
x2 
2 2

x2 1  
 1 
=– 
x 
 tan1 x  2  c  
 

12
=
2x
 tan1 2  x  c  

The Ultimate Shortcut 

 
dx
 tan1


if D  0 
   ln  
if D  0

Ǫuadratic 
Rational
 if D  0
function
Indefinite Integration

In case of D > 0, multiply and divide by

difference of roots.
In case of D < 0, transform into sum of perfect
square and constant.

22.
 Ex.  2x . ex dx

 2ex
e dx    2e  dx 
x
Sol. 2 x x
c
ln  2e 


I  tan 2x
 dx
Ex. 1  tan2x 
Sol. 
I  tan x dx  2 1  tan2x
 
dx   cos2x  sin2x dx   cos2xdx 
1
sin2x  c
1  tan2x 2
sec x 2

 
Ex. 
 x  1  x
x x x x
2


 x dx
    1 x 
 x 



 1 x2  xx 1 3
x
    dx
x  x  x  1
Sol. x x x x

= 
 x  1 x  1x  1  x dx   x  1dx  x  x  c 2

 x  x  1 2


x 2

 sin2x sec2 x
dx
Ex. 1 x 2

Sol. x 2

 sin2 x sec 2 x 
dx =  sec2 x 
1 
 dx  tanx  tan x  c
1
 2  2 
1x 1x
 sin2x  sin2k
Ex.  dx
sinx  sink  cosx  cosk
sin2x  sin2k
 dx
Sol. sinx  sink  cosx  cosk

sinx  cosx  sink  cosksinx  cosx  sink  cosk dx
sinx  sink  cosx  cosk

    
=  sinx  cosx  sink  cosk dx  sinx  cosx  sinx  cosk x  C 
Indefinite Integration

23.
 1
Ǫ1 Find f(x) if f'(x2) =
x
for x > 0, f(1) = 1.

Sol.
d
dx
   
f x 2  f' x2  2x

d
dx
 
f x2  2

 f(x2) =  2dx
 f(x2) = 2x + c
 f(x) = 2 x  c
Since f(1) = 1  c = –1
 f(x) = 2 x – 1

Ǫ2 Find f(x) if f'(sin2x) = cos2x  x  R, f(1) = 1.

Sol. f'(t) = 1 – t

 f(t) =  1  t dt 
t2
 f(t) = t – c
2
1
1=1– +c (∵ f(1) = 1)
2
1 t2 1
c=  f(t) = t  
2 2 2
x2 1
 f(x) = x – 
2 2

Ǫ3 Find f(x) if f'(sinx) = cos2x for all x, f(1) = 1

Sol. f'(t) = 1–t2


 f(t) =  1  t2 dt 
x3
 f(x) = x  c
3
1
c= (∵ f(1) = 1)
3
Indefinite Integration

x3 1
 
f x x 
3 3

24.
Techniques of integration :
Often it is not possible to convert an
integral into loving integral just by simple
manipulation. Then it requires some
techniques to convert an integral into loving
integral. These techniques are following.

Substitution:
Theory: 
I =  f x dx and let x =  (z)
dI
f x ;
dx
 
  ' z ; dx  ' z dz
dx dz

dz dx dz
   
dI  dI . dx  f x .' z
or
dz
     
dI  f  z ' z

    
Hence I =  f  z ' z dz …(1)

Substitution is said to be appropriate if the

integrand in (1) is a loving one. (Standard
integral)

    f'  x  dx
n

Ex.  f x

Sol. Let f(x) = t

dt
 f'(x) =  f'(x) dx = dt
dx
  tn dt
tn1
= c
n 1

 f  x 
n 1

=
n 1
Indefinite Integration

25.
 
  dx
f' x
Ex.
f x
n

Sol. Again, Let f(x) = t  f’(x)dx = dt

dt n1
   t c
tn n  1

 f n
 x  1
n1
 c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

(i)  tanxsec2x dx
 
d tanx  2

Let tanx = t   sec x which is present
Sol.  dx
 
dt
 sec2x =
dx
  t dt
t2
= c
2
tan2x sec2x
= c  c1
2 2

Ǫ. (ii)  tanx sec2x dx

Sol. Let tanx = t

2t3/2
  t dt  c
3
2
=
3

tanx
3/2
c 

Ǫ. (iii)  5  tanxsec 2x dx

Let tan x = t  sec2x dx = dt

Indefinite Integration

Sol.
  5  t dt
2
=
3
5t 
3/2
c 
2
=
3

5  tanx
3/2
c 
26.
 tanx
Ǫ. (iv) 
sin2x
dx

tanx
 dx
Sol. 2.tanx.cos 2 x
sec2x
=  dx
2 tanx
Let tan x = t
dt
  t c = tanx  c
2 t

Ǫ.  
(v)  tanx  x sec2x  1 dx 
Sol. Trick: Differentiate parts of function to check for substitution.

We can see that

d tanx  x 2
 sec x  1

dx
 (sec2x – 1) dx = d(tan x – x)
So, lets put tan x – x = t
t2
  t dt  c
2

tanx  x
2

= c
2

Ǫ. (vi)  tan 3x  xtan2x dx

Sol. 
 tan2x tanx  x dx 
tan x – x = t
 (sec2x–1) dx = dt
 tan2x dx = dt
t2
  tdt  c
2
2

=
tanx  x c
2
Indefinite Integration

sec 4x
Ǫ. (vii)  dx
tanx

Sol. tanx = t  sec2x dx = dt

27.
 1  t2
  dt
 t
1 
=    t3/2 dt
t 
 
2
= 2 t  t5/2  c
5
2
= 2 tanx 
5
tanx  5/2  c

tan xsec 2 x
(viii) 
Ǫ. 2x
dx

Sol. Let tan x  t

t2
  t dt   c
2
tan2 x
= c
2

2x
(ix)  dx
Ǫ. 1  x2

Sol. Let 1 – x2 = t
 – 2xdx = dt
dt
   2 t  c
t
= 2 1  x2  c

2x  sin 1 x
(x) 
Ǫ. 1  x2
dx


2x sin1x
Sol.  dx   dx


1  x2 1  x2


d sin1x 1



= 2 1  x2   sin1x d sin1x 

  

 
Indefinite Integration

dx  
 1  x 
2

= 2 1  x2 
2
3

sin1 x 3/2
c

28.
 e x cos e  dx x

Ǫ. (xi) 
x
x

Sol. Let e  t
e x
 dx  dt
2x
  2cost dt  2sint  c

= 2sin e  c x

Ǫ. (xii)  ex sin ex dx 

Sol. ex = t
  sint dt  cost  c
= – cos(ex) + c

x7
Ǫ. (xiii) 
1  x16
dx

Sol. Let x8 = t
 8x7 dx = dt
1 1 
    dt
8 1  2 
t
tan1t
= c
8

=
tan1 x8  
c
8
x2tan1 x3  dx
Ǫ. (xiv) 
1 x 6

Sol. Let tan–1(x3) = t

3x2
 dx  dt
1  x6
Indefinite Integration

t t2
  dt   c
3 6

 tan  x 
2
1 3

= c
6

29.
 Ǫ. 
(xv)  ln2 secx tanx dx 
Sol. ln(secx) = t
 1 
  
 secxtanx dx  dt 
 secx 
t3
  t2 dt c
3
ln3 secx
= c
3

sin2x
(xvi) 
Ǫ. 1  2sin2x
dx

Sol. Let sin2x = t

 2 sinx cos x dx = sin 2x dx = dt
dt ln 1  2t 1
   c = ln 1  2sin2x  c
1  2t 2 2

sin2xdx
Ǫ. (xvii) 
1  3cos2x

Sol. Let cos2x = t

 – sin 2x dx = dt

 
dt

ln 1  3t 
c

1  3t 3



ln 1  3cos2x 
= c
3
sin2x dx
Ǫ. (xviii) 
asin2x  bcos2x

Sol. Let sin2x = t

dt
 
at  b 1  t 
dt
= 
a  b t  b
Indefinite Integration

ln  a  b t  b 
= c
a  b
30.
  
ln a  b sin2 x  b 
= c
a b
ln asin2x  bcos2x
= c
a b

tanx dx
Ǫ. (xix) 
a  btan2x
sinxcosxdx

Sol. acos2x  bsin2x
ln acos2x  bsin2x
= c

2 ba 
1
Ǫ. (xx) 
x1/2  x1/3
dx

Sol. We generally prefer natural exponent on x for the case in integration.

Let’s take L.C.M of 2 and 3 = 6
 Let x1/6 = y
 y6 = x
 6y5dy = dx
6y5dy
 
y3  y2
y3
= 6  dy
y1
 y3  1 1 
= 6   dy
y  1 y  1 
 


= 6  y  y  1 dy  
2
 dy 
y1 

 
 y3 y2 
= 6   y  ln y  1  c 

 3 2 
= 2x1/2  3x1/3  6x1/6  6ln 1  x1/6  c
Indefinite Integration

31.
 dx
Ǫ. (xxi) 
x 1/2
 x1/4

Sol. x1/4 = y
4y3dy
 
y2  y
y2
= 4  dy
y1
 y2  1 1 
= 4   dy
y  1 y  1 
 
 y2 
= 4  y  ln y  1  c 
 2 
 
= 2 x  4x1/4  4ln 1  x1/4  c

2x5  3x 2
Ǫ. (xxii) 
1  3x3  x6
dx

Sol. Let x3 = t
1 2t  3
  dt
3 1  3t  t2
Let 3t – t2 = y
 (3 – 2t)dt = dy
1 dy
 – 
3 1 y
ln 1  y
=  c
3
ln 1  3t  t2
=  c
3
ln 1  3x3  x6
=  c
3

 
1/10
Ǫ. (xxiii)  1  3x4/3 x1/3dx
Indefinite Integration

Sol. 1–3x4/3 = t
 – 4x1/3 dx = dt
1
   t 1/10 dt
4

32.
 
 11 
 1   10 
=   t c
 4   11 
 10 

5t
11/10 
= c
22
 5  1  3x4/3 
11/10

= c
22
Standard Integration
11. (a)  tanxdx  ln secx  c  ln cosx  c (LOVING INTEGRAND)

(b)  cotxdx  ln sinx  c

Proof:
sinx
 dx
cosx
cos x = t
dt
   ln t  c
t
= – ln|cosx|+c = ln |sec x| + c

ILLUSTRATION :

 dx
cos lnx
Ex.  x
1
Sol. Put lnx  t  dx  dt
x

Integral become cos t  sin t  c  sin ln x  c  
x3dx
Ex. 1  x8
Sol. x4  t  4x3 dx  dt 1
dt
1 1
Integral becomes 14 t  tan1 t  c   
tan1 x4  c
Indefinite Integration

2 4 4

33.
 
ln x  1  x2 dx
Ex.  1  x2
2x
1
1
Sol. Put ln  x  1  x2   t  2 1  x2 dx  dt or dx  dt
  x  1  x2 1  x2

 
2
t 1 2
Integral become  t dt  2
 c   𝑙n x  1  x2   c
2  

2
tan x sec x
Ex.  x
dx

sec2 x
Sol. Put tan x  t  dx  dt
2x

 
2
Integral becomes  2t dt  t 2
 c  tan x c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

(i) 
  dx
tan lnx
x

Sol. ln x = t
=  tan t dt = ln|sect|+c
= ln|sec(lnx)| + c


tan sin1x dx
Ǫ. (ii) 
1  x2

Sol. Let sin–1(x) = t

  tan t dt = ln | sec (sin–1x)| + c
Indefinite Integration

34.
 cosx
Ǫ. (iii) 
cos x  a
dx


cos x  a  a  
 dx
Sol. cos x  a 
  
cos x  a cosa  sin x  a sina
=  dx
cos x  a

=  cosa  tan  x  a  sina  dx

= x cos a – sin a ln|sec(x-a)| + c

xcosx
Ǫ. (iv)  dx
 xsinx  cosx 2
Sol. Let x sin x + cos x = t
 (x cosx + sin x – sinx) dx = dt
dt 1
    c
t2 t
1
= c
xsinx  cosx
sin2x dx
Ǫ. (v) 
sin5x. sin3x
sin 5x  3x
Sol.  dx
sin5x sin3x


=  cot3x  cot5x dx 
ln sin3x ln sin5x
=  c
3 5

Ǫ. 
(vi)  sinx  cosx sinx  cosx dx  5
Sol. Let sinx + cos x = t
 cos x – sinx = dt
  t5 dt
Indefinite Integration

t6
=  c
6
  sinx  cosx 
6

= c
6

35.
   
2sin x2  1  sin 2 x 2  1 
Ǫ. (vii)  x
2sin  x  1  sin  2  x
2 2
 1 
dx

1  cos  x  1
2

x dx
1  cos  x  1
Sol. 2

 x2  1 
=  x tan dx
 2 
  
x2  1
Let y
2
  tany dy  ln secy  c
 x2  1 
= ln sec c
 2 

 

 
x  ex sinx  cosx  sinxcosx
Ǫ. (viii)  dx
 
2
x2  2ex sinx  cos2x

Sol. Let x2 + 2ex sinx – cos2 x = t

1 dt 1
   c
2 t2 2t
1
= c

2 x 2  2ex sinx  cos2 x 

  x 
12. a  secxdx  ln secx  tanx   c or ln tan   c 
4 2 
LOVING INTEGRANDS

x  c
b  cosec x dx  lncosecx  cotx  c or ln tan
2 

Proof :
  secx dx 
secx secx  tanx dx


secx  tanx
Put sec x + tanx = t
Indefinite Integration

 (sec x tan x + sec2 x) dx = dt

dt
Integral becomes   lnt = ln(sec x + tan x) + c
t

36.
 

cosec tan1x dx
Ex. 1  x2
1 dx
Sol. Put tan–1 x = t   dt
1  x2
Integral becomes  cosec t dt  ln cosect  cot t  c 
 
= ln[cosec(tan–1x)-cot(tan–1x)]+c  ln  1  x  1   c
2

 x x 
 
cos2x
Ex.  dx
sinx

1  2sin2x
Sol. 
sinx    
dx   cosecx  2sinx dx  ln cosecx  cotx  2cosx  c


 e 1  x dx
x

Ex.
 
cos xex

Sol. Put xex = t  ex (1+ x) dx = dt

Integral becomes


dt
cost
    
  sect dt  ln sect  tant  c  ln sec xex  tan xex    c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

sinx
(i)  dx
sin2x
1 secx
Sol.  dx   dx
2cosx 2
ln secx  tanx
= c
2

dx
Ǫ. (ii) 
4cos3x  3cosx

dx ln sec3x  tan3x
Sol.   c
Indefinite Integration

cos3x 3

37.
 tanx  secx  1
Ǫ. (iii)  tanx  secx  1 dx



tanx  secx  sec2x  tan2x dx
Sol. tanx  secx  1

=  tanx  secx dx 
= ln|sec x + tanx| + ln |sec x| + c

dx
Ǫ. (iv) 
sinxcos2x
sin2x  cos2x
 dx
Sol. sinxcos2x

=  secxtanx  cosecx dx 
= sec x + ln|cosec x – cot x| + c

dx
Ǫ. (v) 
3sinx  cosx
1 dx
Sol. 
2 3 1
sinx  cosx
2 2
1 dx
= 2   
cos  x  
 3 
1     
=
ln sec  x    tan  x    c
2  3  3 
Note :
dx 1 dx
  
asinx  bcosx a2  b2 a b
sinx  cosx
a2  b2 a2  b2
1
= 
 sec x   dx 
a2  b2
Indefinite Integration

1
=  
 ln | sec x    tan x   | c  
a2  b2
1  b 
where   cos
 2 2
 a  b 

38.
 dx
Ǫ. (vi) 
secx  cosecx
dx

Sol. 1 1

cosx sinx
sinxcosx
=  dx
sinx  cosx

=

1  sinx  cosx  1

2
dx
2 sinx  cosx
1 1 dx
=
2

 sinx  cosx dx   
2 sinx cosx
sinx  cosx 1   dx
=   sec x
 
2 2 2  4 
    
ln sec  x    tan  x  
sinx  cosx  4  4
=  c
2 2 2
dx
(vii) 
Ǫ. tanx  cotx  secx  cosecx
Sol. dx

sinx cosx 1 1
  
cosx sinx cosx sinx
sinxcosx dx
= 
1  sinx  cosx
 2

=
1

sinx  cosx  1 dx (∵ (sinx+ cosx)2 = 1 + 2 sinx cosx)
2 sinx  cosx  1
1
=  sinx  cosx  1dx
2
cosx  sinx  x
= c
2

(viii)  e
 x lnx 
2

Ǫ. dx
2

Sol.  ex .x dx
Indefinite Integration

let x2 = t
2
et et ex
  dt  c = 2 c
2 2

39.
 dx
Ǫ. (ix) 
ex  1

Sol. ex = t
dt
Method-I: 

t t1 
1 1 
   dt
 t t 1
t
= ln c
t1
ex
Method-II:  dx
1  ex
Let 1 + e–x = t
dt
  ln t  c
t
= – ln(1+e–x) + c

ex  1
Ǫ. (x)  dx
ex  1
ex 1
Sol.  dx  
dx
e 1
x
e 1 x

= ln(ex+1) + ln(e–x + 1) + c

(xi)  e 1  x dx
x
 
Ǫ.
sin2 xex  
Sol. Let x ex = t
 ex (x + 1) dx = dt
dt
    cosec2t dt
sin2 t
= – cot t + c
= – cot(ex . x) + c
Indefinite Integration

 
1/3
Ǫ. (xii)  27e9x  e12x

 
1/3
Sol.  e3x 27  e3x dx

40.
 Let e3x + 27 = t
1 1/3
 t dt
3
t4/3
= c
4

e 
4/3
3x
 27
= c
4

Ǫ. 
(xiii)  tan 10x tan 7x     tan3x  dx
Sol. 
 tan10x  tan7x  tan3x dx 
(∵ tan(x+y) tan x tan y = tan (x + y) – tanx – tany)
ln sec10x ln sec7x ln sec3x
 =   c
10 7 3
General Substitution
1. a2  x2  x = a sin

2. a2  x 2  x = a tan

3. x 2  a2  x = a sec
a2  x 2
4.  x2 = a2 cos2
 a x
2 2

Using the above substitution greatly

simplifies the integration as we will see in
later problems.

Standard integration
dx
13. (a)   ln  x  
x 2  a2  
x 2  a2  
dx 
(b)   ln x  x 2  a2  
 x 2  a2  
 
dx
Indefinite Integration

Proof: 
x 2  a2
Let x = a tan
 dx = a sec2 d


41.
 a sec2 d
 



a2 1  tan2 
=  sec d
= ln(sec + tan) + c
 2 
= ln x  a  x   c
2

 a a 
 
= ln x  x2  a2   c1 Hence Proved
 
dx
Similarly, for  , put x = a sec and solve.
x 2  a2

sin2x
 dx
Ex. 9  sin4 x

Sol. Put sin2x = t  sin 2x dx = dt t  sin2x 

dt
Integral becomes   sin1    c  sin1 c
3  3 
9t 2
   
e x dx
Ex. 
e2x  1


Sol. Put ex = t  ex dx = dt

Integral becomes 
dt
t 1
2  2
  x 2x

 ln t  t  1  c  ln e  e  1  c

ex
Ex.  dx
4  e2x
 t 
dt 1 1  x 
1 e
1
  tan    c  tan
 

Put ex = t to get 4  t2 2 c


Sol.  2  2  2 


Ǫ. Solve the following :

x
(i)  dx
ax
Indefinite Integration

Sol. x = a sin2
 dx = a sin 2 d
asin2
  asin2 d
acos2


42.
 sin
=a  2sincos d
cos

= a  1  cos2 d 
 sin 2 
= a    c
2
 

= a sin1 x 
x ax    c
 a 
a
 
Note :
x
In case of  dx ,
x
put x =  cos2+ sin2. we get,
 
   sin2
  2     sincos d
    cos2
     2sin2 d
Now we can solve it.

 1 x 
Ǫ. (ii)  cos 2cot1

 1  x 
dx

Sol. Let x = cos2

     2sin2 d
 cos 2cot 1 tan

  cos    2tan tan   2sin2  d

1

  2cos2sin2d
  sin4 d
cos4
  c
4
1  2x2
= c
4
x2
=  c
1
2
Indefinite Integration

43.
 9  x 
3
2

Ǫ. (iii)  dx
x6

Sol. x = 3 sin
27cos3
  3cos d
36 sin  
6

= 
cot  cosec2 
d
9
4
t
=  dt (∵ put cot = t)
9

 cot 5
= c
45 5
 
 9  x2 
=  c
5
45x

xdx
(iv) 
Ǫ. a3  x 3

Sol. Let x3/2 = t

3
 x dx  dt
2
2 dt
 
3 a 3  t2
2  t 
= sin1 c
 3/2 
3  a 
3/2
x
2
= sin   1
c

3  a 

xdx
(v) 
Ǫ. x  x2  1
4

Sol. Let x2 = t
1 dt
Indefinite Integration

 
2 t t1
2

1 dt
= 2 2
 1    3 2
 t    2 
2
    

44.
 1 
1 2 t  2 
1 
=   tan  c
2  
3  3 
 2 
 2t  1 
= 1 tan 1
c
3   
 3 
 2x  1 
2
= 1 tan1 c
3   
 3 


“FUNDA KYA HAI?”

 For integration of type :
dx dx
 or 
ax  bx  c
2
ax2  bx  c
 Make ax2 + bx + c a perfect square.
 For integration of type :


px  q dx and 
px  q dx
ax2  bx  c ax2  bx  c

 Write px + q = A
d
dx

ax 2  bx  c  B 
 Now Find A and B.
 Integration breaks into two simple parts


  dx   B dx . Now solve it.
Af' x
f x f x

ex dx
Ex. 
5  4ex  e2x

 
dt dt
Sol. Put ex = t to get     ln t  2  t2  4t  5  c ,
5  4t  t2 t  2 2
1

where t  ex .
Indefinite Integration

4x  3
Ex.  dx
3x2  3x  1

Sol. 4x + 3 = A (6x + 3) + B by equating coefficients

2
A = and B = 1
3
45.
 4x  3 2 6x  3dx dx
  dx   
3x  3x  1
2 3 3x  3x  1
2
3x  3x  1
2

2
= ln 3x  3x  1  
2
1 dx
2

3 3   1   1
x  2 12
 
 1 
2 2 1 1  x  
 ln 3x  3x  1 
3 3 1
tan 
1
  2
 C
 1 
12  
12
5x  4
 dx
Ex. x2  2x  5
5x  4
Sol. Let I =  dx
x  2x  5
2

let 5x + 4 =  (2x + 2) + µ
Comparing the coefficient’s, we have
5
2 = 5 and 2 + µ = 4 gives  = and µ = –1
2
Hence, we have
5 2x  2 dx dx
I=  dx    5 x2  2x  5  
2 x  2x  5
2
x  2x  5
2
 x  12  22
= 5 x2  2x  5  ln x  1  x2  2x  5  c

Ǫ. Solve the following :

(i) 
2x  3 dx
x2  2x  2

Sol. Step-I: 2x + 3 = A(2x + 2) + B

 A = 1, B = 1

Step-II: 

1 2x  2  dx  
1
dx
x  2x  2
2
x  2x  2 2
Indefinite Integration

dx
= ln (x2 + 2x + 2) + 
2
x1 1  
= ln(x + 2x + 2) + tan (x + 1) + c
2 –1

46.
 8x  5
Ǫ. (ii) 
4x2  4x  2
dx

Sol. 8x + 5 = A (8x + 4) + B
 A = 1, B = 1
8x  4 dx
  dx  
4x2  4x  2  2x  12  1

1 ln  2x  1   2x  1  1  c
2
 2
4x2  4x  2   
2  


 2sin2  cos 
Ǫ. (iii)  2 d
6  cos   4sin 



2 2sincos  cos
d
 
Sol.

6  1  sin2  4sin 

4sin  1 cos d 
= 
sin2  4sin  5
Let sin = y
4y  1
  dy
y  4y  5
2

2 2y  4  7dy
= y 2
 4y  5
dy 
y  2 2
1
= 2ln (y – 4y + 5) + 7tan (y–2) + c
2 –1

= 2ln (sin2 – 4sin+5)+7 tan–1(sin-2) + C

4y  1
Ǫ. (iv)  dy
y  4y  5
2



2 2y  4  7  dy
Sol. y2  4y  5
dy
= 2ln(y2 – 4y – 5) + 7 
 y  2 2  9
y 23 7
= 2ln (y2 – 4y – 5) + ln c
Indefinite Integration

2 3 y23

 7
= 2 ln y2 – 4y  5  ln
y5
c 
6 y1

47.
 Trigonometric Function

 sin m
x cosn x dx ; m, n  N

1. If one of m, n is odd and other even, then

substitute term of even power.
2. If both are odd, substitute higher power
Trigonometric function.
3. If both are even, use trigonometric
identities to manipulate.
4. If m & n are rational numbers and ‘m + n’
is a ‘negative even’ like {-2, -4, -6,…}, then
substitute tan x = t or cot x = t.

Ex.  sin5 x cos6 x dx

Sol. 6 > 5  cos x = t

  sin x  cos x 
4 6
 sin xdx

  1  t  t dt
2
 2 6

   t  2t  t  dt
10 8 6

t 11 2t9 t7 
 cosx 11 2 cos9 x cos7 x
C 
     c
11 9 7  11  9 7

Ex.  sin3 x cos5 x dx

Sol. Both power are odd and 5 > 3. So, cos x = t

 sin 2
x cos5 x sinxdx  
   1  t  t dt 8
2 5

t6  t 
 C
6 8
cos6 x cos8 x
Indefinite Integration

=  C
6 8

48.
 dx
Ex. sinx cos3 x

Sol. m  1,n  3,m  n  4

 let tan x = t
sec4 x
tan x
dx

sec2 x
  tan x

sec2 x dx 
 1  t2 


  t dt

t2
 ln | t |  C
2
tan2 x
 𝑙 n | tanx |  C
2

Ex.  sin2 x cos4 x dx

  sin x cos x 
2
Sol. cos2 x dx
2
 sin 2x   1  cos 2x 
 

 2
 
  2
dx

1  1  cos 4x 

8
  2

 1  cos 2x dx 
  
1

16 
1  cos 2x  cos 4x  cos 2x cos 4x dx 
1  sin 2x sin 4x sin6x sin 2x 
 16 x  2  4  12  4 C 

 


dx
Ex. Solve the following :  7 13
sin2 x cos 2 x
7 13
Sol. m ,n   ,m  n  10
Indefinite Integration

2 2
7

1 cos x  dx
2

 7 13  7
2
sin x cos 2
x cos x  2

49.
 7

   sec x 
10
cot x 2 dx
Put tan x = t
 
4
1  t2 7 3 5 9 

 dt   t 2  4t 2  6 t  4t2  t 2  dt
 7   
t2
 2
11
5
2  8 3 7 2 tan x
8

5
 tan x  2  
 4 tan x  2  7  tan x  2  11
C
tan x
INTEGRATION BY PARTS:
Theory: If f(x) and g(x) are derivable functions then
d 
   
f x .g x   f x .g ' x  g x .f ' x    
dx  

           
 f x .g ' x dx  f x .g x  g x .f ' x dx
I II

I  f⏟x . g⏟ x dx
I II


=1st function×integeral 2nd  (diff.coeff. of 1st )  int egral of 2nd dx  
Remember ILATE for deciding the choice
of the first and second function which is
arbitrary.
Here I for inverse trigonometric function
L for Logarithmic function
A for Algebraic function
T for Trigonometric function
E for Exponential function

Selection of Ist and IInd Function:

(i) Choose 2nd function which is easily
integrable (Use ILATE)
(ii) Choose 1st and 2nd function such
that after by-parts, complexity of 2 nd
Indefinite Integration

term reduces as compared to original

integration.
(iii) Note that sometimes, ‘1’ is also taken as
function.

50.
 Ex. ⏟
𝑙nx  x dx
⏟
Alg ebra
log

Sol. According to ILATE ‘ln x’ will be 1st function and ‘x’ will be 2nd function
x2  x2   1 


x𝑙n x dx   
𝑙n x  
 2  x  
dx
2    
x2 x2

2
 
𝑙n x 
4
C

Ex.  x cos x dx
Sol. Take x as first and cos x as 2nd function.

 x cos x dx  x sin x   1  sin x dx  x sin x  cos x  c

Ex.  x tan11 xdx

x tan x dx  tan1 x  x
2

 x2
dx
Sol.

 ⏟ –– 

 2 1  x 
II
I
2 2

  1 1 x x 1 dx
2
1 2 1
 x tan1 x 
2 2 2

1 2 x tan1 x
 x tan1 x   c
2 2 2

sin1x
Ex.  3
dx 

1  x  2 2 

Sol. Put sin1 x   or x  sin  dx  cos d
. cos  d
Integral becomes   ⏟ . sec2  d
––

cos3  I
II


. tan   1. tan d   tan   ln sec   c  sin1 x .     x
 ln  1  x2   c
1  x2  

Indefinite Integration







51.
 Ex.  sin ln x  dx
Sol. Put lnx = t to get I 
 e⏟ ⏟sin t dt  e  cos t    e  cos t  dt
I
t

II
t t

  cos t.et  et

cos t dt   cos t.et  et sint 

e t
sint dt

1 t
I   cos t.et  et sin t  I or I 
2

e sin t  cos t  c 
1
  
 x sin ln x  cos ln x  c
2
 

Ex.  x2e3xdx
2 3x x2e3x e3x
Sol. I  x e dx 
3
  2x.
3
dx
I II
1 2 1 2  e3x e3x 
 x2e3x   x e3x dx  x2e3x 

x.   dx 

3
3 I II 3 3  3 3 
1 2 2 3x
 x2e3x  xe3x  e c
3 9 27

Ǫ. Solve the function :

(i)  xe dx x

Sol. x⏟ e⏟ dx
A E
x

 x1st function
ex 2nd function
 xex  1.exdx


 xex  ex  c


Ǫ. (ii)  𝑙n  x dx
Sol.  ⏟1 .– 𝑙n–  x   dx
Indefinite Integration

A L

 ln(x)1st function; 1  2nd function

1
 x𝑙n x    
x
.x dx

 x𝑙n  x   x  c
52.
   𝑙nx 
2
Ǫ. (iii) dx

Sol.  𝑙nx 2  1st function; 1  2nd fnction

 𝑙n  x   1
  2𝑙nx  .  x .x dx
2
 .x 

    
2
 x 𝑙n x  2 𝑙n x dx

 x  𝑙n  x    
2
 2x 𝑙n x  2x  c

Ǫ. (iv)  sin 1
x dx

Sol. sin1 x  1st function; 1  2nd function

1  
1
 x sin x    1  x2
 
x dx

Let 1 – x 2 = t
 2x dx  dt
xdx  dt
  1 x 2
 2 t  t c  1  x2  c

  sin 1
x dx  x sin1 x  1  x2  c


Ǫ. (v)  x 𝑙n  x  dx
2

Sol.  
𝑙n x  1st function; x2  2nd function
x3  1   x3  

3
𝑙n x    x  3  dx
 
x3 x3
 𝑙n  x   c
3 9

Ǫ. (vi)  x cos x sin 2

x dx
Indefinite Integration

Sol. We can observe that cos x sin2 x can be easily integrated

So, cos x sin2 x  2nd function; x  1st function.


 x sin2 x cos xdx    1   sin
2

x cos x dx dx
If sin x = t

53.
 t3 sin3 x
 sin2 x cos x dx 
3

3  t2 dt 
 sin3 x  sin3 x

, x cos x sin2 xdx  x
 3 

3
dx 
 
x sin3 x  1  cos2 x 
 3  

3   sinx dx

x sin3 x cos x cos3 x
   c
3 3 9


Ǫ. (vii)   tan sec 2
 d

tan2 
sec2  tan  d  
Sol.  2

    tan2  tan2 
  tan  sec2  d 
2
  2
d

 sec 
 tan2  1
  2
  1 d
2 2
 tan2  1

2
 tan     c
2
 
 tan2   tan  
 c
2
Standard Integration
1. ax eax

e sin bx dx  a sin bx  b cos bx  c

a2  b2
Proof :

Let I  e
sinbx dx ax

e  ax eax 
 I  sinbx
 a 
 bcos bx
 a  dx

   
 sin bx eax b  eax eax dx 
 I 
a
 cos bx
a  a
  b sin bx a


Indefinite Integration

 a sinbx  b cos bx  ax b2
 I  e  Ic
 a2 a2

54.
 

I a 2  b2    a sinbx  bcos bx e
ax
c



2 2
a  a 
 a sinbx  bcos bx  ax
 I  a2  b2  c
e Hence proved
 

ax ax a cos bx  b sinbx
c
2. e cos bx dx  e
a2  b2
Proof :
Let e ax
cos bx dx  eax A cos bx  B sinbx  c
Differentiating both side, we get :

  
eax cos bx  eax a A cos bx  B sinbx  Ab sinbx  Bb cos bx 
Equating the coefficients,
1 = aA + Bb
0 = aB – bA
b a
 B ;A  Hence Proved.
a2  b2 a2  b2

Ex.  ex sin xdx

Sol. a = 1, b = 1.  sinx  cos x 
 
ex sinx dx  ex 
12  12
 c

 
 sinx  cos x 
 ex   c
2
 

Ex.  ex cos x dx
Sol. a = 1, b = 1
 cos x  sinx 
e
x
 cos x dx  ex  
2
 

Indefinite Integration








55.
 Ǫ. Solve the following :
(i)  cosec x ln secx dx
2

Sol.  cosec x ln secx dx

2

   cot x  𝑙n  sec x    cotx tanx dx

  cot x 𝑙n  sec x   x  c

1 1 
Ǫ. (ii) cos  dx
 x 
 1
Sol.  cos 1
  dx
 x 
1
 1 

 sec x x     

 x dx
 x x  1 
2
 sec 1 x  𝑙n x  x2  1   c
 


Ǫ. (iii)  sin x𝑙n sec x  tan x  dx

Sol. sin x  2nd function  
𝑙n sec x  tan x  1st function

   sin x dx  𝑙n sec x  tan x    sec x   sin x dx  dx

  
  cos x 𝑙n sec x  tan x  sec x cos x dx
  cos x 𝑙n  sec x  tan x   x  c

Ǫ. (iv)  𝑙n  x  x 2  a 2  dx


Sol. Applying by parts, we get

1
x𝑙n  x   x
 dx
x 2  a2 
 


x 2  a2 
 x𝑙n  x  x2  a2   2x
dx
Indefinite Integration

  2 x 2  a2

 x𝑙 n  x  x2  a2   x2  a2  c
 

56.
 Ǫ. (v)  x cos x cos 2xdx
x
Sol.  2 cos 3x  cos x dx
x  sin 3x  1  sin 3x 
 2  3  sin x 
2

3 
 sin x dx
   
x sin 3x x sinx 1  cos 3x 
 6  2  2 9  cos x  c
 
x sin 3x x sinx cos 3x cos x
    c
6 2 18 2

Ǫ. (vi)  ex  1  x  𝑙n  xex  dx

Sol. Let xex  y


 ex 1  x dx  dy . 
  𝑙nydy
 y𝑙ny  y  c

 
 xex 𝑙n xex  xex  c

x
Ǫ. (vii) sin 1
ax
dx

x
Let sin
1
 (Determining substitution)
Sol. ax
x
 sin2  
ax
 a sin2   x cos2 
 x  a tan 2 
 dx  2a tan sec2 d
Now using it, we get

   2a tan  sec  d 2

Indefinite Integration

   
  a tan2   1. a tan2  d 
 a tan2   a   sec 2

  1 d

 a tan2   a tan  a  c

57.
 1  1   1   1 
1
cos x
Ǫ. (viii)  x3
dx


Sol. cos x  .  2x  

  2  dx
2   2x 
2 
   1 x 
 cos1 x 1

2x2

3 1
dx 
2x 1
x2
1
Let 2
 1  y2
x
2
 3 dx  2y dy
x
 dx
 3  ydy
x
1 1
 1 c
2 x2
 cos1 x 1 1
  1 c
2x2 2 x2

𝑙n 1  x 
1x
Ǫ. (ix) dx

Sol.   1  x 𝑙n  1 x  dx 

x2 x2  1
 x n 1x  x    dx

 2 
𝑙 
 2  1  x  


x2  2x 𝑙n 1  x   
1  x2  2x  1  1 


   1 x dx
2 


2 

x2  2x 𝑙n 1  x  
1  x2  
 



 
 2  2  x  𝑙n 1  x  c
2  
 x  12 𝑙n  1  x   x2 x

2 4  2 c
Indefinite Integration

58.
 x dx
Ǫ. (x) 1  sin x dx

x 1  sinx 
Sol.  cos2 x
dx

  x sec 2
x dx   x sec x tanx dx
 
 x tan x  tan x dx  x sec x  sec x dx    
 
 x tan x  𝑙n sec x  x sec x  𝑙n sec x  tan x  c  
1
Ǫ. (xi)  𝑙nx. dx
 x1  2

Sol. Applying by parts,

1

𝑙nx  
dx
x1 x x1  
𝑙nx 1 1 

x1
  x 
dx
x  1 

𝑙nx

x1
 𝑙nx  𝑙n x  1  c  
𝑙nx  𝑙n  x   c
  
x1  x  1



1 2a  x 
Ǫ. (xii)  x sin1
2
 a 

dx



Sol. Let x  2a cos 2t

dx  4a sin 2tdt
1 2a 1  cos 2t  1  
  2a cos 2t sin 
2
 4a sin 2t dt  
 a 
 
  8a 2

cos 2t sin 2t sin1 sin t dt 
  4a 2
 
sin 4t tdt
Indefinite Integration

  cos 4t    cos 4t 
 4a2  
2
 t  4a 1.  at
4 4
   
sin 4t
 a2t cos 4t  a2 c
4

59.
 Standard Integration :


x 2 
1. a2  x2 dx   a 𝑙n x  x2  a2  c
a2  x 2
 



2 2
Proof : 
x  a tant
dx  a sec2 t dt

 I  a2  x2 dx  a 2
sec3 t dt

 I  a2   sec t   sec t  dt
2


 a2 tant sec t  a2 sec t tan2 t dt

 a tan t sec t  a   sec t  sec t  dt

2 2 3

 I  a tant sec t  I  a  sec t dt

2 2

I a2  x2  a2  .  x   a2  2
x  a2 x 
    
𝑙n   c
2 a  a 2  a a 
x      
 I  x   c
 a 𝑙n 
2 Hence Proved.
x 2  a2 x 2  a2
2 2  
2 

x a 1 x
2. a 2
 x 2
dx  sin  c
a2  x 2
2  2 a
Proof:
 
 a
1
I 2
 x2 dx  x a2  x2  x   2 2
2xdx
 2 a  x 


2
a  x2  a2
 I  x a2  x 2  dx
a2  x 2
dx
 I  x a2  x2  I  a2
a  x2
 2

 
1 x
2I  x a2  x2  a sin    c
2

 a 
x a2 1  x 
 I  sin c Hence Proved.
Indefinite Integration

a2  x 2  
2 2  a 






60.
3.  x 2
 a2 dx 
x
2
x a 
2 2
a2
2
𝑙n  x2 
 a2  x  c

Proof :
Let x = a sec
Now, similar to above identities, apply by
parts and prove it.

Two Classic Integrands :

(a)  e  f  x   f '  x dx  e f  x   C
x x

Proof :

 e  f  x   f '  x dx   e f  x  dx   e f ' (x) dx

x x
I
x
II

  e f  x dx  e f x   e f  x  dx  c  e f x  c
x x x x

(b)   f  x   xf '  x dx  x f  x   C

Proof :

  f  x   xf '  x  dx
  f  x  dx   x⏟ f '  x  dx
⏟ I
II

  f  x dx  x f x   f  xdx

 xf x  c

Ex.  ex x  1dx
Sol.  e x  1dx
x

 
f(x) f '(x)

 exf x  c 
Indefinite Integration

 ex x  c

61.
 xex
Ex.  dx
 1  x2

 

Sol. xex 2 dx   ex 1  x  21 dx   ex  1  1 2  dx  ex 1
 1  x 1 x c
1  x 1  x 
  1  x  
ex
Ex.  x  1  x. ln x  dx
x
1 
Sol.  e  1  x. ln x  dx   e x
 𝑙nx  ex ln x  c
 
x x 


ex x 2
Ex.  dx
 x  2 2  2  
x2 x2  4  4 x 4 4 
 
Sol.
e
x
2
dx  e x
2

dx  ex
 2


2 
dx

 x  2  x  2  x2
 
x2    

 x  2 4   x  2
 ex


2 
dx  e x
 
c


x  2  x  2  x  2 


Ex.  sinx  x cos x dx


 
Sol.  s nx  x c
i⏟
 f x
o
⏟ s x dx  x sin x  c
f ' x 




Ex. 2lnx  lnx 2 dx 
2

2
Sol.   2 ln x  ln x   dx   x. 2ln x  ln x  dx  x ln x 2 
   
  x
 


 1 
Ex. 𝑙n 𝑙nx  𝑙n2 x dx
 1  t 

Sol. Put ln x = t to get et 𝑙nt 

 dt 
2 
 1 1 1 
e  lnt    2 

 t   t t t 
 1  
lnx  1   1 
Indefinite Integration

 t
e  ln t    c  e  ln ln x 
t ln x
  c x 
ln ln x 
ln x
 c  
     




62.
 Ǫ. Solve the following :
(i)  e cos x  sinx dx
x

Sol. 
f x  sinx, f ' x  cos x
 ex sin x  c

Ǫ. (ii)  e cos x  sinx dx

x

Sol. 
f x  cos x 
f ' x   sinx

  e cos x  sinx dx  e
x x
cos x  c

Ǫ. (iii)  e  tan x  sec x  dx

x 2

Sol.  
f x  tan x, f ' x  sec2 x

  e  tan x  sec x  dx  e
x 2 x
tan x  c


Ǫ. (iv) e x

sec x 1  tan x dx 
Sol.  
I  ex sec x  sec x tan x dx 
 
f x  sec x & f ' x  sec x tanx
 I  e sec x  c

sin 4x  2 
e
2x
Ǫ. (v)   dx
1  cos 4x 

Sol. Let 2x = y
1  sin 2y  2 
 I ey


 
dy
2  1 cos 2y 
1  2 sin y cos y  2 
  2 ey   2 sin2 y dy

 
Indefinite Integration

  
1
 ey cot y  cos ec2 y dy
2
Again, it is of form  e  f  x   f '  x dx
x

1 2x
 I ey cot y  c  e cot 2x  c
2 2
63.
 Ǫ. (vi)   tan x  x sec x  dx 2

Sol. 
If f x  tanx  f ' x  sec2 x 
 Above integral is of the form   f  x   xf '  x  dx
   tan x  x sec x dx  x tan x  c
2

x  sinx
Ǫ. (vii) 1  cos x dx
 x x 
Sol. I    tan

dx
x 2 
 2 cos2 
 2 
    
  sec2  x  
 x   2  x
  2
  tan  dx
2 
  
 
   

 x
x
sec2 2 
 
 

If f x  tan
2
 f ' x 
2
 
x
 I  x tan    c
 2 
 2 
x  x  5x  7 
(viii) e  dx
Ǫ. 
 x3 2
 
 

 
 2
x3  x3 1     
Sol. I  ex  dx
x3
2
  
 
 
1 1 
x   dx
 e dx  e 
 
x

x3
2
x  3   
  
ex
 I  ex  dx
x3
Indefinite Integration

64.
  2 
 x  1 dx
Ǫ. 
(ix) e  x

 
2
 x  1 
 
 2 
x 1 2 
I  ex   dx
Sol.   2
 x  1  x  1 
2
  
 
 
x1 2 
x  
 e 

x  1
2 dx
x  1   
 
x1 2

If f x  , f' x  
x1 x1
2
 
 x  1
 I  ex   c
 x  1
x  sinx
Ǫ. (x) 1  cos x dx
 

x x 
I  
  cot  dx
Sol.  2  x  2 
 2 sin   
 2 
 1 2 x
 x
 x
   cos ec

 cot dx
2 2 
d   x  1  2  x  2 
 cot  cos ec 
dx  2 2  
2
    
x
 I  x cot    c
  2 

 
 1 x

dx
Ǫ. (xi)
 ex


3/2


2 2
 1 x 1  x 
 
 
Sol. First check the d  x 
Indefinite Integration

dx  1  x2 



 1  x2  x
 2x 
d  x  
 2 1  x2


 
dx    2
1  x2 1  x 2
 
  
65.
 1  x2  x2 1
 3  3

1  x  1  x  2 2 2 2

 Integral becomes the form of  e  f  x   f '  x  dx x

xex
 I c
1  x2

 
 𝑙n  x  
Ǫ. (xii)   2 
dx

 1  𝑙n x  
  
 
 1  𝑙n  x  1 
I 
Sol.  2 2 
dx


 1  𝑙n  x  
1  𝑙n  x    
 
   
 1  1   1 
 x . dx
 
1  𝑙n  x    
 1  𝑙n  x  2   x  

   
x
 I c
1  ln(x)

ex x  1 dx
Ǫ. (xiii) 
 x  1
3

 
x1  2
   dx
 
x
e
Sol.  x1
3 3
x  1    
   
1 2 ex
x  
 e  2 
 
 x1
3 dx 
x  1  
x  12
c
 
 


Ǫ. (xiv)  e  x  dxx 4

 Sol.   
I  ex  x4  4x 3  4x 3  12x 2  12x 2  24x  24x  24  24 dx
     
Indefinite Integration

 
(continuous making ex f x  f ' x     from)

 I  ex x4  4x3  12x 2  24x  24  c 

66.
THE SECRET CONCEPT-MIND IT!
If f(x) is a polynomial of degree ‘n’ then

 e f  x dx  e g x  c where g(x) will also be

x x

polynomial of degree ‘n’.

For eg.

 e ax
x 2
 
 bx  c dx  ex px 2  qx  n  d 
So just differentiate both side and equate
coefficients to get p, q and r.

Ex.  e3xx2dx
Sol. Let e 
x dx  e3x Ax2  Bx  C  D
3x 2

Differentiating both side, we get


e3x x 2  e3x 3Ax 2  3Bx  3C  2Ax  B 
1
 1 = 3A  A 
3
2
 0  3B  2A  B  
9
2
 0  3C  B  C 
27
x 2
2x 2 
 e x dx  e3x
3x 2

 3 9

 D
27 

Ǫ.  x 
 3x  1 e 3 x dx
3
Find

Sol.   
I  e3x x3  3x  1  e3x Ax3  Bx2  Cx  D  K  
Differentiating, we get

  
e3x x3  3x  1  e3x 3Ax 3  3Bx 2  3Cx  3D  3Ax2  2Bx  C 
1
 1  3A  A 
3
Indefinite Integration

1
0  3B  3A  B  
3
11
3  3C  2B  C 
9

67.
 2
1  3D  C  D  
27
 x3 x2
11x 2 
 Ie 3x
   k
 3 3 9 27 

General Concept

 e  f  x  g '  x   f '  x   dx  e f  x   C
 
g x   g x

Ex.  etanx sinx  sec x dx

Sol. e tanx
 sin x    cos x  sec x  dx 2

d
Now  tan x   sec2 x and d  cos x  sinx
dx dx
 
I  etanx  cos x  c 
PARTIAL FRACTION
This technique is used if a rational function
is being integrated whose denominator can
be factorised
 ,
P1 x 
If integrand is 
P1 x & P2 x   are
P2 x

polynomials.
Case-I:

If degree of P1 (x)  degree of P2(x)

 Divide and move to case II.
Case-II:


If degree of P1 x  P2 x  
 Now that the degree of P1 x is less than 
that of P2 x  , we can integrate the function
after coefficient comparison. It can be
Indefinite Integration

understood form the following illustrations.

68.
 x 2  2x  4
Ex.  x  1 x  2 x  1  dx
x2  2x  4 A B C
Sol. x  1 x  2 x  1  x  1  x  2  x  1
Now, x2  2x  4  A x  2   x  1  B x  1 x  1  C x  1 x  2
Now using coefficient comparison of different exponents of x, we get,
1=A+B+C (coefficient of x2)
2 = – A – 3C (coefficient of x)
4= – 2A – B + 2C (comparing constants)
7 1
 A   ; B  4; C 
2 2
Alternate Method:
Put x = 1 on both side;
 12  2  1  4  A 1   2  B  0  C  0
7
 A
2
Put x = 2 on both side;
 
22  2  2  4  A 0  B  3  C  0
 B=4
Similarly put x = –1 on both side
1
 C
2
Now that we have found the values of A, B and C, the integration be comes
7 4dx dx
 
2 x1
dx 
 x2


2 x1    
7 𝑙n x  1
 𝑙n x  1  4𝑙n x  2  c
2 2

Form Form of Partial Fraction

px  q A B

x  a x  b
Indefinite Integration

xa xb

px  q A B

x  a 2
xa
x  a
2

69.
 px2  qx  r A B C
 
x  a x  b x  c x  a x  b x  c

px2  qx  r

 x  a   x2  bx  c A

Bx  C
where x  bx  c2 x  a x  bx  C
2

can’t be factorized

For cases, where denominate is repeated

linear factor of x, we can solve it like given
below:

Ex. x2  2x  4 A B C
  
 x  1  x  1 2 x1 x1 x1  2
Now compare the coefficient

x2  2x  4  A x  1  2  B  x2  1  C  x  1
3
x  1  C  
2
7
x  1 A 
4
x  0  4  A B C
3
B 
4
Now we can easily integrate it.
x2  2x  4
Similarly, , can be written as

x1 x1
3
 
A B C D
  
x1 x1 x1
2
   x  13
For cases, where denominator is quadratic in
Indefinite Integration

‘x’ which cannot be factorized:

70.
 x2  2x  4 A Bx  C
 
 x  1  x2  x  1
Ex:
x  1 x2  x  1


 x2  2x  4  A x 2  x  1  Bx  C x  1    
7
Put x  1  A 
3
5
Put x  0  A  C  4  C 
3
4
Comparing coefficient of x , 1  A  B  B   2

3
7 1 4x  5
   3 x1
dx 
 3  x  x  1dx 2

7 1 2  2x  1  1  3dx
 3 𝑙n  x  1  3  x2  x  1 dx   
   3 
x2  x  1


7𝑙n x  1   2 𝑙n
 x 2
x1    dx
2
3 3  1    3 2

 x    2 
2
   
 
7𝑙n x  1  2𝑙n x2  x  1   2
tan1
 2x  1 
c
   
3 3  3 


x2  2
Ex.  x  1x 2
1 
dx

We have x2  2  x2  2 A B C
Sol.    
 x  1  x2  1  x  12  x  1 x1
 x  1 2 x1

x2  2  A  x2  1  B  x  1  C  x  1
2
i.e.

Comparing the coefficient, we have

A  C  1,B  2C  0 and A  B  C  2
1 3 3
gives A  ,B  and C 
4 2 4
Hence, we have
Indefinite Integration

I 
x2  2
dx  A
dx
B  
dx
C 
dx


x1 x 1 2
 x  1   x  12 x1

1 3 3
 ln | x  1 |  ln | x  1 |  c
4 4 2 x1  
71.
  1  x 3 dx
Ǫ.  1  x
 3

Sol. We have
 1 x 
3
x3  3x2  3x  1 6x2  2 6x2  2
  1 1   1  1 
  1 x 
3 x3  3x2  3x  1 x3  3x2  3x  1 x1
3
 
Note :
Before decomposing into partial fractions, we
must ensure that the degree of the numerator
is less than the degree of the denominator.
Take special note of the method of performing
division. Adding 1 to the given fraction cancels
out the x3 them in the numerator, therefore
reducing the degree of the numerator.
Now we have 6x  2  A 
2
B C

x1
3
 
x  1 x1
2
   x  13
6x 2  2  A  x  1  B  x  1  C
2
i.e.
Comparing the coefficient, we have
A  6, 2A  B  0 and A  B  C  2
gives A  6,B  12 and C  8
Hence, we have
 1  x 3 dx dx  C dx
I  3 
dx  1 dx  A  x  1  B 2  3

x  1


1  x x  1
12 4
 x  6ln | x  1 |   D.
x1
 x  1
2

1
Ex.  dx
 x  1  x 
2
2
1

We have 1 A Bx  C Dx  E
Indefinite Integration

Sol.   
 x  1  x2  1 x1 x 1
 
2 2 2
x2  1

   Bx  C   x    
2
i.e. 1  A x 2  1 3
 x 2  x  1  Dx  E x  1


72.
 Comparing the coefficient, we have
A  B  0,B  C  0, 2A  B  C  D  0
B  C  D  E  0 and A  C  E  1
1 1 1 1 1
Gives A  ,B  , C  ,D  and E 
4 4 4 2 2
Hence, we have
1 1 dx 1 x1 1 x1
I  dx   x  1 4  x dx   dx
 4
  1 2
 x  1
2 2 2
x  1 x2  1 2

1 1 2x 1 dx 1 2x 1 dx
 ln | x  1 |  dx   x dx   dx  
4 8 x2  1 4 1 4
 x  1 2
 x  1
2 2 2
2 2


1
ln | x  1 | 
1

ln x 2  1   1
tan1 x 
1

1
I
4 8 4 
4 x2  1  2 1

2
To evaluate I1 , put x  tan and dx  sec d . Thus, we have

 I1  
sec2 d
sec4  
1  cos 2
2
1 
d  2  
sin 2  1 



x 
tan1 x  x2  1
2 2
    
Hence, we have

I
1 1 1
ln | x  1 |  ln x2  1  tan1 x   x1
c


4 8 2 4 x2  1  
Note :
1
dx  𝑙n a  x
a 2
 x2 2a ax

dx 1 xa
x 2
a 2

2a
𝑙n
xa


Ǫ1 Solve the following questions :

x3 dx
(i) x 4
 3x2  2


Sol. Let x2  t
1 tdt
Indefinite Integration

 
2 t2  3t  2
B 
1  A  dt

 

2  t  1 t  2 


73.
  A = –1 and B = 2 (using coefficient comparison)
1 1 1 2dt


2 t1
dt 
2 t2 
1
 𝑙n t  1  𝑙n t  2  C
2
1
 𝑙n x2  1  𝑙n x2  2 
C2

dx
Ǫ. (ii) x 3
1 
dx   A Bx  C dx
 
Sol.   x  1  x 2
   x  1 x  x  1
x1
2

 1  A  x  x  1  Bx  C   x  1
2

1
Put x = –1  A 
3
2
Put x  0  A  C  1  C 
3
1
Comparing coefficient of x2 : 0  A  B  B 
3
1  1 x  2 
 
3 x  1
 dx
x2  x  1  
 
𝑙n x  1
  1 2x  4
3 6 x 2
x1
dx
3 
 𝑙n x  1  1  2x  1  dx



 


3 6  x2  x  1 x2  x  1 
𝑙n | x  1 | 1 1 dx

3
 𝑙n | x 2  x  1 | 
6 2 

2
1    3 2 
 x    2 
2
  
 


𝑙n | x  1 | 1 1 2x  1
  𝑙n(x2  x  1)  1 tan D
3 6 3   
 3 
Indefinite Integration








74.
 dx
Ǫ. (iii)  sinx 3  2 cos x

Sol. Let cos x = y

  sinx dx  dy
 dy dy
    y
  1  y   3  2y 
2
 2

 1 2y  3 
 Let 1 A B C
  
y 2

 1 2y  3  y  1 y  1 2y  3

1 1 4
 A , B , C
10 2 5
dy 1 dy 4 dy
  10  y  1  2  y  1 5 2y  3

𝑙n | y  1 | 𝑙n | y  1 | 2

10

2
 𝑙n 2y  3 
5
 
c
𝑙n | 1  cos x | 𝑙n | 1  cos x | 2

10

2
 𝑙n 2 cos x  3  c
5
 
sinx
Ǫ. (iv) sin4x dx
sinx dx dx cos xdx
Sol.      
2sin2x cos 2x 4 cos x cos 2x 4 1  sin 2

x 1  2 sin2 x 
Let sin x = y

  
1 dy 1 dy
 4 1  y2 1  2y2  8
 y2   2  1 
 1 y

 
2 
 
1  1 1 

4
  
y2  1 
 dy
1 
 y2  
 2 
Indefinite Integration

11 sin x  1 1 2 sin x  1 

  𝑙n  𝑙n c
4  2 sin x  1 2 2 sin x  1 





75.
 1  x cos x
Ǫ. (v)  x 1  x e 2 2 sinx
dx


esinx 1  x cos x 
Sol.  xe 1  x e
sinx 2 2 sinx

dx

Let xesinx be t
dt A B C 
    
 
dt

t 1  t2   t 1  t 1  t 

 A  1,B 
1
,C 
1 
2 2 
1 1 1 
    dt


 t



2 1 t 


2 1  t    

1 1
 𝑙n | t |  𝑙n | 1  t |  𝑙n | 1  t | c
2 2
1
 𝑙n | xesin x |  𝑙n | 1  x2e2sin x | c
2

x  1 x  2 x  3 dx
Ǫ. (vi)  x  4 x  5 x  6
cubic
It is of form
Sol. cubic
leading coefficient in numerator
Since  1
leading coefficient in denominator
We can write the above integral as
 A B C 
 1  x  4 x  5 x  6 dx

 
 x  1 x  2 x  3  x  4 x  5 x  6  A x  5 x  6 
B x  4 x  6  C x  4 x  5
 put x  4  6  2A  A  3
put x  5  24  B  B  24
Indefinite Integration

put x  6  60  2C  C  30
 3 24 30 
 1  x  4  x  5  x  6 dx
 
 
 x  3𝑙n x  4  24𝑙n | x  5 | 30𝑙n | x  6 | c

76.
 Ǫ2 Suppose f(x) is a quadratic function such that f(0) = 1 and f(–1) = 4. If

f x dx
 is a rational function, find the value of f(10).
 2 
x2 x  1

f  x dx A B C  D
Sol.  2 2     
 dx
x  x  1   x x2 x1  2
x  1  
 
But since, integral is a rational function, A = C = 0
1 1
as
x
dx and
x1  
dx is a logarithmic function.

f x  B D 
 dx


 
x2 x  1
2 dx 


x  x 1 
2 
2
  
 
    2  Dx2
f x B x1

f 0  1  B  1

f 1  4  D  4

   
f x  x1 2  4x2
Point to Remember!!!
 5x2  2x  1
  
f 10  521 Trick:
Idea is to change the integrand
SUBSTITUTION AFTER MANIPULATION such that the substitution
(KUTURPUTUR) becomes visible.

dx
Ex.  x  x2  1
dx
Sol. x3  1 
1  2 
x
 
1
Let 1  t
x2
Indefinite Integration

2dx
  dt
x3
x2  1
1 dt 𝑙n | t | 𝑙n
x2

2  t

2
 C 
2
C

77.
 dx
Ex. 
x xn

Sol.  1

dx dx
 x x n
1

   1 
xn1 1  n 
 x 
1
 dt 
1 1 1 1 
Put 1   t to get n lnt  c   ln 1    c
xn  t

n n  xn 


x7
Ex.   dx
 1  x  2
5


Sol.  x7dx
 
dx
5 5
 1  1  3  1  1 
10
x  2  x  2 
x   x 1 

1  
Put  1  t to get 2 dt   1   1  t4  c  1 1
c
x2 t5 
 2   4 
8 x 2  1
 
4

xdx
Ex.  3

 1  x4 
2

xdx dx
Sol. I   1
3
2
  1 2
3
6 5
x  4  1 x  4  1 
x  x 
1 1
Put 1 t  4 dx  dt
x4 x5
1
 dt
1 1 1 1
 I  43  2
t
 c  2
1
1
t2
x4
Indefinite Integration

78.
 Ǫ. Solve the following :
dx
(i) 
 
2
x4 x3  1
dx
Sol.
x4 .x6 1 


2
 x3

Let 1  x3  t

1 t  1 dt  2

3  t2 
1 2 1 
 
 
1 

dt
3 t t 2
 
t 2𝑙n | t | 1
   C
3 3 3t

1  x3 
2𝑙n 1  x 3 1
 C

3
 3 
3 1  x3 
dx
Ǫ. (ii) x 2  2 
 x  1  x 
 
Sol. dx
 2

1

x .x 1  1  2 
 x 


1
Let 1   y2
x2
2
 dx  2ydy
x3
 ydy

1 y 
 1 
  1  
 dy
1 y 
 
Indefinite Integration

 𝑙n 1  y  y  C
 
1 1
 𝑙n  1  1    1  2  C
 2
x  x





79.
 ax 2

 b dx
Ǫ. x

(iii)

2
c2x 2  ax2  b
 b
ax  dx
 x 
 
Sol.  2
 b
c2x2  x2 ax  
 x 
 b 
a dx
 2 
x
   
  b 
2

c2  ax  
 x 
b
Let ax  y
x
dy y
  c2  y2
 sin1   k
 c 
 ax2  b 
 sin1 k
 cx 
 
 x cos   1
Ǫ. (iv)  3

x 2
 2x cos   1  2

 cos  1 
x3  2  3 
 x x 
Sol.  3
dx
 2 cos  1 2
x3  1   2 
x x 
 
2 cos  1
Let 1   y
x x2
 cos  1 
 2  dx  dy
 2 3 
 x x 
1 dy 
  1 c
 2 3 y
Indefinite Integration

y2
1
 c
2 cos  1
1 
x x2

80.
 x  1dx
Ǫ. (v)
x 2
2x  2x  1
2

 1 1 
 2  3 dx
x x 
Sol.  2 1
2 
x x2
2 1
let 2    y2
x x2
 1 1 
  dx  ydy
 2 3 
x x
 
ydy
  y  yc

2 1
 2  2  C
x x
1

x 2x  dx
6
Ǫ. (vi)  x 4  x2 4
 3x 2  6 2

Sol. Degree in both expression are as follows

(6 4 2) (4 2 0)
↓ If one take x from 1st and put it in 2nd
(5 3 1) (6 4 2)
Now above form is ideal for kuturputur
1

  x 5

 x3  x 2x6  3x4  6x2  2
dx

Let 2x6  3x4  6x2  y2


 12 x5  x 3  x dx  2ydy 

y2 y3
  6
dy 
18
C
3

 2x 6
 3x  6x
4 2 2

 C
18
Indefinite Integration

2 x
Ǫ. (vii)  dx
 x  1  x 
2

81.
  2  x  dx
Sol.   1 1 
2

x2  1   
 x x 
 
2 1 
   dx
2 3 
x 
 x 2 

 1
1 
2

1   
 x x 

1 1
Let 1   y
x x
 
1 1  dx  dy
  2  3 
x 
 2x2 
2dy 2
  y 2

y
C

2
 C
 1 2
1
 1   
 x x 

1
Ǫ. (viii)  dx
 
8
1  x
x dx
Sol. 
 1  x 
8
x

Let 1  x  y
dx
  dy
2 x
2 y 1    1 1 
 
y8
dy  2 y 7

y8 
dy
 
1 2
  C
Indefinite Integration

6
3y 7y7
1 2
  C
   
6 7
3 1  x 7 1  x

82.
 x 4  x8
Ǫ. (ix)  7
dx

1  x  4 2

x  x  x 
7 3


x x  x 
Sol.
dx 
7 2 2

7/2
1
Let  x2  y
x2

 2 x3  x dx  dy 
5
dy y2 1

 7

5
C 
5
C
2y 2 1 2
5  2  x2 
 x 


1
Ǫ. (x)  dx
 
1  x 4 

 
1  x4  x 2 
 
dx
Sol. 

x4 x4  1 x  x4  1  1

Let x4  1  y2
4
 dx  2ydy
x5
 1 ydy

2 y2 y  1 

 1 dy


2 y y1

let y  sec2 
1 2 sec2  tan d



2 
sec2  tan 



  d    C   sec1 y C
Indefinite Integration

  sec1 1  x4  C

83.
 dx
Ǫ. (xi)  4
 x  13  x  25
Sol. Let x  1  y
dy

 y  y  3
3
5  41

 
 
1 dy

y 2
 3 4
5

 1  y 
 
3
Let 1  t
y

  1 dt
3
 5
t4
4 3   41 1 1
 1 C 4  x  2  4 4  x  1 4
   3  x  1   C  3  x  2   C
3 y
     


x2
Ǫ. (xii)  dx
 x sin x  cos x  2


d
Sol. dx

x sinx  cos x  x cos x 
x cos x

  x sec x dx  
 x sin x  cos x  2

Now applying by parts,

x sec x sec x  x sec x tanx
 
x sinx  cos x
  x sinx  cos x
dx

x sec x  
sec x x sinx  cos x
 x sinx  cos x   cos x x sinx  cos xdx
x sec x
  tan x  C
x sinx  cos x
Indefinite Integration

84.
 INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
Type-1:
dx dx dx dx

a  b sin x
2
/
a  b cos x
2 / 
a sin x  b cos 2x  c sin x cos x
2
/ a cos x  b sin x 
2

Multiply Nr and Dr by sec2x or cosec2x and

proceed
Type-2:
dx dx dx
 a  b sinx /  a  bcos x / a sinx  bcos x  c
Convert sin x and cos x into their corresponding
x
tangent to half the angles and put tan t
2
Type-3
 a𝑙 sinx
sinx  mcosxx cn dx;
 bcos
 d
  
Nr  A Dr  B  dx Dr  C
 


Type-4
 
 x 1
2
dx or  x2  1
dx
x4  kx2  1 x4  kx2  1
Divide Nr and Dr by x2 and take suitable
substitution

dx  
Ex. 4  5 sin2 x

dx  cos ec x dx   cos ec x dx
2 2
Sol.  4  5 sin 2
x

4 cosec x  5 4 cot x  1
2 2

Put cot x  t to get

 1 
dt 1 dt 1  t  2  1  2 cot x  1 
 
4   1 
2
 ln 
1 
 c   ln
 
c
4t2  1 t2    4  4  2 cot x  1 
 t  2 
 2 


dx
Ex. 5  4 cos x

x
Indefinite Integration

sec2
Sol. dx
 5  4 cos x  
dx

1  tan2
x 
9  tan  2 dx
2 x

  2
2
5  4  x  
1  tan2 
 
2
 

85.
 x
Put tan  t to get 2dt 2 t
2   tan1   c
3
9  t2 3 
1
Ex.  sinx  3 cos x  1
dx

1
Sol. Let I 
sinx  3 cos x  1
dx

x
Putting tan  t , we have
2
1 2dt 2dt
I    
2t
3

 1 t 2 
1
1  t2

2t  3 1  t2   1  t  2

1 t 2  1  t2 
 
2dt  dt 1  1 1  1 t1
    dt  ln C
 2t 2
 2t  4   t  1  t  2 3  t  1
 
t  2  3 t2
x
tan 1
1 2
 ln C
3 x
tan  2
2
sinx  3 cos x  1
Ex. Evaluate the indefinite integral
sinx  3 cos x  1
dx

Sol. 
Let sinx  3 cos x  1   sinx  3 cos x  1   cos x  3 sinx  v   
Comparing the coefficient of sin x, cos x and constant term we have
4 1 3
  3  1, 3    3 and    v  1, it gives    and v  and  
5 5 5
Thus, we have
4 3 cos x  3 sinx 1 dx
I
5 
1dx 

5 sinx  3 cos x  1
dx 
5 sinx  3 cos x  1
4 3 1
 x  ln sinx  3 cos x  1  I1
5 5 5
Now, we have
1
I 
 1
3 1  t2
2dt
 1  t2

Putting tan
x 
t 

2
2t

 
1
  
1  t2 1  t2
Indefinite Integration

2dt dt dt 1  1 1 
      dt 

 

2t  3 I  t  I  t
2
 
2 2t 2
 2t  4 t  1 t  2 3  t 
1 t  2  


86.
 x
1 tan 2  1
t1 1
 
 ln  ln  
3 t2 3 x
tan    2
 2 
Hence, we have
x
4 3 tan 2  1 1
 
  C
I x  ln sinx  3 cos x  1  ln
5 5 15 x
tan   2
 2 


dx
Ex. 
 3 sin x  4 cos x 2 
dx  2
sec xdx
Sol. I   
 3 sin x  4 cos x  2
 3 tan x  42
Put 3 tanx  4  t  3 sec2 x dx  dt
1
dt
1 1
 I  3    c


t2 
3 3 tanx  4 
x2  1
Ǫ. x 4
 7x2  1
dx

 1 
x2  1  1  2 
Sol.  dx  

x 
dx
x4  7x2  1 1
x 7 2
2
x
1  1  1
Put x   t  1  dx  dt & x2   t2  2
 
x x2  x2

To get dt 1 1  t  1  2
1 x  1


t2  9  3 tan    c  3 tan  3x  c
3
   
x2  1
Ǫ. x dx
Indefinite Integration

4
 x2  1 
 x2  1
1
1 2 1 2
x
1
dx  2 1x
Sol. I
 x4  x2  1 x  
 1 dx   

1 
2 dx

x2 x    3 
 x 

87.
 
dt Putting x  1  t and 1  1  dx  dt
  t2  3 x

x2


    
  x2  1 
1 t  1 tan1 C
 1
tan     C 
3  3 3   
 3x 
x2  2
Ex. x 4
 5x2  4
dx

2 2
2 1 2 1
x 2 x 2 x
I
Sol.  x4  5x2  4
dx 
2
x 
4 5
dx 
 2

2 dx

x2 x    1
 x 
dt Putting x  2  t and 1  2   dx  dt
 2
t 1   x x2
   

1 t1 1 x2  x  2
 ln  C  ln C
2 t1 2 x2  x  2

Ǫ. Solve the following : (Type-I)

dx
(i) 
3 sin x  4 cos x 2
sec2 x dx
Sol.  ( Multiplying by sec2x)
3 tanx  4
2

1 1 
  C
34 

dx
Ǫ. (ii) 33tanx
 cos 2
x
2
sec xdx
Sol. 3 sec 2
x1
sec2 xdx

4  3 tan 2
x
Let tan x  t
Indefinite Integration

dt 1 dt
  3t 2
4

3   2 
2

t 
2
 3 
 

88.
  3t 

1  3  1

 tan C


3  2   2 
3 
1  3t   C
 tan  2 
6
 

Ǫ. Solve the following : (Type-II)

dx
(i) 4  5 cos x 
dx
Sol.  
2 2x

45 1 
 
tan 2 x
 1  tan 
 2 
x
sec2   dx
2
 9  tan2
x
2
x
Let tan  t
2
2dt dt


9t 2
 2 
t  32
2

2 t3
 ln C
2 3 t3
x
tan 3
1 2
 𝑙n C
3 x
tan  3
2
dx
Ǫ. (ii) 3  2 sinx  cos x
Sol. dx
 
 2 tan
x  
  1  tan
2 x 

3  2 2 
  2 
2 x 2 x
 1  tan   1  tan 
 2  2 
Indefinite Integration

x
sec2 2 
 
 
   x 
2 tan  
2  4 tan
x
 4
dx

 2  2

89.
 
x
Let tan t
2
 dt dt
t  
2
 2t  2  t  12  1
 tan1  t  1  C
 x 
 tan1 tan  1  C
 
2
 
dx
(iii) Ǫ. 
cos x 5  3 cos x 
3 3 cos x  5  3 cos x
5  3 cos x 3 cos x  5
Sol. dx

1 dx 3 dx   
  
1  tan2
5 cos x 5
x



   
2
3  x    5
1  tan2 
  
  2  
x
3 sec2 dx
 𝑙n sec x  tan x  2
5 5
2 tan 2 x
8

2
x
Let tan be t
2
𝑙n sec x  tan x  3 dt

5 5 t2  4 
 x
 tan 
3 tan1 2 C
 𝑙n sec x  tan x 
 
5 10 2
 


dx
Ǫ. (iv)
1  cos x  sinx

Sol. dx
  x  x 
Indefinite Integration

 1  tan 
2
  2 tan
1  2 2 
2 x 2 x
 1  tan   1  tan 
 2  2 


90.
 x
sec2   dx
2
 x  
  2 tan2  2 tan
x
 
 2  2
dt x
  where t  tan
2

t t1 
 1 1 

  t  t  1 dt
 
 t 
 𝑙n   C
 t  1 
x
 tan 
 𝑙n 2 C
 
x
 tan  1 
 2 
sin 2x
Ǫ. (v) 
sin4 x  cos4x
dx

sin 2x dx
Sol.  1
1
2

sin 2x
2

sin 2x

1
 
cos 2x 2
dx



2 2
Let cos2x=t
dt
 
1 t2
  tan1 t  C  

  tan1 cos 2x  C 
dx
Ǫ. (vi) sin 4
x  cos4 x
dx
Sol.  1 2
1 sin 2x
2
Indefinite Integration

sec2 2x dx


sec2 2x 
tan2 2x
2

91.
 sec2 2x dx
 
tan2 2x
1
2
Let tan 2x = t
dt  1  t 

 
t2  2 2
tan1 
 2
 C
 tan 2x 
 1 tan1 C
2   

 2 

Ǫ. Solve the following : (Type-III)

11cos x  16 sinx
(i)  2 cos x  5 sinx dx


Sol.  
11cos x  16 sinx  A 2 cos x  5 sinx  B 2 sinx  5 cos x 
 2A  5B  11 and 5A  2B  16
Solving, A=–2 and B=3
 
3 2 sinx  5 cos x   
dx



2 
2 cos x  5 sinx  


  2x  3𝑙n 2 cos x  5 sin x  C

 1
Ǫ. (ii) 1  tanx dx
cos x 1 sinx  cos x  cos x  sinx dx
Sol.  sinx  cos x  2  sinx  cos x
1  cos x  sinx 
 2  1  sinx  cos x dx
 
x 𝑙n sin x  cos x
  C
2 2
1
Ǫ. (iii)
1  cot x
dx

sinx

Indefinite Integration

dx
Sol. sinx  cos x
1  sinx  cos x 
 2  1  sinx  cos x dx

 
x 𝑙n sin x  cos x
  C
2 2
92.
 1
Ǫ. (iv) 1  cosecx dx
sinx
Sol. sin x  dx
1

sinx 1  sinx  dx
  cos x 2

   sec x tan x  tan x  dx 2


 sec x  tan x  x  C 
 sec x  tanx  x  C

1
Ǫ. (v) 1  sec x dx
cos x
Sol. cos x  1dx

cos x 1  cos x  dx
  sin2 x

 cosecx cotx  cot x dx

2


   cosecx cotx  cosec x  1 dx

2

 cosec x  cot x  x  C

6  3 sinx  14 cos x
Ǫ. (vi)  3  4 sinx  5 cos x dx

Sol.   
6  3 sinx  14 cos x  A 3  4 sinx  5 cos x  B 4 cos x  5 sinx  C 
 4A – 5B = 3
 5A + 4B = 14
 3A + C = 6
 A = 2, B = 1, C = 0
 2x  𝑙n 3  4 sin x  5 cos x  c

sin xdx
Ǫ. (vii) e  sinx  cos x
Indefinite Integration

Sol.
d x
dx

e  sinx  cos x  ex  cos x  sinx 
So, if ex  sinx  cos x  f x  


93.
 
f' x  f x  
 sin x 
2

f' x  f x  
  
2f x
dx

𝑙n f  x  x
  C
2 2

𝑙n ex  sin x  cos x   x  C

2 2

3ex  5e x
Ǫ. (viii) 4e x
 5ex
dx

Sol. 
3ex  5ex  A 4ex  5ex  B 4ex  5ex   
 4A + 4B = 3
–5A + 5B = 5
1 and B  7
 A
8 8
1 7 4ex  5ex

8 
dx 
8 4ex  5ex
dx

x  7𝑙n 4ex  5ex
 C
8

Ǫ. (ix)  cos 2x.𝑙n  1  tan x  dx

Sol. Applying by-parts,
sin 2x sin 2x  sec2 x 
 
2
𝑙n 1  tan x     dx


 1  tanx  2
 

sin 2x𝑙n 1  tan x tan x sin 2x 𝑙n | 1  tan x | dx

2

1  tanx
dx   2
 1  cot x
sin 2x𝑙n 1  tan x  x 𝑙n sin x  cos x
  C

 previous Ǫ(iii) 
Indefinite Integration

2 2 2

94.
 Ǫ. Solve the following : (Type-IV)
x 1
2
(i) 
x  23x2  1
4
dx

1
1 2
x
Sol.  1
dx
x  23  2
2
x
1
Let x   y
x
dy 1 𝑙n y  5  C
  
y2  25 10 y5
1
x 5
1 x
 𝑙n C
10 1
x 5
x
1 x2  5x  1
 𝑙n C
10 x2  5x  1
2
x
Ǫ. (ii)  x4  1
dx

Sol. 1 x2  1 1 x2  1
2 
x4  1
dx  
2 x4  1
dx

1 1
1 2 1 2
1 x dx 1 x dx

2 1

2 1
x2  2 x2  2
x x
1 1
Let x   t & x   y
x x
1 dt 1 dy

2  
2 t 2 2 y 2 2 
 t  1 y
 1 tan1   𝑙n 2 C
2 4 y 
2 2   2 2

 1  1
x  2
x  
Indefinite Integration


1
tan1  x   1 𝑙n x C
1
2 2 2 4 2 x  2
 
  x





95.
 Ǫ. (iii)  tan d

Sol. Let tan   y2  sec2 d  2ydy

y.2y dy
  1  y 4

2y2 dy
  1  y4
y2  1dy y2  1
  1  y4
 1 y 4
dy

1 

  1  y  
1 1
y y 1 y 2 

2  tan    𝑙n 
C 
2 2  2  4 2 1 
   y   2 
   y 
Where y is tan 


Ǫ. (iv)  cot d


Sol. Let 
tan d  I1 and  cot d  I2
I  I  sin  cos  
 d
1 2  cos  sin
sin  cos 

 sin cos 
d

Let y  sin  cos 

 I  I  dy  sin1 y  C

1 2
1  y2
2

2
 I  I  2 1 sin  cos   C
1
sin
2
  …(1)


sin cos  

 I1  I2 
 cos  
 sin  d

Indefinite Integration

sin  cos 

 sin cos 
d

Let y  sin  cos 




96.
 dy
 I  I    2𝑙n y  C
 y 1
2
1 2
y2  1

 2

 I1  I2   2𝑙n sin   cos   2 sin cos   C …(2)

From 1 & 2 

2 sin 1

sin  cos   2𝑙n sin   cos   sin 2
I2   cot d 
2
C

x 17
Ǫ. (v) 1  x 24
dx

Sol. Let x6  y

 6 1  y  dy  
2
y

4

 1 
  1 
 y  
1 1 1 y  y 1 y 2 
 
6 2 2
tan   
 2  4 2
𝑙n
1
 C

 
Ǫ (ii)
   y   2 
   y 
 Where y  x6
Note :
(1) cos  sinx is loving in numerator if

denominator contains ' a  sin 2x or

b  sin 2x . It is so because we can

manipulate sin2x as  sin x  cos x 2  1

 2
or 1  sin x  cos x as per requirement.

(2) However if cos x  sinx appears in

denominator, then manipulate

differently
Indefinite Integration

97.
 cos x  sinx
Ex.  2  sin 2x
dx

d
Sol. cos x  sinx 
dx
sinx  cos x  
So, write sin 2x as 1  sinx  cos x  2
and take sin x – cos x = t
dt dt
   
2  1  t2 
1  t2 

 tan1 t  C

 tan1  sin x  cos x   C

Ǫ. Solve the following :

dx
(i) cosec x  cos x
Sol.  sinx dx
1 + sinx cos x
1  sin x  cos x  1  sin x  cos x 

 
2  1  sin x cos x 
dx 
 dx
2  1  sin x cos x 
–––– –––– –––– ––––
I1 I2

1  t2
In I1 , take sinx  cos x  t and sinx cos x 
2
y2  1
In I2 , take sinx  cos x  y and sinx cos x 
2
Now solve them separately and add to get answer.

cos xdx
Ǫ. (ii)  8  sin 2x

Sol. Let I  I1  I2 , where

1 cos x  sinx dx 1 cos x  sinx dx

I
1 2  8  sin2x
and I 
2 2  8  sin2x
Indefinite Integration

In I1, sinx  cos x  t

1 dt 1
 I   𝑙n t  C
 t 72

 
1 1
2 2
8  1  t2

98.
 In I2, sinx  cos x  y
1 dt 1 y
 I   sin1 C
 8   

2


2
2
y 2
1 2  3 

I  I1  I2 .

Integration of Irrational Algebraic Function

Type-1 :
dx
(a)    
x  
x x  
Working Rule: Start with x   cos2    sin2 

dx dx
(b)   /
x   x   x   x   x  
Working Rule: Start with x   sec2   tan2 



x
(c)  x  
dx

Working Rule: Start with x   cos2    sin2 


5x
Ex.  x2
dx

5x
Sol.  5  x x  2dx
x  2 cos2   5 sin2 
 dx  3 sin 2d

5  2 cos2   5 sin2  3 sin 2 d 
 
5  2 cos 2
  5 sin  2 cos 2
 5 sin2  2 
3 cos2  3 sin 2

 d
3 cos2  3 sin2 
3 cos2  2 sin cos  
 6 cos
Indefinite Integration

2
 d  d
sin cos 
 3 1  cos 2d
 sin 2 
 3    C
2
 

99.
 Now x  2  3 sin2 

x2 5x
  sin and  cos 
3 3
  x2

 I  3 sin1
3
 x  2 5  x C

Type-2 :
dx
ax  b px  q
Working Rule: px  q  t2
Type-3 :
dx dx
 ax  b px  qx  r
2
; e.g. x  1. 1  x  x2
1
Working Rule: Put ax  b 
t
Type-4 :
dx
 ax 2
 bx  c  px  q
;

Working Rule: put px  q  t2

dx  dt
e.g. 
x 2
 5x  2  x  2
this reduces to t 4
 9t2  16

Type-5 :
dx

ax 2
 bx  c  px 2
 qx  r

Case-I :

 
When ax 2  bx  c breaks up into two linear factors, e.g.

dx 
I  x  x
then
Indefinite Integration

2
x2
2
x1

 A B  1 dx dx
I   x  2  x  1  dx  A  B 
x2  x  1 x––– 2–––
 x2  x  1 x––– 1–––
 x2  x  1
1 1
put x2  put x1 
t t

100.
 Case-II :
If ax2 + bx + c is a perfect square say lx  m  2
1
then put lx  m  .
t
Case-III :
dx
If b = 0, q = 0 e.g.  then put
ax 2
b  px 2  r
1
x  or the trigonometric substitution are
t
also helpful.
dx
e.g. 
x2  4 4x  1
2
.



dx
Ex.  x  2 x1

dx
Sol. I x  2 x  1

 x  1   c
2t dt
Put x  1  t2  I    2 tan1 t  c  2 tan1
t 2
1t 
Ex. dx

x 2
4  4x 2  1

dx 
Sol. l  x 
4 4x2  1

2

1

dt
1 t2 tdt
Put x  to get I 
t   1  4
 1  4t  4  t
2 2

 2  4  2  1
 t t

zdz
Again put 4  t2  z2  tdt  zdz  I  
1  4  z 2
 
4 z
Indefinite Integration

dz 1 dz 1 1 2z  15
  4z 2
 15 4
  15

4
.
15
ln
2z  15
c
z2 
4
Now just put value of z and t.

101.
 dx
Ex. 
x  1 1  x  x2

x  1 1  x  x 
dx
Sol. I 2

 1
 dt
1 t 2 dt
Put x  1 
t
 I 
 2
  3t  1  t2
1 1 1 
   1
t t t 
dt  2t  3   2 
   sin1  c   sin1 x  1  3  c
     
5  3 
2  5 

5

  t    
4  2 
 
1 3x  1 
 sin  c
 x1   
 5 

Ǫ. Solve the following :

dx
(i)  2x  2 2x  1


Sol. 2x  1  y2
 dx  y dy
ydy
  y
 2
1 y 
 tan1 y  c

 tan1  2x  1  C
dx
Ǫ. (ii)  x 2
 2x  2  x1

x  1  y2
Indefinite Integration

Sol.
2ydy
  y
 4
1 y 
1  y2 1  y2
 y 4
1
dy  y 4
1
dy

102.
 1 1
1 1
y2 y2

 2
y  2
1
dy   2 1
dy
y  2
y y
1 1
1 1
y22 y2

  1 dy 
1
2 dy
 
y    2 y    2
 y  y 

 1 
 1
1 1 y  y 1 y  y  2
 tan    𝑙n C
2  2  2 2 1
  y   2
  y
Where y  x  1

dx
Ǫ. (iii) 
x  1 x2  2x  2

1 
x1
Sol. y 
 1  dy
 y 2 
  1  1
  2 1
 y  y
dy
  1 y 2
 𝑙n y  1  y2  C

1
Where x  1 
y

dx
Ǫ. (iv) 
x  1 x  2 x2  2x  2

 1 1  dx
Sol.    
 x  1 x  2  x2  2x  2
Indefinite Integration

dx dx
    x  2  x
x  1 x  2x  2
2
  2
 2x  2

Now it becomes just like previous question.

103.
 dx
Ǫ. (v) 
x 2
 6x  9  x 2  6x  4

dx
Sol. 
 x  32  x  3  5
2

1
Let x  3 
y

  1  dy
  y   1 
2 2 2
 1
     5
 y   y 
y dy
  1  5y2
1 10y dy

10  1  5y2
1
  2  1  5y2  C
10
1  5y2
 C
5
5
1 
 x  32
 C
5

dx
Ǫ. (vi) 
x 2
2  x2  1

Sol. Method-I
x  tan
sec2  d
   tan 2

  2 sec 
cos  d
Indefinite Integration

 sin   2 cos2 
2

cos  d

2  sin 2



104.
 Let sin   t

dt 1 t 2
 2t 2

2 2
𝑙n
t  2
C


1 sin   2
 𝑙n C
2 2 sin   2
Where tan   x

dx
Ǫ. (vii) 
x 2
4  4x 2  1

dx
Sol. x 2 
1
4 
x 1
 2  4  2
x x
  
1
Let 4   y2
x2
2
 dx  2ydy
x3
 y dy
 
1  4 y 2
4 y 
 dy

4y 2
 15
1 dy
 4 y 2
  15 
2

 
 2 
1 2y  15
 𝑙n C
4 15 2y  15

1
Where y  4 
 x2

Indefinite Integration








105.
 Nth Integration

Ex.   tan x 
n
dx

  tan x  dx
n
Sol. Let In 

   tan x   tan x  dx
In n2
2

   tan x  sec x dx  I
n2
 In 2
n2

1
I   tan x  n1
I
n2
n
n 1

Ex.  cos x  dx
n

I  cos x . cos xdx

Sol. n 
n1

In  cos x  sin x  n  1  cos x 

n1 n2
sin2 xdx
 I  cos x   n  1I  n  1I
n1

n
sinx n2 n

 nIn  cos x  n1 sinx  n  I In2


 n
Ǫ1 If I n  sin x  dx , then 5I4  6I 6  ?

(A) sin x cos5 x  C (B) sin 2x cos 2x

(C) sin 2x cos  4x (D)
sin2x
8
1  cos2 2x  2 cos 2x 

I  sin x
Sol. (D)
n1
sin xdx
n 
 n1  n  1   sin x n2 cos2 xdx
 In   cos x sin x

 In   cos x  sin x   n  1 In2  n  1 In  C

n1

 nI  n  1I   cos x  sin x   C

n1

n n2
Indefinite Integration

Put n = 6

 5I4  6I6  cos x sin x  5  C

106.
 sin 2x

2
sin x 4  C

sin 2x
8

1  cos 2x 2
C


sin 2x
8

1  cos2 2x  2 cos 2x  C 
  sec x 
n
dx
Ǫ2 Solve

 sec x 
n2
Sol. In  sec2 xdx


 In  sec x n2 tan x  n  2   sec x n3  sec x tan x  tan xdx

 In  sec x n2 tanx  n  2   sec x n2  sec2 x  1 dx
 
 n  1 In  sec x  n2 tanx  n  2 In2

Indefinite Integration

107.
108.
Definite Integration
 MANISH JHA (NIT Patna)
Exp. More than 7 years in Top Most Coachings of Kota

Produced AIR 32, 57, 84 and many more

 Definite Integration

DEFINITE INTEGRAL AS A LIMIT OF SUM

Fundamental theorem of integral calculus:

 f  x  dx  Limh f a   f a  h  f a  2h  ...  f a  n  1h

b

h0  
a n

Definition

b
 b 
f x dx  F x   F b F(a)
a
a
a+h
is called the definite integral of

b  f(x) between the limits a and b.
    
n1
Or
a
f x dx  Limh
h0
n r0
f a  rh where b – a = nh
where
d
dx
    
F x f x


Note :
Evaluating a definite integral by the limit of a
sum is called evaluating definite integral by Know the facts
first principle or by ab initio method
Put a = 0 and b = 1  nh = 1, we have The word limit here is quite
1 n1  r 
1


f x dx 
n  f ;
n
different as used in differential
calculus.
0 r0  
 Here ‘a’ is called the lower limit
1 r
replace
n
 dx;   ; n  x and ‘b’ is called the upper limit.

Basically divide the area under the curve into

n vertical strips each of width h.
h + h + h + … n times = b – a
Now sum of areas of all rectangles (as h 0)
Gives the area under the curve as n   and
h  0.

Ex. Evaluate
 e dx as the limit of a sum.
x
Definite Integration

Sol. 
a  0, b  2, nh  b  a  2, f x  ex
n1

 Limh
h0
 f a  rh
n r0

1.
 n1
 Limh
h0
e
r0
rh

n

 
h enh  1  e
 Lim 2
 1.
h0
n
e 1h

Also, by initial definition,

b
b


a
e dx  ex a eb  ea
x

 e2  1 ( b = 2, a = 0)

Ǫ. Evaluate
 x  1dx as the limit of sum.
0

Sol. a  0, b  5, b  a  nh  5, f x  x  1 
5 n1
   x  1 dx  Limh f rh h0
0 n r0

n n  1
 lim h  

h  n  
h0  2 
n  
 nh nh  h   
 lim h  nh
h0  2 
n  



5 50  5
2
35

2
Note :

2

 sin xdx  1
0

2 

 sin xdx   cos x  0  1  1 

Definite Integration

2
0
0
3
2

  sin xdx  1    
1  1  1  1
0


2.
 
3
2 
  cos xdx  1

(Below x-axis)

So, we can tell the area of sinx and cosx by

counting the number of quadrants above and
below the x-axis.

Important Points :
(1) Definite Integration gives you net area
positive above the x-axis and negative
below the x-axis.
b

(2) If f(x) > 0  x  (a, b), then

 f  x dx  0 .
a

(3) 
If f x  0x  a, b , then    f  xdx  0
a

(4) If  f  x dx  0 , then the equation f(x)=0 has

a

atleast one root in (a, b) provided f is

continuous in (a, b).
Note that the converse is not true.

Ex:

 e ax   
1
x 2
 bx  c dx  0  ex ax2  bx  c  0
0

has at least one root in (0, 1)

 ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in
(0, 1) [ex is always positive]

b 
  lim f  x  dx
b

 
Definite Integration

(II) lim  fn x dx   n
n   n
a  a

3.
 3 a n
 t3  2 2
(n  N), then the value of find ‘a’.
Ex. If lim
n
 a
3
 1

 n  t2
dt  3
a3 t n 2
 
1 lim  1  3  t dt 
t 2

1 1

L.H.S.  a3 e 3 t dt
Sol. 1

a3 n   n  a3


1

 2  3  
a3
 1 3  1 
  e t  1  ea  e a   ea  e a  2 2 or a  ln
 3  a 3 3

b g1 b

(III)  f  x  .d  g  x    f  x  .g '  x  dx. Point to Remember!!!

a g1 a

 
(IV) If f(x) is continuous in (a, b), Then
b 2 2

dx  f  x   f  x   sinx dx   cos xdx  1

d b
(a)
and if f(x) is
a 0 0


a
 
discontinuous in (a, b) at 2 2

xc , then b  dxd  f  x   f  x  c  
 f x b
(b) sin
0
2
x dx  cos
0
2
xdx 
4

a  c
a  
2 2
2
sin cos
3 3
Proof : (c) x dx  xdx 
3
3 1 0 0
Hint : sin3 x  sin x  sin 3x 
4 4  
2 2
3
 1  cos 2x 2
sin cos
4 4
sin4 x   (d) x dx  xdx 
 16
2 0 0
 



Ǫ. If 2a  3b  6c  0 , then the quadratic equation ax2  bx  c  0 must have a

root in (0, 1). State whether it is true or not.
1
1
 ax3 bx2 
Sol.  2
ax  bx  c dx 
 3


2

 cx 

0
0

a b 2a  3b  6c
  c  0
3 2 6
Definite Integration

Since
 ax
0
2

 bx  c dx  0, and ax2  bx  c is continuous in (0, 1), it implies that

ax2 + bx + c must have atleast one root in (0, 1).

4.
Note :
If f(x) is not defined at x = a and x = b, and
defined in the open interval (a, b) then
b

 f xdx
a
can still be evaluated.

Area by a point is always zero.

Area of strip  limh f a  0
h0
 
b b

So,
 f xdx   f xdx as area on point b is 0.
a a
2

Ex:    
f x  x  , f x dx  1 (from graph)
1
2

Also
 f  x dx  1
1

 Missed area by
Point is 0.

Geometrical Interpretation of the Definite

Integral
b

(i)
 f xdx
a
is numerically (with sign) equal to

the area of curvilinear trapezoid bounded by

the given curve, the straight lines x = a and
x = b and the x-axis
(ii) Area above the x-axis are taken positive,
While those below the y-axis are taken
negative (Only for the calculation of f(x) dx.
Since area is always positive)

 f x dx  A 1  A2  A3  A4  A5  A6
Definite Integration

5.
 3
2
Ex:
 sin xdx

2
3 3
2  2

 sin xdx   sin xdx   sin xdx

  
2 2

 
 1  1  0

Evaluation of Definite Integration by Substitution

While performing substitution in integration,
the limits of the integral must be changed
accordingly.
For example, if x lower limit and upper limit

are 0 and respectively and sin x is
2
substitution by ‘t’, then in new integral, lower
and upper limit will be 0 and 1 respectively

( sin(0) = 0 and sin  1 ).
2
Note :
Substitution must be bijective


4
sinx  cos x
Ex. Find the value of integral 
0
3  sin 2x
dx

4
sinx  cos x
Sol.  2
dx

0 
3  1  sinx  cos x 
Let sinx  cos x  t
Now, New Lower limit  sin0 – cos0 = –1
 
New upper limit  sin  cos  0
Definite Integration

4 4
0 0
dt dt

1

4  t2

1

t 2  22

6.
 0
1 t2
 𝑙n
4 t  2 
1
 1   1  ln(3)
   ln(1)    ln(3)  
 4  4  4

Evaluating definite integrals by finding antiderivatives:

8
sin x  1
Ex. Evaluate: 
3 x1
dx

sin x  1
Sol.  x1
dx  2 cos
 x1 3

8
sin x  1

8

n  dx  2 cos x  1  2 cos 2  cos 3 

3 x1


4

Ex. Evaluate:  cos 2x

0
4  sin 2xdx


Sol.  cos 2x 4  sin 2xdx Put 4  sin 2x  t  0  2 cos 2x dx  dt

1 1 3 1 3

Integral becomes 
2
tdt   
t   4  sin 2x
2 2   
3 3
 
2 3 4 83 3
 1



 cos 2x 4  sin 2xdx   4  sin 2x
3
  2 
3
0  0

1
3ln 3
Ex. Evaluate:  x𝑙n  1  2x  dx 
0
8

Sol.   
x ln 1  2 x dx  ln 1  2x .   x2

  
2

.
x2
dx 
x2
ln(1  2x) 
x
 
1

1 1 

dx
II I 2 1  2x 2 2 2 4  4  1  2x 
 
2 2 1
x x 1 1 3
 ln 1  2x   x ln  1  2x    x ln  1  2x  dx  8 ln 3
2 4 4 8
0
Definite Integration

7.
 2008
 2 1 
   2008 dx
2
Ex. The value of the integral 
0
3x  8028x  2007
 
equals

(A) 2008   2
(B) 2009 2 (C) 2009 (D)1

Sol. (B)
 2 1  x
  3x  8028x  2007  2  2008  dx  x  4014x   2007  x 

3 2
2

2008
 
2008

 value of integral = x 3  4014x2  2007  2 x 
x  2008   2009
 0

4
x2  4
Ex. 2 x4
dx

4
1
x2 dx

x2  4
Sol.  x4
dx 
x3

Put 1 
4
 t  8x3 dx  dt integral becomes

x2

1 1
1 3
1  4
3
2
4  1  4 23 
4
3

 2  
x 4
2

8
 
t2dt  t2  1 2   32
dx    1  x  
   

12 12  x  x4
2 12
  
 2

4

Ex. Evaluate:  x sin

0
2
xdx

 
4 4
2 x
Sol. Let I  
0
x sin xdx   2 1  cos 2xdx
0

Integrating by parts, we have


  

x  sin 2x 4  4 1 sin 2x  dx      1   x 2  cos 2x  4

I    x 
2
 
2   x 
2
2

8 4 2
  
4 8
0
0  0
Definite Integration


 2    2
1  2  8  4
     


 32 16   64 8  64
   

8.
 1
2
x cos1 x
Ex. Find the value of 
0 1  x2
dx

1
2
x cos1 x
Sol. Let I  
0 1  x2
dx

 1
Let us put x = cost, dx = – sin t dt. Also, when x=0, then t   and when x  ,
2 2

then t  
3
Thus, we have

3 
3
t cos t
I  sin t   sin tdt     t cos t dt
 
2 2




3
  3
2 3



2  


  3  1 1
 t sint  sint dt 
3
 .  cos t 
3
 2
2  
2 23
2

1 1

 1  x dx
sin x
Ǫ.1 Find the value of
0
2

Sol. Let sin1 x  t


 sin1 0  0, sin1 1  
2

 
2
 t 2
2 2
  
0
t dt  2
0

8

Note:
If we take x = sin t in previous problem,
Lower limit could have been , 2, 3 etc.
So there will not be a unique answer. So
Definite Integration

substitution should always be bijective

9.
 


, a, v  0 
2
dx
Ǫ.2 Show that a
0
2 22 2

cos x  b sin x 2ab

2
sec2 xdx
Sol. a
0
2
 b2 tan2 x
Let tan x  y
 
dy 1 dy
 
a2  b2y2  b2  
 2 

a
0 0
y2   
 b 
 
  
1 1  
1 y
 2  
tan  
b  a  a
   
 b   b 0

1 bt  
 tan1  
ab  a 0
1   
 ab   2  0   2ab Hence Proved.


 
e2 2
dx ex
Ǫ.3 If I 1   and I2   dx , then what is the relation between I 1 and I 2 ?
e
logex 1
x

Sol. In I1 , let loge x  t

1
 dx  dt
x
 x  et
2 t
e dt 2
ex
 I1  
1 t
 x
1
dx  I2

 I1  I2

2
dx 1
Ǫ.4 Evaluate 4  x
2
2
directly as well as by substitution x 
t
. Examine as to why
Definite Integration

the answer don’t tally.

2
 x 

2
Sol. I dx 1
 tan  
1

2 4  x
2 2  2  2

10.
 1 1 
 tan1 1    
tan1 1  
2 2 4
1
By substituting x  ,
t
1  1 
2  2 dt 
I   t 1 
 
1 4 
  2 
2  t 
1


 tan1 2t  2
 
 
  
 
2 1 8 8 4

2

We can see that answer in both process are not same. This is because as
 
x  2, 2 ,   , 1   1 ,  .
t    
2 2
    1 1  1
But we have used the interval  , . This all happened because t  is
 
2 2 x
 
discontinuous at x = 0 so we should have solved it piecewise.
Lets try again,
0 2
dx dx

2
 
4  x2 0  4  x2

1

 



 tan 2t   tan1 2t  2
1
    
2  1 


2


  
2
        
        
4  8   8 4 
  
  
   which is correct
8 8 4



  sin 2t dt , then find the value of lim 

2 n
an
Let a n   1  sin t
n

Ǫ.5 0
n
n1 n

Sol. Let 1  sin t  y

Definite Integration

  cos t dt  dy
0

 an 
 2y  y  1dy
1
n

11.
 0
2yn2 2yn1 
 
n2 n  1 
1

 0
 2

2 
n
 2 2 2 n 1


 an  
n 1 n 2
an  n
n
 1 1 
 lim
n n1 n  lim
n
 2 
n1 

n n  1  n n  2 
n
1 1  1 1  
1
 lim 2
      
n
n1  n n  1 2  n n  2  

1 1   1 1 1 
lim 2    lim  1    
 n n  1  n  2 n  1 n  2 
n
n1 
1 1
 2 1 
2 2
a

 x.a
 log
Ǫ.6
 x
a 
If the value of definite integral dx , where a > 1 and [x] denotes the
1
e1
greatest integer function, is , then find the value of a.
2

Sol.  
As x  1, a  loga x  0, 1  
a
e1
 
1
x.a0dx  2

a
x2  e1
   ( area due to point is O)
2 1 2

a2  1 e  1
 
2 2
 a  e


3 
0

Ǫ.7 Find the true set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality 2x
 2.3 x dx  0
a
Definite Integration

is true.





12.
  2x 2 3x 
0
 
Sol. 3  1     0
 
I   𝑙n3  2  𝑙n3
   
  a
 1 2   32a 2.3a 
 2𝑙n3  𝑙n3  2𝑙n3  𝑙n3 
0
    
3 32a
   2  3a  0
2 2
Let 3a  t
t2 3
  2t   0
2 2
 t2  4t  3  0
 
t  , 1  3,  
But since t  3a  0 ,
3a  (0, 1]  [3, )
 a  (, 0]  [1, )
 a  (, 1]  [0, )

1
1  x 1
1 x
Ǫ.8 I   dx, J   dx then which of the following is/are correct?
0 1  x 0 1  x
(A) I + J = 2 (B) I–J=
 
(C) I  2   (D) J  4  
2 2

Sol. (BC)
1 1 x
1 x
IJ  
0

1 x
dx
1 x
1
1 x  1 x
 
0 1 x
dx

1
dx
2 
0 1 x
Definite Integration

1
1 
 2
 1  x2 

1 
2 0

13.
  
 0  4  4

 I+J=4
1
1 x 1  x
IJ  
0 1 x

1 x
dx

1
2x
 
0 1 x
dx


2
cos 
Let I  J   2 sin  . 2 sin cos  d
0

2


 4 cos2 d
0
4
 IJ  
4
Also I+J=4

 I 2 
2

 J 2 
2
So, (B) and (C) option are correct.

Ǫ.9 Evaluate  𝑙n  x dx

0

  
1

Sol. I  𝑙n x  1 x 
0
1
 
lim x𝑙n x  lim    lim
ln x 

x


x0 x0 1 x0 1


x x2
 
lim x  0
x0

 I=(0 – 1) – (0 – 0)
 I = –1.
Definite Integration

14.
 

Ǫ.10 In   xn e x dx,n  0,n  I then prove that In  n!

0

Sol. x 
 e1

 

n
In  x 
  n xn1ex dx



0 0


 0  0  nIn1 
 In  nIn1
 
In1  n  1 In2

In2  n  2 In3

 I1  1I0

 In  n n  1 n  2 ...2.1.I0  
 
 I  n! I  n! ex dx
n 0 
0
 ex  

 
 n!  1


 0
= n!. Hence Proved.

1
x  x2  1
Ǫ.11 Evaluate 
0 1  x2
dx

Sol. Let y  x  x2  1
x  x2  1
 dy   dx
1  x2
1 2
dy
I 
1 y
1 2
 2 y  2 1 2  2
1

     
dx
Ǫ.12 Evaluate
  x     x
Definite Integration

Sol. x   cos2    sin2 

 when x =    = 0

When x =     
2
15.
 
dx     2 sin cos d 
   2 sin cos d

2

 I  
0    sin cos 

 2 2  
0


x2dx
Ǫ.13 Evaluate
3  x  3  5  x 
Sol. Similarly to previous question,
x  3 cos2   5 sin2   3  2 sin2 
dx  4 sin cos d

 
2 3  2 sin2  2 .4 sin  cos d 
 I 
0
2 sin cos 

2

2  9  12 sin
0
2

  4 sin4  d

   3 
 18    24    8  
2
     4

33 16

2
1
2
dx
Ǫ.14 Evaluate 
0 1  2x  1  x
2 2

Sol. x  sin 
 
6
cos d 6

  co2 cos    sec 2 d

0 0



 
𝑙n sec 2  tan 2  6

Definite Integration

2 
0


𝑙n 2  3 

2

16.
 
2
dx
Ǫ.15 Evaluate 4  5 sin x
0

dx dx
Sol.  4  5 sin x   x
2 tan 2
4  5
x
1  tan2
2
x x
1  tan2 dx sec2 dx
 2 2
4  4 tan 2 x 
 10 tan
x
4 tan 2 x x
 10 tan  4

2 2 2 2
x 1 2 x
Let tan  t  sec dx  dt
2 2 2
2 dt  2 dt

 4t2  10t  4   2 10t  


 1 4 t 

4
1 dt 1 dt
 2 2 5 
t  t  1
25 25  2 
  5
2
9 
 t   
2 16 16 4  16

5 3
1 dt 1 1 t 
4 4

2  

5
2
 3
2  
2 2
3 log
t 
5 8 c
 t      4 4 4
4 4
   
1 1 2t  1
 log 4t  2  c  log c
3 4t  8 3 2t  4
x 
1 2 tan  1 2
dx 1
 log 2
3 x
2 tan  4
c
0
4  5 sinx 3 
 log 2  Hence this is required solution.
2

 2
 1  x 1x
Evaluate    1  x   e dx
Ǫ.16 1/2
x 
1
2
x
1 
x 1 
Sol. I  ⏟  xe
ex
 

x
1 

x
2
dx
1 –– –– 
Definite Integration

f(x)
2 
xf '(x)
2
x
1  3
5
 I xe x   e2
 1 2
2

17.
  
2 2
cos x sin x
Let I   dx and J  
Ǫ.17 0 a cos x  b sin x 0 a cos x  b sin x
dx ,

Where a > 0 and b > 0. Compute the values of I and J.


2
a cos x  b sinx 
Sol.
aI  bJ   a cos x b sinx dx 
2 …(i)
0

2
bcos x  a sinx
bI  aJ   a cos x  b sinx dx
0
 

 𝑙n a cos x  b sin x 0
2

b 
 
 bI  aJ  𝑙n b  𝑙n a  𝑙n     …(ii)
 a 
Solving (i) and (ii)
 

a 2  b2 I  a  b𝑙n
b
 

2  a 
b
a  2b𝑙n  
 I  a 
2 a  b2
2
 
b
b  2a𝑙n  
 a 
J 



2 a 2  b2 
1  x dx
1

Ǫ.18 Find the value of  1 x

0 
 1 1 
Sol. 1
1  x dx    x  dx

I 
 1  x2 2 
0 1 x 2
0 1
1  x 
 1   
  sin x  1  x     0  0  1

2
 0  2
 


Definite Integration

 1
2





18.
 

sin x  cos x  dx
2


2

Ǫ.19 Find the value of I  

0 1  sin 2x

2
sinx  cos x 2

Sol. I 
0
sinx  cos x
dx




  cos x  sinx  2
0
0  1  1  0  2
3
4
1
Ǫ.20 Find the value of  1  cos x dx

4
3 3


4 
4
dx  1  x
Sol. I x   2  sec
2
 dx
 2 cos2   2 
4 2 4
3
 x  4
 tan   
 2 

4
3 
 tan  tan 
8 8

  21    2  1
=2


Some Standard Forms :

b  b
I.
n 

lim  fn (x)dx   lim fn (x) dx
 n
 
a  a
Since n and x are independent, we can
take the limit inside.
1 n
 t
Ex. n 
lim  1  n  dt
1  
 t  
n
1 
Definite Integration

 lim 1   dt
Sol. 
1
n  n   
 
n  t 
 t  n  
lim  1    e  n   e t
n
 n 

19.
 1

 I e
1
t
dt
1
 et 
1


  e1  e 
1
e
e

 1 ex dx 
Ǫ.1 Evaluate lim 
0 1  x 
n
n
1
 e  x

Sol. 
I   lim
0
 dx
 n 1  x n 

 
If x  0, 1 , xn  0 as n  

If x  1, xn   as n  
1
 I  ex 
0
 Ie1

Evaluate lim 
cos x
Ǫ.2 dx
 
n
n 1
0 1  tan x
 cos x 
Sol. 
I   lim
 
dx
0  n 1  tan 1 x

  n 



If x  0, tan 1 , tan1 x  0, 1   
 
   0 for
n
x  0, tan 1 .
1
So, lim tan x
n

   
n
1
Similarly, for x > tan1, lim tan x
n
 tan 1  

 I   cos xdx 
 0dx
0 tan 1
Definite Integration

tan 1
 sin x
0


 sin tan 1 



20.
 b g1 b 
II.  f  x  .d  g  x    f x.g '  x dx
a g1 a
 dg  x  
 Hint: dg x  dx  g ' xdx
 
dx
 


If g x  a  x  g1 a  
If g x  b  x  g1 b
Remember  Limit is of differential

Ex.  x d  𝑙n  x  
2

1
b  1 
Sol. I  x2.   dx
a  x 
 
where 𝑙n a  1 and 𝑙n b  1 
e

 I  xdx
1
e

e2 1
 
2 2e2
3

 tanx d sinx  
2

Ǫ.1 Evaluate
1
2

3

Sol. I  tanx cos x dx


6

3

  sinx dx

6
Definite Integration


  cos x 3
6

21.
 1 3 
  
2 2 
  
31
 
2
 b
d b

III.
 dx  f  x  dx   f  x 
a
a
if f(x) is continuous

in x  a, b .  
However, if f(x) is discontinuous in (a, b) at x = C, then I  f  x   f  x 
c b

a c

d 
1
  1 
Ex.   cot 1
   dx

1
dx   x 
  
0
 

1
 
1 1 1
Sol. I  cot1
 
  cot1
 
  discontinuous at x  0
x x x
 

  1  0  
 I  3    
       0
 4  4 

I 
2

IV. If g(x) is the inverse of f(x) and f(x) has

domain x  a, b  where f(a) = c and

f(b) = d , then the value of

b d

 f  x dx   g  xdx  bd  ac
a c

Proof : 
In 2nd Integral, let y = f(x).
 dy  f ' x dx 
 d b


 g  y dy   g  f  x   f '  x  dx
Definite Integration

c a
b

  xf ' xdx
a

22.
 b
b
 xf x   f x dx
a
   
a
b d b

  
a
f x dx  g y dy  xf x 
c a    
 bd  ac

Ǫ.1 If f : 0, 1  e, e e , is increasing function then find

 
e

 𝑙n 𝑙n x dx .
1 e

e ex
dx  2
0 e

Sol. 
f x e
ex

    e
𝑙n f x x

  𝑙nf  x    e
2
x

 x  𝑙n  𝑙nf  x    2𝑙n  𝑙n f  x  
2

 f  x   2𝑙n  𝑙n  x  
1

Now checking the limits, f(0) = e and f 1  e  e

1 e e

 2𝑙n  𝑙n  x   dx
ex
 e
0

e
e
e  1 e0
e
e

 1

   
1 1

Ǫ.2  1  x  1  x 2007  dx

2008 2007 2008
Evaluate
0 
1

Sol.  
Let f x  y  1  x2008   2007

 x2008  1  y2007

Definite Integration

1
 x  1  y  
2007 2008

 f 1
x   1  x 
2007 2008

23.
 1
  
Now, f 0  1  0  2007 1
1

 
f 1  1 1  2007 0
1 0

  f  x  dx   f  x  dx  1  0  0  1  0
0 1
1

1 0

  f  x  dx    f  x  dx
0 1
1

1 1

  f  x  dx   f  x  d  x 
0 0
1

   f  x   f  x  dx  0
0
1

Properties of definite Integral :

Properties :
b b

P-1:
 f  x  dx   f  t  dt
a a
b a

P-2:
 f  xdx   f  xdx
a b
b c b

P-3:
 f x   f x  dx   f x  dx
a a c

Provided f has a piece wise continuity

or when f is not uniformly defined in (a, b)
Integral is broken at points of discontinuity
of ‘f’.

Generalization :
The above property can be generalized as
b c1 c2 b

 f  x dx   f  xdx   f  xdx  ...   f  x dx

a a c1 cn
Definite Integration

where a  c1  c2  c3 ...  cn  b

24.
 
1  cos 2x
Ex. Evaluate: 
0
2
dx .

   
2 
Sol.  
cos x dx  cos x dx   cos x dx  sin
 0

x  2    sin x   2
0 0  2
2

Ex. Evaluate :  5x  9 dx .
0

5  59  5x2 3
9
3 5 3  117


Sol.  5x  9 dx   9  5xdx    
5x  9 dx  9x  x   
2

2 0  2
 9x 
10
0 0 9   9
5
5
3 
 1 
Ex. Evaluate:  x   dx , [.] is the greatest Integer function
1 
2
1 1 3 5

2
1 2
 1 2
 1 2
 1 3
 1 
Sol. I 
x   dx 
1 
2   1 
2 1 
2  3 

x   dx  x   dx  x   dx 
2    x  dx
5 
2 

2 2 2 2

1 1 3 5
2 2 2 2 3

  1dx   0 dx   1dx  2 dx   3 dx  4
1 1 1 3 5

2 2 2 2

Ex. Evaluate:  ln x

  dx, . is the greatest integer function.
4 2 3 4
Sol. Let I   1
ln x
  dx   1
ln x
  dx  
2
ln x
  dx  3
ln x
 dx

3 3
 0  ln 2 
2
dx  ln 3 
2
dx  ln 2  ln 3  ln 6

Ex. Find the value of following integrals

1 

(a)  | x  1 | dx
3
(b)  | cos x  sinx | dx
0
Definite Integration

Sol. (a) We have | x  1 |  x  1 for x  1 ; x + 1 for x > – 1 

Hence, we have

25.
  2 1 
 x  1
1
1 1 1 
2

 | x  1 | dx    x  1dx   x  1 dx    


 
x  1 
 2  2 
3 3 1   3   1
(b) We have
    
| cos x  sin x | sin x   sin x  0x  
2  4 2  4 4
   
  2 sin  x    x  
  4  4



Hence, we have  
 
    4
   
 
| cos x  sinx | dx   2 sin  x   dx  2 sin  x   dx
4 4 
0 0     
4
 
    4    

2 2
 cos x  0   cos x   
4 4 4
 1   
 2 1 1
  2  1  2  1  1  2 2 2.
 2  2 

1

Ǫ.1 Evaluate  | x | dx .
1 
 x, x0
Sol. | x | 
x,
 x0
0 1

 I  x dx   x dx
1 0
0
x  2
x2 
1

   
2  2 0
1

1 1
  1
2 2
Definite Integration

26.
 
2

Ǫ.2 Evaluate  
cos x  cos3 xdx

2

2

Sol. I  
cos x sin2 xdx

2

2



 | sinx | cos xdx

2

0 2

   sinx

cos xdx   sinx
0
cos xdx

2

2 3
0
2 3
2
 cos x  
 cos x 
2 2   
3    3 0
2
2  2 4

   
3  3  3

Ǫ.3 If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find the value
2

 x [x]dx .
2
of
0

Sol. [x] will be discontinuous at x = 1.

1 2

So, I   x 0dx   x dx
0
2
1
2

2
x3  7
 0  3  
 3
1
1.5

Ǫ.4  [x ]dx , where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.

2
Find the value of
0

Sol. (As x  0, 1.5 , x2  0, 2.25

Definite Integration

 [x2] will be discontinuous when x2 = 1 and 2,

i.e., x  1 and 2

27.
 

1 2 1.5


, I  0 dx 
0
 1. dx   2 dx
1 2

0  2  1  2  1.5  2 
 2  2


Ǫ.5 Find the value of xdx where {x} denotes fraction part function.
0 

Sol. {x} is discontinuous at x  I.

2 1 2

 xdx  xdx  xdx

0 0 1
1 2

  x dx   x  1dx
0 1
1 2
x2   x2 
   2  x  
2
0  1
1 1
  1
2 2

 
9

Ǫ.6 Evaluate
0
x dx , where {x} denotes fractional part function.

Sol.  x will be discontinuous at x = 1, 4

9 1 4 9

 
0

x dx  
0
xdx  
1

x  1 dx 
  x  2 dx
4
4 9
  3
3
1

  3 
  2x2 
2x2 x   2x2  2x 
  3    3    
  3


  
0  1  4
2  4  1    8 
        0    
3 3 3 3 
      
258
Definite Integration

 5
3

28.
 100

Ǫ.7 Evaluate 0
 tan1 x  dx , where [x] denotes greatest integer function.
 

Sol. 
tan1 x  0, tan1 100 as x  0, 100   
tan1 x  1 for x = tan 1.
100 tan 1 100

So,
 tan
0
1
x dx  
0
0dx  
tan 1
1.dx

 0  100  tan 1 
 100  tan 1


 x2   2 x 
2

Ǫ.8 Evaluate 1 x   x  dx , where [x] denotes the greatest integer function.

Sol. [x2] is discontinuous at x  2 and 3


2
2 3

, I 
 x  1dx    x
1 2
2

 2x dx   x3
3

 3x dx
 2
 x2  2 3
  x   3 
  x4 

 2 1   x3  𝑙n2 2     
x x
  4  𝑙n3 3 

 2   3
2 3  2 3 2 2   9 9 3 3 
     2 2   4   
2 3
 2 2    𝑙n 2 3 
𝑙n 2     
𝑙n 3 
4 𝑙n 3       

1

Ǫ.9 Find the value of

  x  xdx , where [x] denotes greatest integer function
2

1

and {x} denotes fraction part function.

1 0 1

Sol.  x  xdx  x

2 2
 x  1dx  x2  xdx 
 
1 1 0


As x  1, 0 , x  x 2  1 
   , 0
 4 
Definite Integration


1
 x 2
 x  1 dx  0

As x  0, 1 , x2  x  0, 2 


29.
  [x2 + x] is discontinuous when x2 + x = 1
 x2 + x – 1 = 0
1  5   
 x  
2   

1
1 5
2  1

  x 2
 xdx   0 dx   1  dx
0 0 1 5
2
 1  
5
 1 
 2 
  

 3 5
 
 2
1 3
 2  5
  

x  x  dx 
2
1

2

Ǫ.10 Evaluate  | 1  2 cos x | dx

0

Sol. |1 + 2 cos x| will change sign where 1 + 2 cos x = 0

1 2 4
 cos x  x and 
2 3 3
2 4
2 3 3 2 

  | 1  2 cos x | dx   1  2 cos xdx   1  2 cos xdx   1  2 cos xdx

0 0 2 4
3 3
2 4 
2
 x  2 sin x 3  x  2 sin x 2
0
3
 
  x  2 sin x 4 
3 3
 2   2   2 
  3   2 3   3 
3 3 3
     
2
 4 3
3
  
x2 xdx dx
Ǫ.11 If P   dx ; Q   and R   , then prove that.
0
1 x 4
0 1 x
4
0 1 x
4
Definite Integration

 
(a) Q   (b) P R (c) P  2Q  R 
4 2 2

30.
 
xdx
Sol. (a) Ǫ 
 1 x
0
4

Let x2  t  2xdx = dt
1  dt
 Ǫ
2 0 1  t2 
 

1
 Ǫ tan1 t  
2 0

 Ǫ  Hence Proved.
4

x2dx
(b) P  
1  x4
0
1 dy
Let x   dx  
y y2
0
1
2
dy  
 
P   
y 
1 
   2
 1  y
4  
  y 
0
dy
 P  1 y 4


dx
 P  1x 4
R Hence Proved.
0

x 1
2

(c) P  R   1 x 4
dx
0

 1 
  1  x2 

 
0 x  1 
 2
 dx

 
x2 
 1 
  1  2 
 x 

  1
2 dx

 x    2
0

 x 
Definite Integration


dt  1 
 
 t  2
2
 x
 x
 t




31.
 
1  t  
 tan1   
2  2  
      
 1    
2 2 
2   


 2
 
 P  2Ǫ  R    2   Hence Proved.
2 4 2 2

P–4 :
 0a if f(x) is odd
 f  x  dx    f  x   f  x  dx  2 f  x dx
a a

if f(x) is even
a 0  
0
Proof :
a 0 a

I
a
 f  xdx   f  x dx   f  xdx
a 0
Put x = –t in first integral.

0 a a a a a

  f  t   dt    f  x  dx   f  t  dt   f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
a 0 0 0 0 0
a

  f  x   f  x  dx
0

Graphically :
In case of odd function:

 f  x dx  A  A  0
a

In case of even function :

a a

 f  xdx  A  A  2A  2 f  x dx
a 0
Definite Integration

32.
 Remark :
(i) The graph of an even function is symmetric
about y-axis that is the curve on the left
side of y-axis is exactly identical to curve
on its right side.
a 0


 f x dx 
0
 f  xdx
a

(ii) In case of an odd function, the curve is

symmetrical in opposite quadrants.
0 a

  f  xdx   f  xdx
a 0

1
2
1 x
Ex. Show that  sec xln 1  x dx  0
1

2

 1 x  1 x
Sol. 
Let f x  sec xln 
1 
then f x  sec x ln 

  f x
1
     
   
  x
x
1

  1  x   1
Ex. Show that x   ln  1  x dx   2
2

1

2
1  12 12

 2   1  x   1 x 
 
Sol. 
I   x  ln

1 
1  x
 dx   ln
1 x
 dx     dx
x
  1   1
  
2 2
 2
1
2     1  x  
  x dx  0  ln  1  x  is an odd function 
1    

2
1 

0 2
  1dx   0dx   1
2
1 0
Definite Integration


2

33.
 3
 1 x  x  1 
2

Ex. The value of 

1 
tan
x 2
 1
 tan 1
x 
dx is

5
(A)  (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 
2
3
x x2  1 


Sol. I tan 1  tan1  dx
 x  
1  x 1
2

x2  1   x2  1 
3
1
x  x 
 1
 

  tan  tan1
 dx   tan 1
  tan1 

 dx
1 
 x2  1 x  1   x  1 
2 x 


3  x   x  3
 
  


= 0  tan 1  x2  1   cot 1  x2  1 dx  0  
dx  2    .
 

1 1 2 2

1

Ex. Evaluate: x

3
 
tan x 2 dx
1

Sol.  
Since x3 tan x2 , x   1, 1 is an odd function, hence by property (4), we have
1

x
1
3
 
tan x2 dx  0 .

Ǫ.1 Evaluate 
2
1  x2 dx

Sol. 1 – x2 is an even function.

2 2

, 1  x
2
2

dx  2 1  x2 dx
0
1 2 

 2  1  x2 dx 

  
x 2  1 dx 

0 1 
2
 x3 1  x3 
 2 x    2   x
 3 

 0 
 3  1
2 4
 2  2  4
3 3
Definite Integration

34.
  1  x  x 
1

Ǫ.2 Evaluate 2
 1  x  x 2 dx
1

Sol. 
Let f x  1  x  x2  1  x  x2

 f x  1  x  x2  1  x  x2  f x  
 f(x) is an odd function.
1

 
 f x dx  0
1

Ǫ.3 Prove that the value of

  ax 
 bx  c dx depends on c.
3

2
2 2 2 2

Sol.  ax
2
3
 bx  c dx   ax dx   bxdx   cdx

2–
3

 
– –
2 – 2
odd odd even

= 0 + 0 + 4c
= 4c Hence Proved.

log x  
1

Ǫ.4 Find the value of the integral x 2 1 dx .

1


Sol. 
Let f x  log x  x  1 
2


f x  log x  x2  1 
 
 1 
 log   ( rationalisation)
 
 x  x  1 
2


 log x  x  1   f x .

2



 f(x) is an odd function.
1

  f  xdx  0 .
1

Trick:
Definite Integration

b
a  b
Limit of  f  x  dx can be changed to – to  if we substitute x
 2 
 
 y.
a



35.
 11

Ex.  x  3 x  7 x  5 x  1 x  9dx
1
 1  11 
Sol. Let x  y
 
2
 
 x5  y
6

  y 2
 
 4 y y 2  16 dy = 0


6  odd 
even even
–––
– ––––
odd


 x    cos x  3dx

2
3
Ǫ.1
2
Find the value of
3
2
     3  
      
Let 2   2 
Sol. x   y  x y
 2 
 
 
 
2 2

 I 
 y
3
 cos2 y  2 dy    y
3

 cos2 y dy
 
2 2

2


 2 cos2 y dy
0
( y3 is odd and cos2y is even function)

   
 2   
 4  2

x 
0

Ǫ.2 Evaluate I  3
 3x 2  3x  3  
x  1 cos x  1 dx
2 
0

  x  1    
3
Sol. I  2  x  1 cos x  1 dx
2

Let x  1  y
1

 I  y 3
 2  y cos y dy 
Definite Integration

1
1

 2 2dy 
0
( y3 and y cos y are odd function)

=4

36.
 2  x 
cos x ex 2x cos2  
 2 

Ǫ.3  
If f x  x2 sec x sin x  x3 , then find the value of
1 2 x  tan x



x  
 1 f  x f '' x  dx . 
2
2



2

Sol. 1st and 2nd column of f(x) contains even function 3rd column contains odd func-
tion
, On solving, f(x) is an odd function.

 f' x is even function

 f '' x is an odd function.


 
2
 
Now, I 
  
x  1 f x  f '' x dx  I = 0 
2
 – – 
 – ––  
 
2 – – –– –– –– 
 even odd
odd


4
 x9  3x5  7x3  x  1 
Ǫ.4   cos2 x
dx


4



5
 3x 2
3
 7 x2  x  1 
4
x92 2 2 

  

Sol.  cos x cos x cos x cos x cos x dx


 
     
4 odd odd odd odd even 

4


 2 sec2 x dx
0

 2 tanx 4  2
0
Definite Integration

37.
 a
f  sin x 
Ǫ.5 If f is an odd function, then evaluate I   dx
a 
f cos x  f sin 2 x 
Sol. f(sin x)is also an odd function.
f(cos x)and f(sin2 x) are even function.
 Integrand is an odd function.
I=0
1
1
 x  1 
2
2 2 2
 x  1 
Ǫ.6 Evaluate  x  1  x  1   dx
     2
  
1
2

1
2
x1 x1
Sol. I  x  1  x  1 dx
1

2

x1 x1
Let f x   

x1 x1
x  1  x  1 
 
 f x  
 
x  1  x  1 
x1 x1
 
x1 x1
 f(–x) = –f(x)
 f(x) is an odd function but |f(x)| is even function.
1
x 1 x 
2
1 
, I  2 
0
 
 dx

.
x 1
1 x 1
2
4x
 2 2 dx
x  1

0

1
  4𝑙n | x 2  1 | 2
 0
 3 

4𝑙n    0
Definite Integration

 4 
4
 4𝑙n  
 3 


38.
 3
2

Ǫ.7 Evaluate  | x sin x | dx

1

Sol. x sin  x is an even function

3
1 2

, I   | x sin x | dx   x sin x dx
1 1
3
1 2


 I  2 x sin x dx  x sin x dx
0

1
3
  
1

 2  x cos x    1  sin x 2
  0   2 1
 
3 1
 
 2
P–5 : b b a a

 f  x dx   f a  b  xdx or  f  xdx   f a  x dx
a a 0 0

Proof:
b
a

I 
a
a  b  x dx  Put a  b  x  t  dx  dt & I   f  t   dt 
b

 f  t  dt    f  x  dx
a b

b a

When to be used.
 If denominator remain same or very lightly changed.
 f(x) + f(a + b – x) is very simple or integral.
 In numerator, we have x.

100
𝑙nx
Ex. Evaluate:  𝑙nx  𝑙n(150  x) dx
50
100
𝑙nx
Sol. I  𝑙nx  𝑙n(150  x) dx using P-5 [x 100 + 50 – x]
Definite Integration

50
100

𝑙n 150  x  100

 𝑙n(150  x)  𝑙nx
dx ; I  I 
I
50
 1  dx  50  I  25
50

39.
 
dx
Ex. Evaluate: 1  2
0
tan x

dx
Sol. I  12
0
tan x
using P-5 [x  – x]

dx 
2tan x
I  1 2  tanx
  1 2 tanx
dx
0 0


 II   1dx   or I
2
0


4
tan2 x dx
Ex. Evaluate:  1  e

x

4

4
tan2 x
Sol. I  1  e

x
dx using P-5 [x  0 – x]

4
  
4 4 4
tan2 x 2 2

 
 I 
 1 e


x
dx or I  I  


tan dx  2
0
sec x  1 dx
4 4
 
      
I tanx x 4 1
0 4

Ex. Find the value of following integral


2 3
1 5x
1  
(a) dx dx
(b)
0 tanx 2 x  5x
 
2 2
1 cos x
Sol. (a) 1  tanx
dx   cos x  sinx
dx
0 0

Also, we have by property P-5

   
Definite Integration

2 cos   x 2
2  sinx
I  cos
0
 
 x   sin   x
dx  
0
sinx  cos x
dx

2  2

40.
 Adding the above integrals, we have

  
2
sinx  2 

  
2I   cos x dx 
 1  dx  x 2 
0 2
0 sinx  cos x 0

i.e. I  
4
3
5x
(b) Let I  2 x  5  x
dx

Also, we have by property P-5

3 5 5x   3
x
I  5x  5 5x  
dx   5x  x
dx
2 2

Adding the above integrals, we have

3 3
5  x  x dx 
 1  dx  x
3
2I   5x  x 2
1
2 2

1
i.e. I 
2

2
dx
Ex. Evaluate:
1  sin x
0

  
2 2 2
dx dx dx
Sol.  1  sinx
   

1  cos x 
0 0 1  sin x   x  0 
2  

 
 tan x 2
2 x dx  1  2 
2
1


2 
sec 2 2 1
  1.
0  
 2 0

1
Ǫ.1 Evaluate e
0
cos x 1
dx
Definite Integration


1
Sol. I e
0
cos x
1
dx (using P-5)

41.
 
ecos x
 I
e cos x
1
dx
0
 

1 ecos x
 2I  e cos x
1
dx  e cos x
1
dx
0 0



 2I   1  dx  
0


I 
2

2
sin x  cos x
Ǫ.2 Evaluate 1  sinx cos x dx
0

2 

sinx  cos x
Sol. I  1 sinx cos x dx
0

2
cos x  sinx


I  1 sinx cos x dx (using P-5)

0

 2I  0  I  0

3
x2dx
Ǫ.3 Evaluate 
2 2x
2
 10x  25
3
x2dx
Sol. I x
2
2
 (x  5)2
3
 5  x 2
 I x 2
 (x  5)2
dx (using P-5)
2
3
1
 2I   1  dx  1  I 
2
2


2
sin3 x
Ǫ.4 0 sin x  cos x dx  ?
Definite Integration


2
sin3 xdx
Sol.
I  sinx cos x
0

42.
 
2
cos3 xdx
I  sinx cos x (using P-5)
0

2
sin3 x  cos3 x 
 
 2I   sinx  cos x dx

0 

2

 2I   sin
0
2

x  cos2 x  sin x cos x dx



 2I   1 
2 
sin 2x
  dx
 2 
0 
 1  1
 2I    I 
2 2 4 4


Evaluate I  
sin2 x 2

Ǫ.5 0 sin x  cos x

dx

2
sin2 x  cos2 x
Sol. 2I   sinx  cos x
0
dx (using P-5)


2 1
2I   sinx cos x dx
0

2

1 1
 2I   
2
dx
0 cos x 
 
 4 
1  
 I 𝑙        2
n sec x    tanx  4   
2 2   4   0


1
2 2
 𝑙n   
2  1  𝑙n  
2 1

  2  1
Definite Integration

𝑙n
 I 
 2




43.
 3
8
 4  3 sin x 
Ǫ.6 Evaluate I  𝑙n 4  3 cos x dx

8
3
8     
Sol.
2I    𝑙n  4433cos
sinx  𝑙n 4  3 cos x dx
x
  
4  3 sin x 

(using P-5)
      
8

 2I = 0
I=0



ln 1  tan x dx

4

Ǫ.7 Evaluate
0



4

Sol.  
I  ln 1  tan x dx
0


4   

I  ln  1  tan  x  dx
4
(using P-5)
0     
4 
 1  tanx 
 2I   ln 1  tan x  ln 1 
dx
1  tan x 
0    
4   
2
 2I   ln 1  tan x  ln  
dx
1  tan x 
0    

4
 
 2I  ln 2 dx  I  8 ln 2

0

 
Ǫ.8 
2
Evaluate  1 sin2008 x
 dx


2
2007
x



 1  sin
2008
x  cos2008 x 
Sol. Applying P-5

 
Definite Integration

2
 1 

I 
x sin2008 x

 2007  1  sin2008 x  cos2008 x dx 
 



  
2

44.
 
2
sin2008 x
 2I   1 sin 2008
x  cos2008 x
dx (using P-5)


2
2008
2
sinx
 2I  2  sin
0
2008
x  cos2008 x
dx (using P-4)


2
cos2008 x
 2I  2  sin
0
2008
x  cos2008 x
dx (using P-5)

Now, adding we get


2

 I 
 4I  2 0 1dx 4

cot 1  x  x dx

1
Ǫ.9
2
Evaluate
0
1
 1 

Sol. 
I  tan1  
 1  x  x 2  dx
0 
1
 1 

1
 tan  1  x x  1  dx
0
1

  tan 1

x  tan1 x  1 dx 
0
1

 I
0
  tan  1  x   tan  x  dx
1 1 (using P-5)

1 1

 
 tan1 1  x dx  tan1 x dx    
0 0
1 1


 tan xdx  tan1 xdx
0
1

0
(using P-5)
1 x 
 
1

 I  2 x tan 1 x 
 0
0
1  x2
dx


 
1 
 ln 1  x2
Definite Integration

 
2     ln 2

 
2


4 2 
 0


45.
 3

 1  sin x dx
4
x sin x
Ǫ.10 Evaluate I 

4
3
4
x sinx dx
Sol. I  1  sin x

4
3
 4
  x sinx
 I   1 sin x
dx (using P-5)

4

 Adding Both equation, we get

3
4
sin x
2I    1  sin x dx

4
3
4

sinx 1  sinx dx
 2I   

cos2 x
4
3
4

 2I     sec x tan x  tan x  dx


2

4
3


 2I   sec x  tanx  x 4

4
  3  2

I  
2 
2
1
4 4 
 
 2  1     1  2 
4

2
x sin x cos xdx
Ǫ.11 Evaluate I   4
0 sin x  cos x
4

Sol. Applying P – 5 and adding, we get


Definite Integration

 2
sinx cos xdx
2I  
2 0 sin4 x  cos4 x

46.
 sinx 
dx 2
 cos3 x
I
4 0 tan 4 x  1 

 2
tan x sec2 x
I
4  1  tan 4
x
dx
0

 dt

4  2 1  t 
0
2  t  tan2 x 

 tan t  2

 1
I
8 0 16


1  cos 2x  sin 2x

4
xdx
Ǫ.12 Evaluate I 
0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding the integrals, we get


 4
dx
2I 
4  1  cos 2x  sin 2x
0

4 dx
 I 
8 0 2 cos2 x  2 sinx cos x


 sec2 xdx   ln 1  tanx
4

 I   
16 1 tanx 16
 04 
16
 
ln 2
0
1

 x4 
3
1  2x 
Ǫ.13 Evaluate I   1  x 4 cos 1  x 2 dx

1  
3
1
3  x4    2x 

 
Sol. I  
 1  x4  
cos 1
 

 dx (using P-5)
   1  x2 
1

 3
 1

Definite Integration


4
Adding, we get 2I   1  x dx
x
4   
cos1 x  cos1 x  
1

3



47.
 1

 3
x4
 I 
2  1  x
1
4
dx

3

1
3 1 1 1 
  1   
2 1  x2 1  x2
 dx
0  
 1
 tan1 x 1 x  1  3
  x   ln
 2 2 x  1 0
 1  1  3  1 
     ln 
12 2  
 3  3  1  



ln  x  dx
For a > 0, prove that I   0
Ǫ.14 ax 2  bx  a
0 
1
Sol. Let x 
y
0

  ln y dy 
 I y
 2
 a b


  a 
 y2 y 
 

lny dy
   a  by  ay 2
0

 I = –I
I=0 Hence Proved.


ln  x  dx
Ǫ.15 Evaluate x
0
2
 2x  4

Sol. Let x  2y
 
 ln 2  ln y 2dy
 
  
0 4 y2  y  1  
ln 2 
 
1  ln y dy 

 
Definite Integration

dy
  2

  
2  y  y  1   2  0 y 2  y  1 

0 



48.
  
  
ln2  dy  (using previous question)

2 0
  1  2  3  2  0
    
 y  2   2  

 1  
ln 2 2 1  y  2  ln 2     ln 2
  tan       
2 3  3  3 2 6 3 3
 
 2 0

 n  m 
 1  k k  m  1  
  1  k k  n  1
n
k 1 1 m
k

Ǫ.16 Prove that

k 0   k 0  
n n n m m m
C0 C1 C2 C0 C1 C2
To Prove: m  1    ...     ...
Sol. m2 m3 n 1 n2 n3
1  x  
n
xm  n n n
C0  C1x  C2 x  ... x
2 m

Integrating both side,

n
n m C xm1 n
C xm2 n
C xm3
 
1  x x dx 
m
0
 1

m
1
2

m3
2
 ...
1 n n n
n C C C

 1  x x dx     ...  L.H.S.

m 0 1 2
 m1 m2 m3
0

Applying P-5, we get

1

 x  1  x
m
n
dx  R.H.S. (using same approach as LHS)
0

 LHS=RHS. Hence Proved.

3a

, a  0 
2
dx
Ǫ.17 Evaluate  x 
a a 2  x2
2

Sol. Let x  a sin 


3
a cos 
 I  a sin   a cos 

Definite Integration

6

3
a sind
 I  a sin   a cos  (using P-5)

6

49.
 
3

I
 2I  
1  d 12
6


2

Ǫ.18 Evaluate 
0
sin 2 sin d


2

Sol. Applying p-5, I   sin 2 cos d

0

2

 1  sin  cos  sin  cos d

2
 2I 
0
1

 2I   1  t dt
2
 t  sin   cos 

1
1

 1  t  y2  t2  1  eqn of circle.
2
 I
0

, I represents area of one quadrant of circle y2  t2  1


 I 
4
x
 1 
Ǫ.19 For x > 0, let f x  
ln t
1 t
 
dt . Find the function f x  f  and show that  
1  x 
 1 1
f e  f   .
 e  2
1
 1 x
lntdt
Sol. f  
x  1  t



  1


1
Let t 
y
1  
 1  x
  ln y 
 2 
dy
 f   y 

Definite Integration

 x  1
1 1
 y
x ln ydy
  y y  1
1


50.
 x
lnt
  t  t  1 dt
1
 1 x
lnt  1 

 f x  f  
x  1 t
 1 
t
 dt
  1  
2 x
x
lnt ln t 

 t dt 
2
1
1
 1  ln x  2  1 1

 f x  f  
x 2

 f e  f  
e 2
Hence Proved.
   
 

Ǫ.20 Prove that f sin 2x sin xdx  2  f cos 2xcos xdx
2 4

0 0

2

Sol. Using P-5, I   f sin 2xcos xdx

0

2

 2I   f sin 2x sinx  cos x dx

0

2  
 
 2I  2 f sin 2x cos  x   dx ; Let x   y
4 4

0  

4

 2I  2  f cos 2ycos y dy


4

4


 
 I  2 f cos 2x cos xdx
0
 Hence Proved.

Evaluate I  
1
ln 1  x  
Ǫ.21 0 1  x2
dx
Definite Integration

Sol. Let x = tan 


4

 
 I  ln 1  tan  d
0


51.
 Applying P-5 and adding,
 ln 2
 2I  ln 2  I 
4 8
2
Evaluate I  
ln x  
Ǫ.22 1 1 x
2
dx
2

Sol. Let x  tan

tan1 2

 I   
ln tan  d 

1  1 
tan  
 2 
tan1 2   
   
ln cot  d   using P  5 and tan   cot   
1 1
2 
1  1 

tan  
 2 

 tan1 2 
 2I   ln 1d
1 
1 
tan  
 2 

 I0
3

Ǫ.23 Evaluate I   ln sec   tan d



Sol. Applying
3
P-5 and adding, we get

 
2I  ln sec2   tan2  d  I = 0


3
2

Ǫ.24 Evaluate I   2 sin x dx , [.] represents greatest integer function.

2
3
2

Sol. I  2 sin x dx


(using P-5)

Since [2sinx] + [ – 2sinx] = –1 except for few points and area due to points is 0,
Definite Integration

3
2



I 
 2I 
 1dx 2
2

52.
 

Ǫ.25 Evaluate I   cot x 0

dx , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.

Sol. Applying

P-5 and adding, we get

2I    cot x   cot x  dx

0
 2I=-


I 
2


x x dx , {.} denotes fractional part function.

3

Ǫ.26 Evaluate I  8 11

3 

Sol. Applying P–5 and Adding, we get

 x   x  dx
2I  3 x8
3
11 11

 1, x  I
  
Since x  x  
0, x  I

3

2I 
3
 x dx
8

3 9
x8dx  3
 I

0
9

I  37  2187

a
  
Ǫ.27 
Find the value of I  log cot a  tan x dx, a  0, . 
0  2 
a

Sol.    
I  log cot a  tan a  x dx
0
(using P-5)

I  log  tana  cot a 

a

1  tana tanx 
0  
 tana  cot a 
a


Definite Integration

Now adding, 2I  log   tana  dx

0  
a  tana  cot a 
 I  2 log  tana


 

53.
 P-6 :

0 if 2a  x  f(x)  
    
2a a a
f x dx  f x dx  f 2a  x dx   a
2 f(x)dx if f(2a  x)  f(x)
0 0 0 
 0

Proof :

 f  x  dx   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
2a a 2a
I Put x = 2a – t in 2nd integral
0 0 a

 f  x  dx   f  2a  t   dt    f  x  dx   f  2a  x  dx
a 0 a a
I
0 a 0 0

 f  x   f  2a  x  dx
a

0


2 2

Ex. I  sin
0
4

xdx  k cos4 xdx find value of k?
0

Sol. 
Let f x  sin4 x then f 2  x  sin4 2  x  f x      

 2


using P-6 I  2 sin4 xdx , again using P-6 I  4 sin4 xdx
0

0

2
using P-5 I  4 cos4 xdx

0
Ans. 4

2

Ex. Evaluate: I   x. cos

0
5
x dx

2

Sol. Using P-5 I 

 2  xcos
0
5
xdx
2

 I  I 
 x  2  xcos
0
5
xdx

2 
Definite Integration

 I 
  cos
0
5
xdx  2 cos5 xdx 
0
(using P-6)

 2 0
 
using P-6 as cos5   x =-cos5x
 


54.
 
x
Ex. Evaluate : 
0
2 2
 2 2
dx
a
cos x b sin x

x
Sol. Let I  a
0
2
cos 2 x  2 2
dx
b
(using P-5)

sin x
we have

   x
x
I  dx   dx
0
a2
cos 2
   x   b2
sin2
   x 0
a2
cos 2
x  b2
sin2
x
Adding the above integrals, we have


2I  a
0
2
cos x  2 2 2
dx
b
sin x
 
sec2 x
i.e. I  
2 0 a2  b2 tan2 x
dx

Hence, we have

2
sec2 x
I  a
0
2
 b2 tan2 x
dx (using P-6)

Putting tan x  t and sec2 xdx  dt , we have



dt    bt     2
I    Lim tan  a  
a2  b2 t2 ab t
1
 
. 
ab 2 2ab
0 0



Ǫ.1 Evaluate I   sin3 x cos3 xdx

0


Sol. I  sin
0
3
x cos3 xdx


Let f x  sin3 x cos3 x

f   x  f x

I=0 (using P-6)

 
Definite Integration

 2 2 
2 2
  
Ǫ.2 Let u   cos  sin x  dx and v   cos  sin x  dx , then find the relation
0  3  0 3 
between u and v.

55.
 
2  2 2 
Sol. u  cos 
3
cos x  dx (using P-5)
 

0


 2 1 
2  2  cos2 x  sin2 x 

 2u  2 cos    cos 

2
dx


0  3 2   3   

2   
 2u   cos  cos 2x dx
3
0  

 
4


 2u  2 cos  cos 2x dx (using P-6)
0 3 

4  
 u  cos  sin 2x dx
3
(using P-5)
0  

Let 2x = t

1 2  
 u
2  cos  sint  dt
0  3 
v
u
2
 
x sin 2x sin  cos x 


Ǫ.3 Evaluate I   2  dx

2x  
 
  x  sin 2x  sin  cos x  
0

  
Sol.  2 
I  dx (using P-5)
0  2x  
  

 2I  sin 2x sin cos x  dx
2
0  

2  
Definite Integration

I  2 sinx cos x sin sinx  dx

2 
(using P-6)
0


Let sin x  t
2

56.
 
2  2t  2
 I  2
 
 sintdt
0   
8  


2

sin t  t cos t  2
0
8 8
 2 1  2
 
 
Important Result :
  
2 2
 2

   
ln sin x dx  ln cos xdx  ln sin 2x dx   ln 2
2     
0 0 0

Proof : 
  
2


ln  sinx dx
0

 I  lncos xdx
0
(using P-5)


2


 
 2I  ln sin x cos x dx
0


2

 2I   ln  sin 2x   ln 2 dx
0

2

 
 2I  ln sin 2x dx  ln 2
2

0
 
2  2
1
 ln  sin 2x  dx  2  ln sin tdt   ln  sin x  dx 

0 0 0

 2I  I   ln 2
2
  Hence proved.



Ǫ.1 Evaluate I   xln sin x  dx

0

Definite Integration

Sol. I     x  ln  sin x  dx
0
(using P-5)



 
 2I   ln sin x dx
0

57.
 



2 
 
 I   ln sin x dx
0
 (using P-6)


2 ln 2  
I


2


 ln sin x  cos x dx
4

Ǫ.2 I


4



4

Sol. I

 ln cos x  sinx dx (using P-5)

4

4

 2I   ln cos 2x  dx


4


4

 
 I  ln cos 2x dx
0
 (using P-4)



12
 I
2
ln cos t dt    (2x = t)
0

I ln 2
4


2

Ǫ.3 Evaluate I   x cot xdx

0

Sol. Applying by-parts,


 2

I  x ln sin x 02  ln sin xdx 

0
 x 
lim xlnsin x  lim lnsinx  lim cot x  lim  x 0
 
Definite Integration

1 1  tanx 

x0 x0 x0 x0

x x 2
   
,I  0 ln 2  ln 2
   2 
2
 

58.
 x  sin x 
2n
2

Ǫ.4 Evaluate I   dx, n  N

sin x  cos x  
2n 2n
0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding we get

2n

2I  2  sin x 
2
dx
2n 2n
0 sinx  cos x

2n
 I   
2
sin x  dx
2n 2n
0 sinx  cos x


 2

2nsin x 2n 2n (using P-6)
0 sinx  cos x

sinx
2n
2
 4  2n 2n (using P-6)
0 sinx 
 cos x 
Again Applying P-5 and adding, we get

2

2I  4 1  dx  I  

2

1
sin1 x
Ǫ.5 Evaluate I   dx
0
x

Sol. Let x  sin  dx  cos  d


2

 I  sin  cos d
0

Applying by parts,



2

I  ln sin  02  ln sin   ln 2

0 2  (solved in Ǫ.3)
Definite Integration



I  2 cos2 xln sin 2x dx

2

Ǫ.6 0

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get

59.
 
2

2I   2 ln  sin 2x  dx
0

I 

2
ln 2  



Ǫ.7 I x sin sin x  cos cos x dx

2 2

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get



2I    sin sin x   cos cos x  dx

0
2 2

 
2

I    sin sin x   cos cos x   dx

0
2 2 (using P-6)

Again applying P-5 and adding, we get


2
2
 I
 2I   1  1dx 
0
2



Ǫ.8 I x sin cos x cos sin x dx

2 2

Sol. Applying P-5 and adding, we get



 
2I   sin cos2 x cos(sin2 x)dx
0


2

 
 2I  2 sin cos2 x cos sin2 x dx
0
   (using P-6)


2

 
 2I  2 sin sin2 x cos cos2 x dx
0
   (using P-5)


2

 2I  2I  2 sin sin2 x  cos2 x dx   

Definite Integration

0

2
 2 sin 1
 I
20 
sin 1.dx 
4

60.
 Definite Integration of Periodic Function
Property-I:
P-7:
nT T

 f  xdx  n f xdx 
where f T  x  f x n  I  
0 0

Proof:
Graphical Method :

Total Area = A + A + A + … + A n times

=nA
Algebric Method:
nT T 2T 3T nT

 f  x dx   f  x dx   f  xdx   f(x)dx  ...   f  xdx

0 0 T –– 2T – – n1T
 x2Tz
xTy

T T T

  f  xdx   f T  ydy   f 2T  z  ...

0 0 0
T T T

  f x  dx   f  y  dy   f z  ...
0 0 0
T

 
 n f x dx
0
Hence Proved.

4 1

Ex :
 xdx  4 xdx
0 0
({x} is periodic with T = 1)

 1
 4    2
 2 

Property-II :
anT T

 f  x dx  n f xdx, n  I
Definite Integration

a 0

d  
  
xnT
  f t dt   0
dx  


 x 



61.
 Property-III:
nT T

 f(x)dx  n  m k  x dx , where T is period of f(x) and m,

mT 0
n I

Proof:
nT nT mT

 f x dx    x dx   f  x dx
mT 0 0
T


 nm   f x  dx
0

Property-IV:
bnT b

anT
 f  x dx   f  x dx , where T is the period of f(x) and n  I
a

Proof:
x  nT  y
b b b

  f y  nTdy   f  y dy   f  xdx
a a a
Hence proved.

1000

Ex. Show that  e x x

dx  1000 e  1  
0
1000 1
xx
 
x x x x (e
Sol. I e dx  1000 e  
dx has period I)
0 0
1
1


 1000 e dx  1000 ex 0  1000 e  1
x  
0

nv

Ex. Prove that:  | cos x | dx  2n  2  sin v ; where
0
2
 v   & nN

n nv 
Sol. I  | cos x | dx  
0 n
| cos x | dx (Put x  n  t in 2nd integral)


nv 2 v

n  | cos x | dx   | cos(n  t) | dt  2n| cos x | dx   | cos t | dt
Definite Integration

0
n 0 0

2 v


 2n  cos t dt 
0
  cos t dt  2n  1  1  sin v  2n  2  sin v

2

62.
 10

Ex. Evaluate : 
0
1  cos xdx

x
Sol. We have 1  cos x  2 sin
2
1 2
which is a periodic function, having period T    2.
2 
2
Hence, we have
10 10 2
x
x

0
1  cos xdx 
0
2 sin

2 dx  5 2 sin 2 dx
0

2
  x  
2  x    cos   
 5 2 sin 
 dx  5 2 

 2    20 2
 2    
0
 
 2 0
400

Ǫ.1 Evaluate I   1  cos 2xdx

0
400

Sol. I 
0
2 sinx dx

Period of | sin x | 


,I  400 
0
2 sinxdx


2

 800 2 sinx dx 
0
(using P-6)

 800 2

x  x dx

n

Ǫ.2 If n  N , then evaluate I 

0

Sol. {x} is periodic with T = 1

1
n
Definite Integration

 
 I  n x dx 
2
0

63.
  t

Ǫ.3 Find the value of   x   x dx

0
1

Sol. Since [t] is integer, I  t  xdx

0

t
  
2

16 
3

Ǫ.4 Evaluate I  
0
| sin x | dx

5
5 
3 
Sol. I  | sinx | dx  
0 5
| sinx | dx


 3


 5 | sinx | dx 
0
 sinx dx
0



 5  2   cos x 0
3

 10  1  21
1 
   
 2  2


n 
4

Ǫ.5 Evaluate I  

sin x  cos xdx

4 
n

Sol. I sinx  cos xdx

0



 n sinx  cos xdx
0

 3
4  
 n
0

sinx  cos x    sinx  cos x dx 

3
 4 
 3
 


 n  sinx  cos x  4
 
 sinx  cos x 3 
Definite Integration

 4 
0


  
 n  2  1  1  2 
 

 2 2n 

64.
 Ǫ.6 Let f be a real, valued function satisfying f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6).
x8

Prove that  f  t  dt is a constant function.

x

Sol.        
f x f x4  f x2 f x6

f x  2  f x  6  f x  4  f x  8 x  x  2
Adding both equation, we get
 
f x  f x8  T 8 
x8 8

,  f  t  dt   f  t  dt  constant
x 0
Hence proved.

2n

Ǫ.7 Find the value of 0

sin x  cos xdx , [.] denotes greatest integer function.

sinx  cos x    
 
Sol. 2 cos  x 
 4 





 2 3 3 7 
 4  2 4 2 
0 
I  n  1  dx  0 dx 
 3
1 dx     2dx   1dx  
 3 7
0 dx

 2 4 2 4 
   
 I  n   0      0
2 4 4 
 
 n


2000
dx
Ǫ.8 I  
1  esin x
0
Definite Integration

2
dx
Sol. I  1000
0 1e

sinx
(using P-7)

Applying P-5 and adding, we get

65.
 2


2I  1000 1  dx
0

 I  1000

2n

Ǫ.9 The value of the definite integral


0
 
max . sin x, sin1 sin x  dx equal (where

nI )

(A)

n 2  4  (B)

n 2  4  (C)

n 2  8  (D)

n 2  2 
2 4 4 4

Sol. (C)

Period of both sin x and sin1 sin x   is 2 .

2

 
 I  n max sin x, sin1 sin x dx
0
 

1 
    2  n
2
In  2n
 2 
 2 37

Ǫ.10   
Evaluate I   x  3 sin 2x dx .

 
19
2    4
Sol. 
I  37  19 1
  
2 
x  3 sin 2x dx (using P-7)
 
0
 

 x3 3 cos 2x 
1

 18  2 
Definite Integration

 3
 0
1 3 3 
 183  2  2  6
 


66.
 2 50

Ǫ.11 f 2  x  f  2  x and f 4  x  f 4  x . If  f  x  dx  5 , then find  f xdx .

0 0

Sol. 
f 2x  f 2x  
x x2

     
 f 4  x  f x  f 4  x

 f x  f x  4  T  4
50 48 50

  f  xdx   f  xdx   f xdx

0 0 48
4 2


 12 f x dx  f x dx
0

0
2 4


 12 f x dx  12 f x dx  5
0

2
0

 65  12 f 4  y dy  
2

2

 65  12 f y  4 dy 
0

2


 65  12 f y dy  65  60  125
0

(B) DERIVATIVES OF ANTIDERIVATIVES

(LEIBNITZ RULE):
If f is continuous then
hx

 f  t dt  f h  x  .h'  x   f  g  x  .g '  x 

d
(i)
dx
gx 


(integral of a continuous function is always differentiable)

Proof :

   f  t  dt  F h  x   F  g  x 
h x 
Let  f  t  dt  F  t   c then
g x
Definite Integration

h x 
   f  t  dt  F ' h  x  h'  x   F '  g  x  g '  x   f h  x  h'  x   f  g  x  g '  x 
d

dx g x



67.
 (ii) If the function u(x) and v(x) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at a point
 
x  a, b and f(x, t) is continuous then

d
vx  vx
d
dv x    
du x
dx   
f x, t dt   
f x, t dt   
f x, v x        
f x, u x
  dx dx dx
 u x   u x  


x2

  1  x  0 . Find G' 9 .

dt
Ex. Let G x 
t 2
1 2x 29 9
Sol. 
G' x  .2x  0   G' 9   
1  x2 1 x 1 9 5

e3x
t
Ex.    𝑙nt dt x  0 . Find derivative of f(x) w. r. t. x when x = ln2.
If f x 
e2x
e6x  4x 
Sol. 
f ' x  e3x .3e3x  e2x .2e2x  e
ln e3x    
ln e2x
x x

e6ln2  e4ln 2 26  24 48

f ' ln 2   ln 2

ln 2

ln 2
x

 1  cos 2xdx
0
Ex. Evaluate: lim x
x0


x tan xdx
0
x x

 1  cos 2xdx  1  cos 2xdx x2

Sol. lim 0
x
 lim 0
3
.
x
x0 x0 x

x tan xdx
0
 tan x dx
0

Now, we have
x

 1  cos 2xdx  0  1  cos 2x 2

lim 0
   lim 
x0 3
x 2  0  x0 3x2 3
x 0 2x
and lim
x0 x    x0
lim tanx  2
Definite Integration

0
 

0
tan xdx 

4
hence, we have I  .
3
68.
 d x 1 
3

dx 
Ǫ.1 Evaluate  dt .
x2 ln t



d   
3
x
Sol. 1 dt   1  3x 2   1   2x

dx  lnt   lnx3   lnx 
2

 x2 
x2 x
 
lnx ln(x)


x x1 
ln(x)

  sin  t dt , then find the value of Q' 1.

x

Ǫ.2 If Q x  2

1
x
 
sin  1  
sinx 2
 x 
Sol. 
Ǫ' x   
 x2 
 

2 x
 
 
sin 1 3
 Ǫ' 1  
2
 sin 1  sin 1
2
tanx cot x
tdt dt
Ǫ.3 Prove that 
1 1 t 2
 
1 t 1  t2
1
 
e e

Sol. Let LHS be f(x). 

 
 f' x 
 tan x 
sec2 x  0  
1
 
  cos ec2x  0
 
 1  tan2 x   cot x 1  cot 2 x
   
1
 tan x 
cot x
0

 f x  cons tant
 
 1 t 1 
 
f   
4 
 1  t2 t 1  t
2
  
dt (On taking x  , limits are same)
Definite Integration

4
1
e
 





69.
 1
1 1
  t dt  ln(t) 1
e
1
1
e


,f x  1 Hence Proved.

sin2 x cos 2 x

Prove that y   sin tdt   cos tdt , where 0  x 
1 1
Ǫ.4 1 1 2
, is the equation
8 8

of a straight lines parallel to the x-axis. Find its equation.

Sol. To prove: y = f(x) = constant.

dy
or  0.
dx
dy
dx
 
 sin1 sinx sin 2x  0  cos1 cos x    sin 2x  0
 x sin 2x  x sin 2x
0
 y  constant
Hence equation represents a straight line parallel to x-axis.
 f   sin
1  cos 
t dt

at x  , limits are same 
2
 1
t 1   
4 1  4 
8
  1 1  3
   
2 2  16
3
 y  8 is equation of the straight line.
16
x 1

f  x    2 ;f  2   63 . Find f(9).
dt
Ǫ.5 0 f  t 

Sol. f(0) = 0
1

f' x  10
x
f 2

 f2 x f' x  1

Definite Integration

dy
 y2 1 (y = f(x))
dx
 y2dy   dx
70.
 y3
 xc
3
 y3  3x  c
at x  0  0  0  c
c0
1
   
 f x  3x 3

 f 9  3

 1 
 
x

Ǫ.6 f x  e xy f ' y dy  x 2  x  1 ex . Find f  

0  2 

Sol. Multiply both sides by ex

x

   eyf '  y  dy  x2  x  1
 exf x 
0

Differentiating, we get
 
exf ' x  exf x  exf ' x  2x  1 
 1
 
 f x  2x  1 ex  f   0
 2 
x

Ǫ.7  
Let f(x) is a derivable function satisfying f x   e t sin x  t dt and  
0

g  x   f"  x   f  x  . Find the range of g(x).

Sol. Applying P-5, we get

x

   ext sint dt
f x 
0
x


 ex et sint dt
0
x

 
 f' x  e x
e
0
t

sin t dt  ex ex sin x 
 
 f ' x  f x  sin x
Definite Integration

 f '' x  f' x  cos x

Adding both equation
 
f '' x  f x  sinx  cos x

71.
   
 g x  f '' x  f x  sinx  cos x

 g x   2, 2 

 


 
x

Ǫ.8 f(x)  sin x  f ' t  2 sin t  sin2 t dt . State whether true or false?
0


(i) f   1 
(ii) f 0  0
 6  

Sol.    
f ' x  cos x  f ' x 2 sin x  sin2 x 
 f '  x   sin2 x  2 sin x  1  cos x
cos x
 f' x 
 1  sin x 2
1
 f x  C
1  sin x
0

    
Since f 0  0  f ' t 2 sin t  sin2 t dt
0


f 0 0
1
0 C
10
 C  1
1
 
f x 
1  sin x
1

sinx
 f x
1  sinx
 Both (i) and (ii) are true.

1
1x
g  1 5;g tdt  2; f x  
x  t  g  tdt . Find the value of f ''' 1  f '' 1
2

Ǫ.9 0
20

f ' x     x  t  g  t  dt
x
1 d 2
Sol. 2 dx
0
Definite Integration

x
1

2  2  x  t  g  t  dt
0

72.
 x x
d
   dx   x  t  g  t  dt   g  t dt
f '' x 
0 0

 f '''(x)  g(x)
1

f '''(1)  f ''(1)  g(1)  g(t)dt 

0

=5+2
=7

x2

 cos t2dt
0
limit
Ǫ.10 Evaluate x0 x sin x
 
0
Applying L′ Hospital rule, form 
Sol. 
0

  
 cos x2  
2
2x  0
lim
x0 sinx  x cos x

 lim 2 cos x4
sinx
x0
 cos x
x
2
 1
11
x

 xe
t2
dt
Ǫ.11 lim 0
x 0
1  ex
2


2
x et
Sol. lim 0
 1  ex 
2
x0
  x2
 x2  
 
x


t 2

 lim 0 e
Definite Integration

x0 x
2
ex
 lim (using L′ Hospital’s rule)
x0 1

= –1

73.
 Ǫ.12 Let f : R  R be a differentiable function having f 2  6 , f' 2    1
48
. Then
 
f x
4t 3
find lim
x2  x  2 dt .
6

f x  
 4t dt 3
0
Sol. lim 6
dt  form at x = 2
x2 x2 0

   f '  x   0
3
4 f x
 lim (using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
x2 1
1
 4  63 
48
= 18

sec 2 x

 f  t  dt
Ǫ.13 Evaluate lim 2
if f(2) = .
 2
x
4 x 
2

16

lim

f sec2 x 2 sec2 x tan x  (using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
Sol. 
x  2x
4



f 2  2 2 1

8f 2 
 
2  
 4 
=8

x
1 t2
Ǫ.14 Evaluate lim
x0 x3
t
0
4
1
dt

 x  2
 x4  1 
Sol. lim   (using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
x0 3x2
1 1

Definite Integration

lim
x0
3 x4  1 3 

74.
 1x 1

Ǫ.15 Evaluate lim

x0 x 
 
1  tan 2t 
t dt

0
1

lim
 1  tan 2x  x  0 
form so using L 'Hospital ' sRule 
Sol. 1 
x0
 0 
1
lim   tan2x 
e x 0 x  e2

 dt
x

Evaluate lim x  et x2

2

Ǫ.16 x
0
x
 

2
x0 et dt form 
lim
Sol. x x2 


e  
x

e
2 2
t
dt  xex
 lim 0
(using L′ Hospital’s Rule)
2
x
x 2xe
x

e
2
t
dt
1 ex2 1
 lim 0
  lim 
x
2xex
2
2 x
2xex
2
2
1 1
0 
2 2
x
t2

at
dt

Ǫ.17 lim 0
 1 . Find a and b.
x 0 bx  sin x

0
Sol. Since limit is of form, applying L′ Hospital’s Rule.
0
x2
ax
 lim 1
b  cos x
x0

Here Numerator 0. So for limit to exist at x = 0,

b  cos 0  0  b  1
x2
Definite Integration

 lim 1
x0
a  x 1  cos x  
2
 1
a
 a  4, b  1
75.
 x

Ǫ.18 f  x    f  t  dt  1 . Find f  ln 5  .
0

Sol. 
f' x  f x  
  
d f x

f x   dx

 ln  f  x    x  c

 f x  exc

f 0  1  ec  1  c  0

 f ln 5   eln5  5

(D) ESTIMATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL AND

GENERAL INEǪUALITIES IN INTEGRATION:
Note all integrals can be evaluated using the
technique discussed so far. In this situation
we try to obtain the interval in which value
of integral may lie by using following method.
(a) For a monotonic increasing function in (a, b)
b

b  a f a   f x  dx  b  a f b
a

(b) For a monotonic decreasing function in (a, b)

b

(b  a)f(b)   f(x)dx  (b  a)f(a)

a

(c) For a non-monotonic function in (a, b)

b

  b  a   f  x dx  b  a f b
f c
a

(d) In addition to this note that

b b

 f xdx   f x dx inequality

a a
holds when
Definite Integration

f(x) lies completely above the x – axis or

completely below the x-axis.
     
(e) If h x  f x  g x x  a, b then

 h x  dx   f  x dx   g  x dx .
76.
 
2
sin x 
Ex. Show that 1  0 x dx  2 .
Sol. f  x   sin x or f '  x   x cos x  sin x  cos x  x  tan x 
x x2 x2


 f' x  0 hence f x   
2
,f x    1.
min  max
2    
 0 I 1  I .
  
 2 2 0 or 1 2
   

 1
1 dx
 Ex. Show that  
4 0 1  x2  2x5
 1.

1
Sol. Consider the following function f x 
1  x  2x5
, x 0,
 1  2

In the interval [0, 1], f(x) is strictly decreasing, therefore we have


f 1 f x f 0    i.e.
1
4
f x 1
Hence, we have
1
1
   
1  0  f x dx  1  0 1
4
 
0
1
1
i.e.
4
  f  x  dx  1 which is the desired result.
0

 4  x
 dx  2
Ex. Prove that  
6 0
2
 x3 8

Sol. 4  2x2  4  x2  x3  4  x2
1 1 1
1 1 1 dx dx dx

4  2x2

4  x2  x3

4  x2
 
0 4  x2
 
0 4  x2  x3
 
0 4  2x2
 1
  x  1  1 
1 x 
 sin1    I   sin  or  I  2 
 2
 0 2 2 0 6 8
Definite Integration

77.
 1 1
Let I  
sin x dx and J  cos x dx . Then, which one of the following is true?
Ǫ.1 x
 x
0 0

2 2
(A) I  and J  2 (B) I  and J  2
3 3
2 2
(C) I  and J  2 (D) I  and J  2
3 3

Sol. (B)
x
sinx
x

x
 x  0, 1  
1
x
I 
0 x
dx

1
2x23 
I 

3 
0
2
I
3
cos x 1
Similarly,   
 x  0, 1
x x
1
1
J  x dx
0
1
 J  2 x
0
J2

1
x7dx 1
Ǫ.2 Prove that 0   
0
3
1 x 8 8
x7 7
0   x  x 0, 1
Sol. 3 1  x8
1 1 1
x7

 0dx   3
1  x8 
 x7dx
Definite Integration

0 0 0
1
x7 1
0

0
3
1  x8

8
Hence proved.

78.
 3

 3  x dx  2 30
3
Ǫ.3 Proved that 4 
1

Sol. 2  3  x3  30 x   1, 3
3 3 3

  2dx  
1 1
3  x3 dx  
1
30dx

 3  x dx  2
3
4 30 Hence proved.
1
1

e
x2
Ǫ.4 The value of the integral
0
dx lies in the interval

(A) (0, 1) (B) (–1, 0) (C) (1, e) (D) None of these

Sol. (C)
 
2
Let f x  ex

   
2
f ' x  2xex  0x  0, 1
 f(x) is monotonic increasing in (0, 1)
1


 10 f 0      f  x  dx   1  0f  1
0
1

1  f  xdx  e
0

Note :
In above question,

   
2 2
f '' x  4x2ex  2ex  0  x  0, 1

So, graph of f(x) is concave up.

In this we can do even better approximation.
From the graph, we can
See that
1

 f  xdx  ar Trapezium OABC

0
Definite Integration

 1 e
  e dx 
2
1 x
e
 
2
0  
Hence it is better approximation.

79.
   
3
sin x 3 sin  sin x dx 3 sin tan x 
Ǫ.5 I1   dx; I 2   ; I3   dx

x  sinx  tanx
6 6 6

Arrange I1 , I2 and I3 in decreasing order.

sinx
Sol. Let f x   x 
 f '  x   0  0,   (in previous question).
 2
  
Since sinx  x  tanx  x   ,  and f ' x  0 
 6 3 
 
 f sin x  f x  f tan x 
   
sin  sin x  sin x sin x  tan x   
   x  ,   
sinx x tanx  6 3 
 
 
3

sin sinx 3
sinx 
sin tan x
  sinx  

 tanx
  x
6 6

 I2  I1  I3

Ǫ.6 Find the approximate value of 

0
(1  x)(1  x3 )dx

Sol. (1  x)(1  x)  (1  x)(1  x3 )  (1  x3 )(1  x3 )x  (0, 1)

1 1 1

  (1  x)dx  
0 0
(1  x)(1  x )dx 3
 (1  x )dx
0
3

1 1 1
x2  x4 
 x    (1  x)(1  x )dx  x  4 
2 0  3
0
 3 1
0
5

2
  (1  x)(1  x3 )dx 
4
0
Definite Integration

80.
 Ǫ.7 Prove that :

 2  ln(1  2 )
/2


1 1 dx 1
(a)   (b) 1  1  sin xdx 
3

2 0 4  x2  x5 6 0
2
1
1 1 1
Sol. (a) 
2  4  x2  x5
dx  
0 4  x2
dx

1 1 1
  21dx   1
2 5
dx   1 dx
0 0 4x x 4x 0
1   1  

1 1 
  dx  sin   
1 Hence proved.
2 0 4  x2  x5 2 6
 
(b) sin2 x  sin3 x  sin4 x x  
0, 
 2   
 1  sin2 x  1  sin3 x  1  sin4 x x  
  0, 
  2 
/2 /2 /2


0
 cos xdx   0
1  sin xdx  3

0
(1  sin2 x)(1  sin2 x)dx

/2 /2

 1   1  sin3 x dx   cos x 1  sin2 x dx


0 0
/2 1

 cos x  (1  t dt( sinx  t)

2
1  sin xdx 
2
0 0

 1
 t 1  t2  1 ln  t  1  t2  
 


 2 2  0

 1 ln(1  2)
 
 2

2
/2 1

 1 
0
1  sin3 xdx 
2
 2  ln(1  2) Hence proved.

Ǫ.8 f(x) be a differentiable function with f(0) = 0 and f(x)  f(x)  1  x  0 . Then
values not in range of f(x) is/are:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Definite Integration

Sol. (ABCD)
f(x)  f(x)  1 x0

81.
  
 ex f(x)  f(x)  ex  x  0
x x


 e x f( x)  f( x)dx  e x dx,
0

0
x 0
x x
 exf(x)   ex  , x0
0 0
 exf(x)  0  ex  1, x0
 f(x)  1  ex , x0
ex  (0, 1]
 1  ex  [0, 1)
 f(x) < 1
 (A,B, C and D) all options are correct.

Summation of Series Using Definite Integral As

The Limit of A sum.
If f(x) is an integral function defined on [a, b], then
b

 f(x)dx  limh f(a)

a
h0   f(a  h)  f(a  2h)  ...  f(a  (n  1)h
ba
where h  ,n  
n
1
1 n1 r  1
 f(x)dx  lim n f  n  a  0, b  1  h  n
0
n
r0  
Note :
This formula is very useful in finding the
summation of infinite series which can be
1  r 
expressed in the form of
n

f  
 n 
4n1  r 
1
Ex: lim f  
n n n
r2n  
2n 4n  1
a  2;b  lim 4
n n n
1 4n1  r 
4


Definite Integration

 lim
n n
f    f(x)dx
n

r2n   2

82.
 Algorithm to solve the problem
Step I : Obtain the given series, find general term.
1  r 
Step II : Express the series in the form  lim 
n  n
f  
 n 

r 1

Step III : Replace ''  '' by “
”, ‘ ’ by ‘x’ and ‘ n ’ by ‘dx’
n
(Most important step)
r 
Step IV : Obtain lower and upper limits by computing lim for the least and greatest
 
n n 
 
values of r respectively.
Step V : Evaluate the integral obtained.
Thus, the value obtained is the required sum of given series.

b n
Ex: Evaluate  cos xdx  lim
h0
 hf(a  rh)
a r1
 limh cos(a  h)  cos(a  2h)  ...  cos(a  hn)
h0  

Now, let S  cos(a  h)  cos(a  2h)  ...  cos(a  nh). Multiplying both sides by 2
h
sin ,
2
we have
 h h h h
2 sin S   h)   2h)  ...   nh)
  2 sin 2 cos(a 2 sin 2 cos(a 2 sin 2 cos(a
2
 
      
   3 h   sin a  1 h  sin a  5 h   sin a  3 h 
sin a
 2  


2   2   2 
…  2n  1   2n  1 
sin a  h   sin a  h 
 2   2 
 2n  1   1 
 sin a  h  sin a  h

 2   2 
 h  h  h 
h 
 sin a  nh    sin a    sin b    sin a  
 2   2   2   2 
Hence, we have  
Definite Integration

  h  h 
h sin  b   sin  a   

b
cos xdx  lim  2  2   sinb  sina


h0  h
a 2 sin 
 
 2

83.
 1 1 1 1
Ex. Find the value of lim    ... 
n n n 1 n 2 4n

Sol. 3n 1
 lim
1 3n
1
3
 1
d  ln(1
3
 x)  ln 4
S  lim
n
n  r  
  
 0
r0 n n r0 r  1 x
1   n  0
 

1/n
n
 n  r
Ex. Evaluate lim
n
r1
 n 

 n r 1/n n  1 n  2 n  n  1/n

n
We have lim     lim   … 
Sol.  
n
r1 n n  n n n 
Taking log both sides, we have
1
In S  lim  n  1 n  2  n  n 
ln   ln   ...  ln 
n n    n   n   n 
 1
n
1  r
 lim
n n 
ln  l 
n
 ln(1  x )dx 
r1 0

4
 ln 2  (1  ln 2)  ln 4  1  ln  
 e 
4
 S
e

1 
n
2k  r 
Ex. If n  , then find the limit of
n r1
sin   
 2n 
1 n  r  1   
Sol. Let P  lim sin 2k
 
  sin2k  x  dx
n n r1  2n  0  2 

Put xt
2

sin
/2
 2 2k 2 (2k  1)(2k  3)(2k  5) .. 3.1  (Using Walli’s Theorem)
tdt   

  2k(2k  2)(2k  4)...4.2



2
0

2k(2k  1)(2k  2)(2k  3)...3.2.1


[2k(2k  2)(2k  4) .. 4.2]2
Definite Integration

2k ! 2k !
Hence P  
k 2
(2 k !) 2 (k !) 2
2k

84.
 Ex. Evaluate the following :
 1 1 1   n n n 
(i) lim    ...   (ii) S  lim   …  
n n  1 n  2 2n 
2
n n  12 2
  n2
 22 2n 

1 p
 2p  ...  np , p  0 n1
1
(iii) S  lim
n n p1
(iv) S   as n  
r0 4n2  r 2
 1 1 2 4 3 9 1 
(v) S  lim  2 sec 2 2  2 sec 2 2  2 sec 2 2  ...  sec 2 1
n n
 n n n n n n 
1  1 

 
 1 
(n!) 1/n 2 n 
1/n2
(vi) S  lim equals (vii) S  lim n  12  22  33  44...nn
n n n

 C 
1/n
2n
(viii) S  lim n
n

 
(i) T  1 1  1 
 
Sol. r
n  r n  r 
 1  n 

 
1 n  1 

sum    
n r
r1
 1  n 

 1 n
For the limits of integral,  lim  0 and  lim 1
n n n n
1
1
 sum   1 x dx
0

 
1
ln(1  x)  ln 2
0
 
 
(ii) I  n  1  n 1 1 
   2 
 2 n
r
n r
2 2  n  2
 r  1   r  
1       
 n    n  
 
1 1n

Definite Integration

 S  lim 

 2

n n
r1  r  
 1 
  
  n  




85.
 1
1
 1
 r n 
 S  1  x2
dx 
 n

n
 
n 
0
1 
 tan1 x   
0 4
p
r p  1  r 
(iii) Tr  p1     
n  n   n p
1 n r 
 S  lim   
n n n
r1  
1

S  x dx
0
p

1
xp1  1
 
p  1  p1
0

 1
n1
1 1
dx
(iv) S  lim 
 
n
r0  
2
 
n
r  0 4  x2
4   
 n 
1
 x  
 sin1   
 2 0 6
1 n r  r  
2

(v) S  lim
n n n


 sec2   
 n  
 

r1
 
1
1 2 
tan(x ) tan 1
 
 x sec (x
0
2 2
)dx  2 0 2

(1  2  3 …n)1/n
(vi) S  lim
n n
1/n
 1 2 3 n
 lim    … 
n  n n n n 
1   1 2 3  n 
 ln S  lim ln  ln  ln  ...  ln 
       
n n  
 n 
Definite Integration

      
1 n  r  n n
 lim ln    n
n n
r1  n 


86.
 1


 ln xdx
0

 
1
 ln x  x ln x  x  (0  1)  (0  0)
0

 S = e–1
(vii) S  lim n
1 


    1  2  3 ...   n 
1 


1/n2

 n  n
1

  1 2 3  n   123...n 2

n n n n 
   

n
  1 
2 n
     
 
1/n2
 1 2 3
 n  
n
 1   2   3  ... 
lim   n   n   n 
S  n  
 n 
 
Taking log both side,
1   1
2 2 3 n
 2  2  3 n 
ln S  lim ln   ln n   ln    ln    ...  ln   
n n2   n    n n


n
 


 r

1 n r 
 lim 2 ln   
n n
r1  n 
1 n  r   r 
 lim

ln    
n n
r1  n   n 
1

 ln S 
0
 xlnxdx
1
x2  1
x

2
ln x      dx
0 2
0

lnx
lim x2 lnx  lim
x0 x0 1
x2
1
 lim x 0
x0 2

x3
Definite Integration

1
x2 
 ln S  (0  0)  
4 0

87.
  1
ln S 
4
 S  e1/4 1/n
 1  2  3  4  n(n  1)(n  2) (2n) 
(viii) S  lim  … … 

n  1  2  3  4 …n
 
1  2  3  4 …n 
1/n
     
S  lim   (n  1) (n  2)  (n  3)   …  (n  n)   
n
   1   2  3   n 
1 n  n  n
 ln S  lim  1  ln  1  ln   n 
ln     1 ... ln  1
n n 
 1  2  3  n 
1 n n 

lim 
ln   1
n n
r1 r 
1 1 
 
ln S  ln   1 dx
x 
0
1

  ln(1  x)  ln x  dx
0

   
 2 ln 2  1  1(0  1)   1 ln 1  1  lim x ln x 
   x0 

  
 2 ln 2  1  (1  0)

= 2ln(2)
 lnS = ln4
 S=4

WALLI’S THEOREM
/2 [(n  1)(n  3)… (1 or 2)][(m  1)(m  3)… (1 or 2)]

0
sinn x cosm xdx 
(m  n)(m  n  2)…(1 or 2)
K

(m, n are non-negative integer)

 
where K   2 if m, n both are even

1 otherwise
Definite Integration

88.
 2

Ex. Evaluate :  x sin

0
6
x cos4 xdx
2

Sol. I  x sin
0
6
x cos4 xdx , Using P-5

2 2

I  (2  x) sin
0
6
x cos4 xdx  I  I   2 sin
0
6
x cos4 xdx

2


or I   sin6 x cos4 xdx ,
0
Now using P-6 twice


2
(5  3  1)(3  1)  32

6 4


I  4 sin x cos xdx  4   
10  8  6  4  2 2 128
0
3/2

Ex. Evaluate: 
0
cos4 3x  sin2 6xdx

3/2 3/2

Sol. I
0
 cos 3x  sin 6xdx 
4 2

0
4 sin2(3x) cos6(3x)dx

Put 3x = t to get
9/2 4 9/2 
I  4  sin2 t  cos6 t 1 dt  4  sin2 t cos6 tdt   sin2 t cos6 tdt 
3 3 0 
0  4

  9/2 
 4 4 sin2 t cos6 tdt 
  sin2 t cos6 tdt (sin2t cos6t has period )
3 0 
 4

 

4 2
/2


 8 sin2 t cos6 tdt 
3 
sin2 t cos6 tdt 
0 0

 
4
 

2 6
 1531 
2


3 
 9 sin t cos t dt  12 
0

8 6 4 2 2

15
 (Using P-6 in 1st integral and t – 4 = z in 2nd Integral)
64
Definite Integration

89.
 /2

Ex. Evaluate:  cos

0
7
xdx

/2
642
Sol.  cos
0
7
xdx  7  5  3  1

REDUCTION METHOD :
b

For integration of type

 f(x) dx
a
n

where ‘n’ is big natural number it is possible

to reduce ‘n’ by some methods specially by
parts.

1
In
Ex. 
Let In  (1  x a )n dx . Find the ratio
In1
.
0

Sol. n1 
1

We have I  (1  xa )n1dx
0

1
1
 x(1  xa )n1   (n  1)a xa (1  xa )ndx
 0 
0

[taking 1 as one function and integrating by parts]

1 1 1


 (n  1)a (x  1  1)(1  x ) dx  (n  1)a (1  x ) dx  (n  1)a (1  xa )n1dx
0
a a n

0
a n

0

 (n  1)aIn  (n  1)aIn1

In  1  1
Simplifying, we have
In1 (n  1)a
/4

(tanx)
n
Ex. Given In  dx(n  N)
0

1
Prove that I n  In2  (n  3) . Hence find value of I6
n 1
Definite Integration

/4  /4 
Sol. In   (tan x) ndx,I n2 
 (tan x)n2 dx
0 0

90.
 I I  /4 sec
2
 x  (tan x)n2 dx
n n2 
0
1
n n2 
1
tn1
n 1
1
n 1
Put tan x  t to get I  I  t n2
dt  
0 0
/4 /4 /4 
Also I2 
 tan  (sec x  1)dx  tan x  x  1
2
2
xdx  0 4
0 0
1
Using I  I ,I  I  1 and I  I  1

n n2 6 4
n1 4 2 3 5
2  2 13 
 I I  or I  1   
6 2
15 6
4 15 15 4

sinnx
Ǫ.1 In  dx, n  N . Find I2019 ,I2018 ,I1 ,I2
0
sin x


Sol. I1   1 dx  
0

sin 2x 

 sin x

I2 
0
dx   2 cos xdx  0
0

sin(n  2)x  sinnx


In2  In  dx
0
sin x

2 sinx cos(n  1)x
  sin x
dx
0


  2 cos(n  1)xdx
0

2 sin(n  1)x  
 
n 1 0

 In2  In  0
 In2  In
 I1  I3  I5  I7  …  I2019  I2n1
Definite Integration

 I2018  I2016  I2014  …  I2

 I2018  0  I2
I2019    I1

91.
 /2
1  cos 2nx
Ǫ.2 In  
0
1  cos 2x
dx . Prove that In ,In1 and In2 are in A.P.


2
2 sin2 nx
Sol. In   2 sin
0
2
x
dx


2 sin2(n  2)x  sin2 n  1 x 
In2  In1  
0
sin2 x
dx


2
sinx sin(2n  3)x


0
sin2 x
dx


2
sin(2n  3)x
  sin x
dx
0

2
sin(2n  1)x


Similarly, In1  In  dx
0
sin x

2
sin(2n  1)x 


Using previous question, we know that  0

sin x
dx  , where n  I
2

2
sin 2nx
and  sin x
0
dx  0, where n  I

I I I I  
n2 n1 n1 n
2
 In2  In  2In1

 In,In1,In2 are in A.P. Hence proved.

 
 prove that (n  1)U  1
1

Ǫ.3 If U n 
 x tan n 1
xdx then n
 (n  1)U n2   .
2 n
0
 

U  tan1 x x 
n1
  1
1 1
xn1 dx
Definite Integration

Sol. 


n
n  1 n 1 1  x2
0
0
1 2
 1 (x  1  1) xn1dx
 
4(n  1) n  1 0 1  x2 
92.
 
1  n1 
 (n  1)Un    xn1  x  dx
4 0
1  x2 
1 1
 xn  xn1
=   
4 n 
0 0 1  x
2
dx 
 1 
1 1
  xn1 tan1 x  (n  1) xn2 tan1 xdx
4 n

0 0
 1 
 (n  1)U     (n  1)U
n n2
4 n 4
 (n  1)U  (n  1)U  1 Hence proved.
n n2
 
2 n

 /2
n1 1
Ǫ.4 If U n    x(sin x) dx, n  0, then prove that U n  U n2  2
n

 n n
0

2

Sol. Un 
  x sin
0
n1

x sin xdx


/2
n1
 2 n1 n2

 x sin x( cos x)

0  
 cos x sin
0
x  (n  1)x sin 
x cos x dx

 
2 2

 
 cos x sinn1 xdx  (n  1)x cos2 x sinn2 xdx
0 0

/2 
/2
sinn x 
 
/2
   (n  1) x sinn2 xdx  (n  1) x sinn xdx
n 
0 0 0
1
 U   (n  1)U  (n  1)U
n n2 n
n
 nU  (n  1)U 1
n n2

n
n  1 1 Hence proved.
 Un   U n2  2
n n
 

Definite Integration







93.
 

626 e x sin25 xdx

Ǫ.5
0
Evaluate 

e
x
sin23 xdx
0


Sol. Let In 
e
0
x
sinn xdx


 e
0
x
sinn1 x sin xdx



 

 ex sinn1 x ( cos x)  cos x ex (n  1) sinn2 x cos x  ex sinn1 x dx
0 
0
 


 0  ex (n  1) sinn2 x(1  sin2 x)dx  ex sinn1 x cos xdx
0 0

n n2 n 


 I  (n  1)(I  I )  ex sinn1 x cos xdx …(i)

0


Also, In  ex sinn xdx



0

0



In  (e ) sinn x  (n) ex sinn1 x cos xdx
x
0


 In  (n) ex sinn1 x cos xdx


0
…(ii)

Using it in (i)
I  (n  1) I  I   In
n n n2
n
 1
I  1  n  1   (n  1)I
n   n2
n
 
Putting n = 25
 1 
I 25   24 I
25   23
25
 
Definite Integration

626 I25
  24 I23
25
626 I25
  600
I23

94.
 /2 /2

Ǫ.6  sinn xdx   cos

n
If n be a positive integer then, prove that xdx
0 0

 n  1  n  3  n  5  4 2
     …   1, when n is odd
 n  n  2  n  4  5 3
 n  1  n  3  n  5  3 1 
    …   , n is even
 n  n  2  n  4  4 2 2
/2 /2

In 
 sin  (sin
n1
Sol. n
xdx  x) sin xdx
0 0

 In  (n  1)(In2  In )
 nIn  (n  1) In2 , n  2
In n 1
 
In2 n
 In
If n is even ,  In2   In4   I2   n  3  n  5   I2 
I      
…   

 …  
 n2  n4   In6
I   I0   n  2  n  4   I0 
In (n  1)(n  3)(n  5)… 1  I2 1 
 
I (n)(n  2)(n  4)… 2
0  I 0  2 

(n  1)(n  3)(n  5)  4  (2)    
 In  n(n  2)(n  4)  5(3) 2  I0  
2
 
If n is odd,
 In  I   I   
   I
I   n2 … 3I  n n1 nn32 nn54 … 3 I
 n2  In4   1      1

 2 
I  n  1  n  3  n  5   3  2
 n   
 
… 
 (where I3  and I1  1)
I1  n  n  2  n  4  1 3
 n  1  n  3  n  5   4  2  Hence proved.
 In     …   .1 
n n2 n4 5 3
      





Definite Integration






95.
 SOME INTEGRAL WHICH CANNOT BE FOUND IN
TERMS OF KNOWN ELEMENTRY FUNCTIONS
sinx
1.  x
dx

cos x
2.  x dx

3. 
 sinxdx
4.  sinx dx 2

5.  cos x dx 2

6.  x tan xdx
e
2
x
7. dx

 e dx
2
x
8.
3

1  x dx
x
9. 5


10.  (1  x ) 2 1/3
dx

dx 
11. lnx

12.
 1  k 2
sin x dx k  R
2
Definite Integration

96.
97.
98.