Activity 1

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYZERS

ON THE JOB TASK SHEET: LEARNER’S NOTES

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

LEARNING OUTCOMES ANSWERS

Discuss the different types of
laboratory measurement
technologies in clinical
chemistry.
laboratory measurement Description
technologies

Spectrophotometry: involve measurement of

intensity of light absorbed
or transmitted

Electrochemistry study of chemical

processes which involves
the transfer of electron
between substances

electrophoresis involves separation of

molecules based on their
size and charge using an
electric field.

osmometry involves measurement of

the concentration of
solute in a solution by
determining its osmotic
pressure

Chromatography involves separation of

specific differences in
physical-chemical
characteristics of the
different constituents

mass spectrometry involves sorting gaseous

ions in electric and
magnetic based on their
marged-to-charge ratios
to identify analyte

1
 Clinical Chemistry: Principles, Techniques, and
Correlations 9th Ed, by Bishop et., al.
Discuss the advantages and Advantages:
disadvantages of the manual 1. Low operational cost
laboratory testing methods in 2. More intuitive approach compared to automated
clinical chemistry. test.
Disadvantages:
1. Prone to human errors
2. Time consuming

Test.io
Aspiringyouths.com
State the advantages and Advantages:
disadvantages of using
automated chemistry analyzers
● can perform batch testing for quick releasing of
in the laboratory.
results
● less prone to human error

● improved efficiency

Disadvantages:
● Significant upfront costs for procuring
equipment and training employees may be
required.
● Regular maintenance, calibration, and
quality control inspections are required.
● Due to their size and infrastructure
requirements, they may necessitate
separate laboratory space.
● The operation and maintenance of
automated analyzers may necessitate
specialized knowledge and training.

Degruyter.com
Hudsorobotics.com
Compare discrete and Discrete Flow Analysis Systems:
continuous flow analysis
systems. ● Description: Discrete flow analysis systems employ
sample trays and discrete reaction wells where the
colorimetric reaction takes place.
● Advantages: Discrete analyzers are ideal when
automation is a priority or when many and varied tests
are needed on different samples.
● Disadvantages: Discrete analyzers may have a higher
reagent use and waste generation compared to
continuous flow analyzers.

2
 Continuous Flow Analysis Systems:
● Description: Continuous flow analysis systems
transport reagents and samples continuously through
tubing, making them mechanically simpler than discrete
analyzers.
● Advantages: Continuous flow analyzers offer
advantages such as smaller sample volume and
reagent consumption, greater reproducibility, and
higher throughput.
● Disadvantages: Continuous flow analyzers may require
more complex infrastructure and maintenance
compared to discrete analyzers.

Labmate-online.com
Folioinstruments.com
Ezkem.com
Seal-analytical.com
Explain the role of CLIA with Clinical laboratory improvement amendments is a
chemistry analyzers. regulatory framework that provides clinical laboratory
accreditation and monitoring for laboratory testing. It
guarantees that
Clinical laboratories must meet quality requirements in
order to offer accurate and trustworthy test findings.

FDA.gov
CDC.gov
Relate what considerations 1. Reputation and reliability of the brand
should be carried out when 2. Ease of use and durability
selecting a chemistry analyzer 3. Compliance with regulation
for a laboratory.
4. Maintenance and support
5. Cost considerations
6. Future scalability
7. Load capacity and Thoughput
8. Accuracy and Turnaround time

Blockscientific.com
Scienceoxygen.com
Discuss the procedure in doing 1. Select the appropriate QC material.
quality control run in chemistry 2. Prepare the QC material
analyzer.
3. Run the QC sample
4. Record Results
5. Evaluate results
6. Take corrective action
7. Document QC run

Clinlabnavigator.com
Chem.libretexts.org

3
 Activity 1
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY ANALYZERS

ON THE JOB TASK SHEET: COGNITIVE APPLICATION

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

ON-THE-JOB TASKS ANSWERS

Jane is a Senior Medical If I were Jane, I would prefer a discrete analyzer over
Technologist in a Chemistry
a continuous flow analyzer because you can only run
Section. Her supervisor asked
her to help her decide on what selected test. This will require the least amount of
type of chemistry analyzer reagent sample, have the lowest cost of analysis, very
shall they purchase to cope up little or no carry-over opposed to a continuous flow
with the increasing workload in
the section. She was made to analyzer, which does not allow test selection; all tests
choose between discrete or must be conducted even if not requested. Aside from
continuous flow analyzer. If processing speed, we need to consider the quality of
you were Jane, what would be
your preference flow analyzer?
the result.
Explain you’re your choice.
https://www.kau.edu.sa/Files/0030235/files/
19041_Lectures%20on
%20Autoanalyzers_Instrumentation%20Lect%202nd
%20yr%20MT_2nd%20semester.pdf
In a Clinical Chemistry forum, Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometry involves measuring
you were asked to speak on the intensity of light absorbed or transmitted by a
the different measurement
substance over a specific wavelength spectrum. An
technologies available in the
market. Prepare a presentation example of a chemistry analyzer that utilizes
(narrated powerpoint or video spectrophotometry is the Beckman Coulter AU5800.
recorded) on each of the
measurement technologies Electrochemistry: Electrochemistry studies chemical
and processes involving electron transfer between substances.
give an example of a chemistry It finds applications in various fields, including clinical
analyzer available for each. chemistry. An example of an electrochemistry-based
chemistry analyzer is the Roche Cobas c 702.
Electrophoresis: Electrophoresis separates charged
molecules based on their size and charge using an electric
field. It is commonly used in molecular biology and
biochemistry. An example of an electrophoresis-based
chemistry analyzer is the Sebia Capillarys 3 Tera.
Osmometry: Osmometry measures the concentration of
solute particles in a solution by determining its osmotic
pressure. It finds applications in various fields, including

4
clinical chemistry. An example of an osmometry-based
chemistry analyzer is the Advanced Instruments Osmo1.
Chromatography: Chromatography separates and analyzes
complex mixtures. It has both preparative and analytical
applications and is widely used in clinical chemistry. An
example of a chromatography-based chemistry analyzer is
the Waters Acquity UPLC H-Class.
Mass Spectrometry: Mass spectrometry identifies chemical
substances by sorting gaseous ions based on their mass-
to-charge ratios. It has applications in various fields,
including clinical chemistry. An example of a mass
spectrometry-based chemistry analyzer is the AB Sciex
Triple Quad 6500+.
Businesswire.com
Futuremarketinsights.com
Blockscientific.com

5
 Activity 2
CARBOHYDRATES

STUDENT JOB SHEET: LEARNER’S NOTES

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

LEARNING OUTCOMES ANSWERS

Describe carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a class of naturally occurring
compounds and their derivatives. These are
macronutrients, and they are one of the three primary
energy sources for our bodies. Carbohydrates are named
after the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lactose,
maltose, and sucrose are examples of carbohydrates.
List the hormones that regulate
glucose metabolism and
identify how they affect blood
Hormones effect to blood glucose
glucose levels.
level

insulin lower blood glucose level

Glucagon raise blood glucose level

somatostatin regulated insulin and

glucagon secretion

Bishop
Dtc.ucsf.edu
Identify the major causes of
hypoglycemia and ● Illness: Certain illnesses, such as a cold or infection,
hyperglycemia. can cause an increase in blood sugar levels.
● Stress: Stress can also contribute to elevated blood
sugar levels.
● Diet: Consuming excessive amounts of sugar-
containing foods, such as sweet snacks, cereals, and
ripe fruits, can lead to high blood sugar levels.
● Medications: Certain medications, such as steroid
medication, can affect blood sugar levels.

6
 ● Lack of exercise: Physical inactivity can contribute to
hyperglycemia.
● Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake can affect blood
sugar regulation.
Diabetes.co.uk
Bishop
Mayoclinic.org
Distinguish between Postprandial hypoglycemia occurs when blood sugar levels
postprandial hypoglycemia and drop after a meal, usually within four hours after eating.
fasting hypoglycemia. This type of hypoglycemia is also known as reactive
hypoglycemia. Symptoms of postprandial hypoglycemia
may include shakiness, dizziness or lightheadedness,
sweating, hunger, a fast or uneven heartbeat, feeling weak
or tired, feeling irritable or anxious, headache, and
confusion. In people who have diabetes, insulin or other
medication used to lower blood sugar can sometimes lead
to hypoglycemia after eating.

Fasting hypoglycemia, on the other hand, occurs when

blood sugar levels drop after an extended period of not
eating, such as overnight or during fasting. This type of
hypoglycemia can be caused by various factors such as an
underlying disease, certain medications, and metabolic
conditions that are passed down in families. Symptoms of
fasting hypoglycemia may include confusion, irritability,
shakiness, sweating, headache, blurred vision, and
difficulty concentrating.

Mayoclinic.org
Webmd.com
bishop

7
 Activity 3
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL: TESTING AND MONITORING

STUDENT JOB SHEET: LEARNER’S NOTES

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

LEARNING OUTCOMES ANSWERS

Describe how glucose is
metabolized and stored. ● Glucose is metabolism begins with the digestion of
carbohydrates, which are broken down into simpler
sugar molecules. When yur cells need energy, glucose
is broken down via glycolysis to release energy that
your cells can use. After being broken down, glucose is
distributed in the tissues. The pancreas releases insulin
to transport glucose to the cells for energy or storage.
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and
muscles. Glycogen acts as a battery backup for the
body, providing a quick source of glucose when needed
and storing excess glucose when blood glucose
concentrations rise.

Bishop
Bio.libretexts.org
Identify the normal range of Fasting sample: 70-99mg/dL
blood glucose for non-fasting Non-fasting sample: <140mg/dL
and fasting samples.
Bishop
List causes of abnormally low Hypoglycemia
and high blood glucose levels.
● Taking higher doses of certain antidiabetic medications
such as insulin, sulfonylureas and prandial glucose
regulators.
● Medications such as antimalarial drugs.

● Deficiency of certain hormones involved in glucose

metabolism, such as cortisone.
● Delayed or skipping meals.

● Not consuming enough carbohydrates.

● Overexercising.

8
 ● Consumption of alcohol.

● Medical conditions such as hepatitis and kidney

problems.
● Diseases of the pancreas that can lead to increased
production of insulin.

Hyperglycemia
● Eating too much sugary or starchy food.

● Being less active than usual.

● Missing doses of diabetes medicine.

● Feeling stressed.

Verywellhealth.com
Diabetes.ca
Explain the cause of diabetes The main cause of diabetes varies by type, but it can lead
mellitus. to excess sugar in the blood, which can result in serious
health problems.
● Type 1 diabetes: This type is an autoimmune condition
in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and
destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
● Type 2 diabetes: This type is often linked to being
overweight or inactive, or having a family history of type
2 diabetes. It occurs when the body becomes resistant
to insulin or doesn't produce enough insulin to maintain
normal blood sugar levels.
● Gestational diabetes: This type occurs during
pregnancy and may go away after childbirth. It is
thought to be caused by hormonal changes during
pregnancy that affect insulin function.
● Other factors that can contribute to the development of
diabetes include genetic mutations, hormonal diseases,
and damage to or removal of the pancreas.

Bishop
Distinguish between type 1 and
● Type 1 diabetes: Autoimmune condition, usually begins
type 2 diabetes mellitus.
in childhood, pancreas produces little to no insulin,
requires insulin replacement therapy.
● Type 2 diabetes: Often associated with lifestyle factors,
develops over many years, characterized by insulin
resistance, can often be managed through lifestyle
changes and medications.

9
 Bishop
List several clinical and Clinical Characteristics:
biochemical characteristics of
type 1 diabetes mellitus. ● 3Ps: Polydipsia, Polyuria, Polyphagia

● Unexplained weight loss

● Blurred vision
Biochemical Characteristics
● Hyperglycemia

● Glycosuria

● Ketosis

● Autoantibodies

Bishop
Compare and contrast blood Fasting Plasma Glucose:
glucose tests performed in
laboratory.
● Purpose: Screening and diagnosis

● Technical Features: Sample collected in the morning

after an 8-hour fast.
● Pros: Low cost, widely available, automated assay.

● Cons: Requires fasting, high within-patient variability.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT):

● Purpose: Screening and diagnosis

● Technical Features: Glucose load of 75 grams.

Samples collected in the morning after an 8-hour fast
and 2 hours after glucose load.
● Pros: Sensitive indicator of risk, early marker of
impaired glucose metabolism.
● Cons: Requires fasting, extensive patient preparation,
high within-patient variability.
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Test:

● Purpose: Monitoring of diabetes.

● Technical Features: Measures the percentage of

glycated hemoglobin in the blood over the past 3
months.
● Pros: Convenient, no fasting required for most tests.

● Cons: Diagnosis requires a laboratory test certified by

the NGSP and standardized to the DCCT assay

10
 Bishop
Webmd.com
CDC.gov.
Describe how to care for a
glucose meter and blood ● Follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
glucose reagent strips.
● Proper storage

● Keep the meter clean.

● Check expiration dates.

● Quality control checks

● Avoid pre-owned test strips.

● Consult health care provider.

FDA.gov
Mayoclinic,org
Explain the role of patient Monitoring of glucose levels can help individuals to:
monitoring of blood glucose in
the management of type 1 ● Adjust insulin dose.
diabetes mellitus.
● Identify patterns.

● Make lifestyle changes.

● Prevent complications.

Diabetesjournals.org
Britishjournalofnursing.com

11
 Activty 3
BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL: TESTING AND MONITORING

ON THE JOB TASKS SHEET: COGNITIVE APPLICATION

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

ON-THE-JOB TASKS ANSWERS

The lab where you work does
blood glucose tests to monitor ● History of GDM
pregnant women at risk of
developing gestational ● Previous delivery of a baby weighing over 9 pounds
diabetes. What items of
medical history identify those ● Being overweight
women at special risk?
● Age

● Family history of Type 2 DM

● Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

CDC.gov
Hopkinsmedicine.org
One of your jobs in the
physician’s office where you ● Fasting period: Advise Ms. Talbot not to eat or drink
work is to give patients anything (except water) for 8 to 12 hours before the
instructions in how to prepare test.
for lab tests. What instructions
would you give to Ms. Talbot, ● Medications: Instruct Ms. Talbot to consult her
who is going to have a fasting
blood sugar test performed
healthcare provider regarding any medications she is
tomorrow morning? taking and whether she should continue taking them
before the test.
● Hydration: Inform Ms. Talbot that she can drink water
during the fasting period, but she should avoid other
beverages such as juice, tea, or coffee.
● Smoking and gum chewing: Advise Ms. Talbot not to
smoke or chew gum during the fasting period.
● Exercise: Instruct Ms. Talbot to avoid exercising before
the test, as physical activity can affect blood sugar
levels.
Bishop
My.clevelandclinic.org

12
What instructions would you
give to Mr. Chen, who is going ● Fasting period: Instruct Mr. Chen to fast for 8 to 10
to have a glucose tolerance hours before the test¹². During this fasting period, he
test in 3 days? should not eat or drink anything except water.
● Medications: Advise Mr. Chen to consult his healthcare
provider regarding any medications he is taking and
whether he should continue taking them before the test.
● Hydration: Inform Mr. Chen that he can drink water
during the fasting period, but he should avoid other
beverages such as juice, tea, or coffee.
● Avoid strenuous exercise: Advise Mr. Chen to avoid
strenuous exercise or physical activity on the day
before the test.
● Rest and relaxation: Encourage Mr. Chen to get a good
night's sleep before the test and remain relaxed during
the procedure.
● Bring a snack: Suggest that Mr. Chen brings a snack to
eat after the test, as he may feel hungry or lightheaded
due to the fasting period.

Bishop
Mayoclinic.org
Diabetes.co.uk
Today, in the laboratory where If a patient's glucose concentration remains above 200
you work, a patient’s glucose mg/dL at the end of the second hour of a glucose tolerance
concentration remained above
test, it is generally considered abnormal and may indicate
200 mg/dL at the end of the
second hour of his glucose impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. This result
tolerance test. How would you suggests that the patient's body is not effectively
interpret this result? processing glucose, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
Bishop
The reagent strips that you use This may indicate that they are expired or discolored. In
with the glucose meter in the such cases, it is generally recommended not to use the
laboratory where you work expired discolored strips.
have turned a dark color. What
should
you do?

A new patient with type 1

diabetes needs instructions in ● Date and Time
home monitoring of blood
glucose levels. The doctor has ● Blood Glucose Reading
asked you to explain to the
patient how to keep a ● Meal and Snack Information
permanent log of blood
glucose testing. What ● Insulin Dosage
information should you tell the
new patient to record in the ● Physical Activity
log?

13
 ● Symptoms

● Additional Notes such as illness, stress, or medication

changes that may impact sugar level.

American Diabetes Association

After a meal the blood glucose The blood glucose homeostasis is the process involved in
level begins to rise. regulating glucose level in the blood. It starts with:
Describe the processes which
occur in the human body to ● Insulin release by the pancreas
bring the level of glucose in the
blood back down to its normal ● Insulin promotes uptake of glucose by cells.
level.
● Excess glucose is converted into glycogen

● Insulin inhibits the production of glucose by the liver

● Glucagon, released by pancreas, stimulates breakdown

of glycogen to glucose when glucose levels are low.

Bishop
Webmd.com
What risk factors patients with
diabetes most likely to ● Family history
develop?
● Age

● Ethnicity

● Prediabetes

● Overweight

● Physical Activity

● Gestational Diabetes

● PCOS

Cdc.gov
bishop

14
 Activity 4
LIPIDS

STUDENT JOB SHEET: LEARNER’S NOTES

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

LEARNING OUTCOMES ANSWERS

Describe the three types of Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides): A triglyceride molecule
biologically important lipids. consists of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acid tails.
Triglycerides are the main form of lipids in the body and in
foods.
Phospholipids: Phospholipids are similar in structure to
triglycerides, but they only have two fatty acid molecules
attached to the glycerol, while the third carbon of the
glycerol is bonded to a phosphate group. They play many
important roles in the body and in foods.
Sterols: Sterols, including different types of cholesterol, are
another type of biologically important lipids. They play a
crucial role in the body, including being a building block for
hormones like testosterone.
Khanacademy.orh
Bishop
Explain the classification of Chylomicrons: These are the least dense lipoproteins
lipoproteins on the basis of because they have the highest lipid to protein ratio, with a
density.
density of <93g/mL.
Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL): VLDL has a density
between 0.93 and 1.006 g/mL.
Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL): The density of IDL
is between 1.006 and 1.019 g/mL.
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL): The density of LDL is
between 1.019 and 1.063 g/mL. LDL is sometimes known
as “bad” cholesterol because elevated concentrations of
LDL are an indicator of an underlying disease such as
atherosclerosis and other cardiac diseases.
High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL): HDL has a density range
between 1.063 and 1.121 g/mL. HDL is sometimes known
as “good” cholesterol because high concentrations of this

15
 lipoprotein usually correspond to healthier blood vessels
and lower risk of atherosclerosis.
Bishop
biosciencenotes.com
Discuss the clinical Cholesterol helps your body produce vitamin D, hormones
significance of lipid and like testosterone and cortisol, and also helps build cells.
lipoprotein levels and
However, high levels of cholesterol, particularly LDL
proportions.
cholesterol can accumulate inside blood vessels, leading to
atherosclerosis.
Triglycerides are synthesized when consuming a lot of
calories and stores the excess in fat cells. These fat stores
release triglycerides into your bloodstream when your body
needs energy.
Lipoproteins are particles made that transport cholesterol
and triglycerides to cells throughout your body. High levels
of certain lipoproteins can be harmful to your heart. For
example, high levels of LDL increase your risk of coronary
artery disease, while high levels of HDL reduce your risk of
cardiovascular disease.
Lipoprotein (a) or LP (a) is a type of LDL. A second protein
called apolipoprotein makes the LDL particles stickier,
which increases the risk of cardiovascular problems. High
levels of LP (a) are a risk factor for atherosclerosis.
A lipid panel blood test is used to measure total cholesterol
in your blood. The tests provide individual results for HDLs,
LDLs, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. These tests are
crucial for diagnosing and managing conditions such as
dyslipidemia.
Bishop
my.clevelandclinic.org
medlineplus.gov

16
 Activity 4
LIPIDS

ON THE JOB TASK SHEET: COGNITIVE APPLICATION

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

ON-THE-JOB TASKS ANSWERS

A patient requested for a lipid
profile test. You are the ● Fasting for 9-12 hours before the test. This means no
assigned MedTech for the day. eating or drinking (except water) during this time.
What preparations would you
give to the patient? ● Avoid Alcohol for 24 hours before the test.

● The patient should continue to take any medications

they normally take, unless otherwise instructed by their
doctor.
● Avoid Fatty Foods before the test as they can spike
cholesterol levels significantly in the hours following
consumption.
● Inform about Health Status

Bishop
Maxlab.co.in
One of the physician’s patients
has a history of cardiovascular ● Age
disease. What are some risk
factors that causes this ● Gender
disease?
● Genetics and Family history

● Tobacco use

● Physical Inactivity

● Unhealthy diet

● Obesity

● Alcohol use

● High blood Pressure

● High cholesterol levels

17
 ● Diabetes

Who.int
Bishop
The patient lipid profile test An HDL cholesterol level of less than 34 mg/dL is
was seen to have an HDL level considered very low. Very low HDL cholesterol is
result of <34 mg/dl. What do
associated with an increased risk of heart disease and
you think does the given result
indicates? stroke. There are no symptoms associated with low HDL
levels, but it does increase your risk for cardiovascular
disease.
Bishop

18
 Activity 5
PROTEIN

STUDENT JOB SHEET: LEARNER’S NOTES

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWERS.

LEARNING OUTCOMES ANSWERS

Describe the composition and Composition of Proteins:
role of proteins in the body.
● Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids linked
together. A typical protein is made up of 300 or
more amino acids, and the specific number and
sequence of amino acids are unique to each
protein. The sequence of amino acids determines
the shape and function of the protein. Amino acids
are classified as either essential or non-essential.
Role of Proteins in the Body:

● Catalysis: Proteins catalyze reactions in our bodies.

● Transportation: They transport molecules such as

oxygen.
● Immune System: Proteins keep us healthy as part
of the immune system.
● Cell Communication: They transmit messages from
cell to cell.
Bishop
Sciencelearn.org.nz
Identify nonprotein nitrogen
compounds in the blood that ● Blood Urea Nitrogen
are assessed in laboratory.
● Creatinine

● Uric Acid

● Ammonia

Bishop
Discuss the clinical Proteins are essential building blocks for many organs,
significance of protein and non- hormones, and enzymes. The total protein test measures

19
protein levels and proportions. the total number of proteins present in body fluid. High
levels of proteins may indicate inflammation or infection,
while low levels may suggest kidney problems,
malnutrition, and several other possible conditions.
Nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) compounds are traditionally
used to monitor renal function. The most important NPN
compounds in the blood that are assessed in a laboratory
include Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine, Uric Acid,
and Ammonia. These compounds are significant in clinical
biochemistry and their levels can indicate various health
conditions such as liver disease, renal disease, and
disorders of purine metabolism.
In conclusion, monitoring both protein and non-protein
nitrogen compound levels can provide valuable insights
into a person's health status. Any significant changes in
these levels should be investigated further to determine the
underlying cause.
Bishop
healthline.com

20
 Activity 5
PROTEIN

ON THE JOB TASK SHEET: COGNITIVE APPLICATION

Name: JOSHUA A. ORITA Date:

INSTRUCTION: Search from PRINTED OR ONLINE, OR VIDEO RECORDED valid references

information that would help in the achievement of the following learning outcomes. Follow this
template (cut this page or copy paste) for your answers and submit it according to the
instruction of your instructor. Use additional page if needed. PLEASE INDICATE THE
SOURCE/S OF YOUR ANSWER

ON-THE-JOB TASKS ANSWERS

You have a discussion about
protein and your clinical ● Total Protein — This test measures the total amount of
preceptor asked you what test two classes of proteins found in the blood: albumin and
is usually done for blood globulin.
proteins and non-proteins and
the clinical significance of each ● Albumin —keeps fluid from leaking out of blood
of the tests. How would you
present your
vessels, nourishes tissues, and transports hormones,
answer? vitamins, drugs, and substances like calcium
throughout the body.
● Globulin — group of proteins that includes the
immunoglobulins (antibodies) that help fight off
infections.
High protein levels could indicate dehydration,
inflammation, or infection. Low levels could indicate liver
disease or malnutrition.

● Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) — measures the amount of

urea nitrogen in your blood. Increased BUN levels
suggest impaired kidney function.
● Creatinine Test — measures the level of creatinine in
your blood and provides an estimate of how well your
kidneys filter (glomerular filtration rate). A high
creatinine level may indicate a kidney disease.
● Uric Acid Test —measures the amount of uric acid in a
blood sample. High levels of uric acid can cause gout
or kidney disease.
● Ammonia Test — used to detect an elevated level of
ammonia in the blood that may be caused by severe
liver disease, kidney failure, or certain rare genetic
disorders.

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Ms. Min have a high uric acid High uric acid levels, known as hyperuricemia, can occur
level. What does this mean when there is an excess of uric acid, a waste product, in
and what are the factors that your blood. This can be due to the body producing too
may cause uric acid level to much uric acid, not eliminating enough of it, or both.
elevate?
Contributing factors include diet, certain medications,
genetics, health conditions, chemotherapy or radiation
treatment.

Bishop
mayoclinic.org
A patient was requested for an An ammonia test is typically requested when a patient
ammonia test. What do you exhibits symptoms that may be associated with elevated
think are the causes why the levels of ammonia in blood. Conditions associated includes
patient needs this test? Hepatic encephalopathy, Reye syndrome, urea cycle
disorders, liver disease, and treatment monitoring.

Bishop
Webmd.com

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