International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)

ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942

Diabetes Mellitus (Madhumeha): An Ayurvedic

Review
Dr. Sanjay A. Dhurve
M.D., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Kayachikitsa, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University College of Ayurved, Pune - Satara
Road, Pune – 411043, Maharashtra, India
Contact - 09850044207
Email: dr.sanjaydhurve[at]gmail.com

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the global health problems of present era resulting in serious long - term complications such as
heart disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy and even death. In Ayurveda, Madhumeha is mentioned one of the important
diseases in which quantity and frequency of urination increase. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder result in deficiency or dysfunction of
the insulin production. In Ayurveda there are 20 types of Prameha are described which are having similar symptomatology. If it is not
treated is converted into Madhumeha. Madhumeha is a type of VatajaPrameha. In Ayurvedic literature have the knowledge about
causes, risk factors, prevention and treatment of Madhumeha which are helpful for treating Diabetic Mellitus.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Madhumeha, Prameha

1. Introduction Santarpanatha Karana: - All etiological factor mentions

for the manifestation of SantarpanathaVikar.
Diabetes mellitus has gained enormously fast becoming the
world’s largest chronic, metabolic disease characterized by Adibalapravrutta: Due to morbidity of Shukra and Shonita.
elevated levels of blood glucose level, which leads to serious (Hereditary disease - inherited from the parents). Activities
damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys and nerves that aggravate Meda, Mutra, and Kapha, are main etiological
over a period of time. The most common is type 2 diabetes factor for Prameha. Two main etiological factor are - 1)
mellitus disease India has become by WHO as the country Sahaj - hereditary or congenital and 2) ApthyaNimittaja-
with the fastest growing population of Diabetic patients. Due to Incompatible dietetics and activities.
About 422 million people worldwide have diabetes.
Purvaroopa (Premonitory symptoms): In Ayurveda
In Ayurveda there are 20 types of Prameha are described Prameha described by early symptoms of the disease. feeling
which are in generally described by production of excess of burning sensation in the palms and soles
amount of urine Prabhotavila Mutrata and increased (HastapadaDaha), unctuous and slimy (Kleda) skin all over
frequency of micturition Baram - Baram Mehati. if the the body, feel heavy, thirst and a sweet taste in the mouth
twenty Prameha if not treated is converted into Madhumeha. etc., and MoothraMadhuryam (sweetness of urine), bad
Madhumeha is a type of VatajaPrameha smell and white in colour, stupor, debility dyspnoea, they are
accumulation of dirt on the teeth (mouth, eyes, nose, and
2. Material and Methods ears). More growth of hairs and nails.

The basic and conceptual materials were collected from the Madhumeha Samanya Lakshana (Sign and Symptoms):
Ayurvedic classics viz. with their available commentaries, - Patient of Madhumeha passes urine which is astringent,
research papers and journals. sweet, pale and unctuous, (c. s. ni 4/44). Madhumeha patient
passes urine having sweet in taste and smell of body
Madhumeha Hetu: resembling like honey (S. S CI 6/57)

Aharaj Avam Viharaj Karana: Sedentary lifestyle, Madhumeha Samprapti - All above etiological factor
excessive sleep, curd, meat soup of domestic, aquatic, aggravateKapha, Pitta, Medha, Mamsaand obstruct normal
animal, milk products, freshly harvested food, jaggery pathway
preparation and all other Kapha promoting substance,
laziness, intake of food which is cutaneous, sweet, fatty and Aharaj Viharajkaran Santarpanatha
liquid. Karanaadibalapravrutta Apathya Nimitaj

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Paper ID: SR22823155552 DOI: 10.21275/SR22823155552 1309
 International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR)
ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942

Classification (Bheda): - Pramehas – There are totally 20 KaphajaPramehas –10

types of Prameha according to doshas Out of these, diabetes mellitus is termed as Madhumeha. It is
VatajaPramehas. – 4 one of the four VatajaPrameha
PittajaPramehas – 6

Types Charak Sushrut Vagbhat

Kaphaj 1. Udakameha 1. Udakameha 1. Udakameha
2. Iksuvalikarasameha 2. Iksuvalikarasameha 2. Iksuvalikarasameha
3. Sandrameha 3 Sandr Meha 3. Sandrameha
4. Sandra Prasada - 4. Sandra Prasada
5. SuklaMeha 4. Pistameha 5. Pistaameha
6. SukraMeha 5. SukraMeha 6. SukraMeha
7. Sitameha_ - 7. Sitameha
8. Sikatameha 6. Sikatameha 8. Sikatameha
9. Sanairmeha 7. Sanairmeha 9. Sanairmeha
10. Alalameha - 10. Lalameha
- 8. Surameha -
- 9. Lavanameha -
- 10. Phenameha -

Pittaj 1. Ksudrameha 1. Ksudrameha .1 Ksudrameha

2. Kalameha_ - 2. Kalameha
3. Nilameha 2. Nilameha 3. Nilameha
4. Lohitameha 3. Sonitameha 4. Raktameha
5. Manjisthameha 4. Manjisthameha 5. Manjisthameha
6. Haridrameha 5. Haridrameha 6. Haridrameha
- 6. Amlameha -

Vataj 1. Vasameha Vasameha Vasameha

2. MajjamehaSarpimeha 2. Sarpimeha 2. Majjameha
3. Hastimeha 3. Hastimeha 3. Hastimeha
4. Madhumeha orOjameha 4. Madhumeha 4. Madhumeha

Upadrava (Complications): - Daha (burning sensation), Chikitsa (Management Of Madhumeha):

Trishna (thirst), Hridadaha (Sour belching), Moorcha,
Anidra, Kampa, Krisha (emaciation), Swash (increased Chikitsa Siddhant: - 1) Treatment for obese and strong
breathing), too much elimination of urine diabetics aimed at reducing the obesity of the patient
(PrabhutMootrata), improper digestion (Ajeerna), Vamana. Apatarpana Chikitsa).2) Krusha (emaciated) and weak
Troubled by appearance of deep seated PramehaPidikas patient of diabetics can cleansing procedures followed by the
(Eruption), Feeling of heaviness of the body. treatment to nourish the body with specific management
(SantarpanaChikitsa).3) Both types of diabetics successively
treated with distinct therapy and diet regimen.

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Paper ID: SR22823155552 DOI: 10.21275/SR22823155552 1310
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SaniarpanaApatarpana Chikitsa in Madhumeha: - Rasa Kalpa: - Vasant Kusumakar Rasa, Brihadvangeswar
Madhumeha has been described as SantarpanothaVyadhi as Rasa, Tarkeswar Rasa, TuvarakRasayana Kalpa
well as ApatarpanothaVyadhi. The former is Apathya Vati: - MammajakGhan Vati, Shivagutika, Chandraprabha
Nimittaja Madhumeha & later is Sahaja Madhumeha or Vati, Shilajatvadi Vati, Mehari Vati, Saptacakra Ghana Vati
Madhumeha due to Dhatu Karshana due to long standing Churna: - Triphala Churna, Yaya Churna, Nyagrodhadh
Prameha. Accordingly, two forms of Madhmehis are Churna, Nisamalaki Churna
encountered one who is Sthoola& Balavan for whom Kwath: - TriphalaKwath, DarvyadiKwath, SalsaradiKwath,
Apatarpana is the best & the other who is Krusha & PhalatrikadiKwatha, KathakakhadiradiKwatha
Paridurbala for whom Santarpana is the best. Asav - Arista: - LodhraAsava, Madhvasav, Dantyarista
Ghrita (Medicated Ghee): - Trikathakadya Sneha (Tail
I. ApatarpanaChikitsa: - is done in the form of Langana orGhrita)
Langana - Pachana&Doshavaseehana. a) Langana this is Avaleha: 1. Saraleha, 2. Gokshuradyavaleha
done in Alpadashavastha where only UpavasaPipasa, Maruta
AtapasevanaRookshaUdvartana, PragadaVyayama, Nishi Ausadh Siddha Paniya / Udak: - Sarodak, Kushodak,
Jagarana& so on, which are Kaphamedo Hara are helpful. b) Madhodak, Triphala Rasa Prevention of Complications
Langana Pachana: This is done in Madhyama Doshavastha Once the diabetes mellitus has developed then blood sugar
where along with Langana, Ama Pachana is done with level should be controlled by using Madhumehahar drugs
Tikshna Ushna Dravyas. c) Doshavasechana: This is done in and its complications should be prevented by using specific
Bahudoshavastha where the Shodana of Doshas are done drugs and Rasayana - To prevent nephropathy -
from UbhayaMargas. Apart from the above karmas. SilajatuRasayan and Chandraprabha Vati, to prevent
retinopathy - Amalaki, Triphala.
II. SantarpanaChikitsa: - Laghusantarpana Chikitsa is
Prashastha for Krusha and Durbala Rogis the following can To prevent neuropathy and for general health –
be administered in Madhumehi. a) Manthas, b) Kashaya, c) Aswagandha, Atibala. To control hyperlipidaemia,
Yava, d) Churna, e) Lehya, f) Laghu Bhakshya. These hypercholesterolemia and to prevent atherosclerosis - Puran
formulations should be prepared such that they cause Guggulu, Rasona.
Santarpana without causing Vridhi of Kapha& Medas.
Among all these Yava is considered as best for Madhumehi. Pathya – Apathya Vivechana
Which were discussed in Pathya Apathya.
A. Pathya Vichara in Madhumeha: A SthoolaMadhumehi
III. ShrestaAushadhaPrayoga in Madhumeha: - usually presents with KaphajaLaxanas more, and the disease
Shilajathu, Guggulu&Loharaja: These three Dravyas are in him is Santarpanotha. Hence, he is Balavan. There is
medicines par excellence in Madhumeha, either in Krusha or Kapha& Medo Uridhi, which does the Avarana of Vayu,
Sthoola, as they are Virukshana&Chedaneeya, which is leading to Anubandhatva of Dhusta Vayu. The line of
good for Kapha, as well as Rasayana, which is good for treatment suggested here is Apatarpana, which also involves
Dhatukshaya&Vatavrudhi. Ahara Vihara & Vichara along with Oushadha. Hence the
modifications in these modalities should be Kaphamedohara.
ShodhanChikitsa: - Type II D. M. patient who are Sthaulya In other words, Ahara should be Virukshana, Chedaneeya&
or Balvan should be given Shodhan Chikitsa i. e., Vamam or Lekhana. Vihara should be PragadhaUdvartana, Vyayama&
Virechan according to Dosha predominance and Asthapan the Rajo Guna of Manas should be activated by way of
Basti if patient has predominant involvement of Vata Dosha. Chinta. Which means Manas should be allowed function
Some Madhumeha NashakAsthapan Basti are - actively to avoid Alasya and not abnormally, so as to cause
PanchtiktaPanchprasritaNiruha Basti (Ch. Si. - 8/8), Dushti of Rajas and Vata. In principle inertia in the form of
SomvalkakNiruha Basti (Ch. Si. - 10/43), MustadiYapana Tamoguna Pradhana Ahara Vihara or Vichara is the cause of
Basti (Ch. Si. - 12/15, 16), PramehharAsthapan Basti (Su. KaphamedoDushti. Hence all efforts should be aimed at
Chi. - 38/76) are useful in DM madhumeha patients. nullifying this effect by way of initiating dynamism in all
aspects of the patient’s personality.
Shaman Chikitsa:
The above principle should be regulated in such a balanced
Single Herbaldrugs: - Haridra, Vijaysara, Palandu, way, that a perfect Samyata of Tridoshas is achieved. The
Karvallaka, Amrita, Jambu, Nimba, Methika, Amalaki, Pathya Apathya Vichara hence should be worked out
Meshasringi, Karavellaka, Methika, Shilajit, Vijaysar, carefully depending on the extent of Dosha Dushti, Dhatu
Jambu, Tejpatta, TvakGuduci, Bimbi, Khadirasara, Dusti & Ojo - Dushti. Ojas is the primary indicator of the
Katphala, Kakamaci, Devadaru AmalkiSwaras may be used Bala Kshaya as a result of Dhatu Kshaya. This can be
with Haridra Churna and Madhu (Su. Chi. - 11/18). Patient assessed based on DourbalyadiLaxanas in the Rogi.
of Madhumeha can take total 1 Tula of Salsaradi Gana Accordingly, Apatarpana Pathya should be adopted in
KwathBhawitShilajatu with decoction of Salsaradi Gana as Balavan Rogi &Sartarpana Pathya in Durbala Rogi. The
Anupanam. plan should be individualized depending on the Prakruti,
Vikruti, Sara, Samhanana, Pramana, Satva Satmya,
Other Formulations For Madhumeha Abhyavaharana Shakti, Jarana Shakti, Vyayama Shakti,
Ras Bhasma: - Swarnavanga Bhasma, Trivanga Bhasma, Vaya, Desha, Kala, Bala, & so on of the Rogi.
Vanga Bhasma, Apurvamalini Vasant Rasa Vangabhasma

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Paper ID: SR22823155552 DOI: 10.21275/SR22823155552 1311
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ISSN: 2319-7064
SJIF (2022): 7.942
Vata Pradhana Madhumeha assumes high significance Laghu Tarpaka Pathya Kalpanas like Yusha Mantha,
because this Dosha steers the disease into various phases of Yavagu, Kashaya etc. prepared from can be used generously
progression. The extent & manner of involvement of Vata among the pathyas mentioned for Madhumeha. Tikta Rasa,
decides the Sadhya &Asadyata of the disease. Vata can be Yava & Madhu seem to be high in the priority lists of
managed only when it is in AnubandhaAvastha, and not Ayurvedic classics.
when it is in AnubandhyaAvastha. A situation found by and
large in Sthoola & Krusha Madumehis respectively. Recipes Yava: - Yava is Ruksha, Sheeta, Guru, Madhura, Rasa
of Pathya &Apathya for Vata should be hence worked out Pradhana, Kashaya. It is Kaphahara, Sthairyakara& Balya
depending on the presentation & stage of the disease. Pathya hence is best for both Krusha &SthoolaMadhumehis. That is
Apathya for Kapha& pitta Doshas should also be formulated why numerous preparations of Yava have been advised.
accordingly. Madhumeha has been described as Anushanghi,
which means Punarbhavi, a tendency to recur. Hence a Madhu: Guru, Ruksha, Kashaya and Sheeta Veerya & it is
Madhumehi should stick to Pathya throughout his life. The Pitta, Rakta & Kaphahara, moreover it is Yogavahi which
Pathya ApathyaNirdesha according to different authors and means it has SamananukariDravyaprabhodhita Shakti. In
their Guna and karma have been classified into Ahara, other words, Madhu due to its Prabhava assumes &
Vihara &Achara. magnifies Gunas of whatever Dravya is used along with it.
Hence Madhu is used along with most of the Aharas &
Ahara: In general, all Aharas, which are Kaphamedokara, Aushadhas which are Kaphamedo and Mehahara but Madhu
are Apathya in Madhumeha. In other words, Madhumehi should be used in small quantities otherwise it causes Vata -
should be cautious about taking Ahara, which is Madhura vrudhi.
Rasa Pradhana, Guru and Abhishyandi.
TiktaRasa: It is Ruksha, Laghu & Pitta KaphaShoshaka&
It is advised to follow the general principles of food intake hence is prescribed to be used predominantly in the form of
as laid down in Asta Vidha Ahara Vidhi Vishesha Ayatanas Tikta Shaka. All the above can be used as Pathya in both
with special emphasis on Matra. One should always avoid Sthoola& Krusha Madumehis.
AdhyashanaVishamashana and AtimatraBhojana. In other
words, the bottom line is fill only half of your stomach i. e. Pathya (favourable diet): Yava, Godhoom, Shyamaka,
Ardha Souhitya while taking guru Ahara & do not take Kodrava, Bajara, Mudga, Chanaka, Tikta Shaka, Methika,
stomach full while eating Laghu Ahara i. e. Natitriptata. In Nimba, Karavellaka, Patola, Rasona, Udumbar, Jambu, Tala
case of SthoolaMadhumehi, Ushna Tikshna Lekhana Phala, Kharjura, Kamala, Utpala, Jangal Mansa, Purana
Virukshana & ChedaneeyaAharas can be used liberally, Sura, Sarsapa, Ingudi, Goghritadi Ahara.
where as in Krusha Pramehi Laghu &Santarpana Ahara, 1) Foods which have low glycemic index should be used
which is not Kapha Medokara, should be given which means and they should have predominantly Tikta rasa.
food like Yava are best. Taila Ghrita etc. Snigdha Dravyas, 2) Small but frequent meals should be taken. Frequently
which are basically Kaphakara, can be used after samskara green vegetables, leafy vegetables, high fibrous foods
so that they are rendered Tarpaka as well as Kaphaedohara. should be taken.

Ahar Name
Cereals Yava (Barley) are the best, different preparations of food, prepared from Barley, can be given e. g. - Mantha, Odana, Appopa,
bread, Roti etc., ‘Old rice (Oriza Sativa). Rice which crops within 60 days., Godhuma (wheat), Kodrava (grain variety –
Paspolumscrobiculatum)
Pulses Adhaki (red gram - Cajamuscajan), Kulattha (horse gram), Mudga (green gram) should be taken with bitter and kashaya leafy
vegetables.
Vegetables Green Banana, Tanduleyaka (Amaranthus spinosus), Matsyakhshi (Alternanthera sessilis), Bitter vegetables (Tiktasakam) like
- Methica (Methi - Fenugreek leaves)
- Karavellaka (Bitter gourd)
Fruits Orange, Watermelon, Apple, Jambu (Syzigiumcumini), Kapitha (Feronia limonia)
Amlaki (Emblica officinalis)
Oils Nikumbha (Danti - Baliospernummontanum), Ingudi (Balanitis aegyptiaca), Atasi (Linum usitatisimum), Sarsapa (Mustard).

Vihara: Chankramana, Snana & Asana, four Kaya Viharas Yogasanas but one should be careful while performing these
viz., Vyayama, Mruja, Nishi Gamana, Jagarana and as they can be harmful if improperly performed. A regular &
Udvartana are potent Kapha - medo - hara Viharas which sustained.
can be performed in increased magnitude by a Sthoola
Madhumehi as he is Balavan. In a Krusha Madhumehi these Vyayama: Any karma or action of the body that produces
should be advised depending on his Bala. If a Krusha Rogi is ShareeraAyasa is Vyayama is Alasya Hara, Sthoulya
unable to perform Vyayama then only Mruja&Chankramana Apakarshana and causes Sthiratva Laghuta & Agnideepthi
can be advised with some VishamaVishamaShareera Nyasa. the person becomes Klama, Pipasa, Ushna, Sheeta,
KleshaSaha. Vyayama should be performed to a man’s
Among Viharas Vyayama figures prominently in the classics Ardhashakti otherwise it can be harmful. Vyayama Thus is
as an effective Kapha - medo - hara Vihara. Pragada best in Madhumeha especially in Sthoola& Balavan.
Vyayama can be performed depending on one’s own interest
& Knowledge & VishamaShareera Nyasa can be performed
by both Sthoola & Krusha Pramehis in the form of
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Vihar (life style): Apathya Vihar (unfavourable life style) - [5] AstangSamgraha of VridhaVagbhata with Shashilekha
Sukha - Asana, Sukha - Sayana, Diva - Sayana, Ati - Sanskrit Commentary, edited by Shivprasadharak
Maithuna, Vegadharanadi. Samhita.
[6] Sushruta Samhita: By Kaviraj KunjalalBhashagraha;
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Chankamana, mild to moderate Vyayama, Snana, Chapter – 13; Page No. - 286 - 391; The Medical
Udvartana, Krina, Pranayama, Yogasana etc. Exercise daily treatment of Madhumeha.
for 30 - 45 minutes or walk 3 - 5 km [7] Bhavaprakash: Bhavamishra; Chaukamba Oriental
Publisher & Distributor, Varanasi; Volume - II,
Yogasanas: - Pranayama & Mediation: Breathing exercise Chapter – 38; Page No. - 484, 497, 498; Sloka -
& meditation techniques are also proving as an effective Referred 107; Medicine
panacea beneficial in stress management. Thus, acting [8] Harrison’s principle of Internal medicine, Volume
synergistically in diabetic management. Meditative II.19th International edition; 2002.
techniques like transcendental meditation of Maharshi [9] Susruta, Susruta Samhita (Hindi translation
Mahesh yogi, Sudarshana Kriya of Pandit Sri Sri withAyurveda Tattva SandipikaPurvardha - Sutra
Ravishankar are popular innovations in this field. Yoga Sthana, Chapter - 33, Sloka - 4thKavirajaDr.
asana - following yoga asana can be practiced • Ambikadatta Shastri Edited). reprint Varanasi:
Pashchimotanasana • Kurmaasana • Halasana • Mayurasana Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthan; 2008.
• Suryananaskara • Pranayama (Bhastrika). [10] A Text book of Kayachikitsa: Dr. Subhash Rande and
Dr. Sunanda Ranade; Chaukamba Oriental Publisher &
ApathyakarAhara (Unwholesome) - Dugdha (Milk), Distributor, Varanasi; Krishnadas Academy; Chapter -
Dadhi (Curd), Takra, Ikshurasa (SugarCane Juice)), Guda, 4 - MedovahaSrotas – Prameha; Page No. - 441 - 451;
Pista - Anna, Nava - Anna, Urada, Gramya - Audaka - Prameha
Anoopa Mansa, Naveen Sura AvumMadhya, Adhyasan, [11] Davidson's Clinical Medicine: Edited by John
Viruddhasana, Kapha - MedaVardhak Ahara, Madhur - Macleod; 1984, Reprint - 1985, 1986; Chapter - 12 -
Amla (Sour) - Lavana (Salty) RasadiAhara. Endocrine & Metabolic Diseases; Page No - 457 - 465;
Diabetes Mellitus.
Apathyakar Vihar: Anupashaya: Sukha - Asana, Sukha - [12] Vijayalakshmi S & Abdul Khader: An Insight Towards
Sayana, Diva - Sayana, Ati - Maithuna, Vegadharanad Understanding theSampraptiof Madhumeha.
(suppression of natural urges) International Ayurvedic Medical Journal {online}
2019{cited January, 2019}
3. Discussion and Conclusion [13] Dr. Deepika Gupta 1, Dr. Rajesh Agrahari2, Dr. Kamal
Sachdev3 and Dr. Richa Garg4 Ayurvedic
Madhumeha which can be correlated with Type - 2 DM Management of Madhumeha (Type - II Diabetes
disease is growing globally that cannot be treated Mellitus) And Its Complications – A Review
permanently by only medicine but proper Pathya Aahar and ArticleWJPMR, 2018, 4 (1), 67 - 70
Vihar (proper diet and regimen, daily lifestyle) should also [14] Jyoti Yadav, Atal Bihari Trivedi and Shilpa Nagar
be followed. so that Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus) is (2019); A Review Article on Madhumeha (Type2
Yapya can be controlled. Diabetes Mellitus) Int. J. of Adv. Res.7 (Nov).145 -
149] (ISSN 2320 - 5407).
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