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Practical Class-11

The document describes two exercises involving electrical resistance and the Hall effect. Exercise 1 has the student calculate (a) the resistance of a carbon resistor given its voltage and current, and (b) how the current would change if the resistor's temperature increased. Exercise 2 explores the Hall conductivity matrix and Hall coefficient. It has the student (a) sketch the resistivity components as functions of magnetic field, (b) derive the conductivity matrix, (c) sketch the conductivity components, and (d) define the Hall coefficient and what its sign indicates. The summary provides the essential information about what each exercise is evaluating and the key conclusions that increased temperature causes a small change in current but could significantly impact

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Helena Ortega Sanchez
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24 views2 pages

Practical Class-11

The document describes two exercises involving electrical resistance and the Hall effect. Exercise 1 has the student calculate (a) the resistance of a carbon resistor given its voltage and current, and (b) how the current would change if the resistor's temperature increased. Exercise 2 explores the Hall conductivity matrix and Hall coefficient. It has the student (a) sketch the resistivity components as functions of magnetic field, (b) derive the conductivity matrix, (c) sketch the conductivity components, and (d) define the Hall coefficient and what its sign indicates. The summary provides the essential information about what each exercise is evaluating and the key conclusions that increased temperature causes a small change in current but could significantly impact

Uploaded by

Helena Ortega Sanchez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise 1: Resistance measurement.

A carbon resistor at room temperature (20∘ C) has been connected to a battery 9 V. The
current was then measured, which was 3 mA.
a. What is the resistance of the measured resistor in ohms?
b. If the temperature of the resistor is increased to 60∘ C because of its heating, what will
be the current flowing through the resistor?

Solution strategy
a. The resistance can be calculated using Ohm's law. It states that 𝑈 = 𝐼𝑅, so the
resistance will be determined from the formula 𝑅 = 𝑈/𝐼.
b. The resistance depends on the temperature, so after heating the resistor will be 𝑅 =
𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇). The temperature coefficient for carbon is 𝛼 = −0.0005/ ∘ C. The current
intensity can be calculated using Ohm's transformed law 𝐼 = 𝑈/𝑅.

Exercise 2: The Hall conductivity matrix and the Hall coefficient.


Let us apply a magnetic field 𝐁 along the 𝑧-direction to a current-carrying 2D sample in
the 𝑥𝑦 plane. In this situation, the electric field 𝐄 is related to the current density 𝐣 by the
resistivity matrix:
𝜌𝑥𝑥 𝜌𝑥𝑦
𝐄 = (𝜌 )𝐣
𝑦𝑥 𝜌𝑦𝑦
a. Sketch the expressions for 𝜌𝑥𝑥 and 𝜌𝑥𝑦 derived in the lecture notes as a function of the
magnetic field 𝐁.
b. Invert the resistivity matrix to obtain the conductivity matrix,
𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑦
(𝜎 )
𝑦𝑥 𝜎𝑦𝑦
allowing you to express 𝐣 as a function of 𝐄.
c. Sketch 𝜎𝑥𝑥 and 𝜎𝑥𝑦 as a function of the magnetic field 𝐁.
d. Give the definition of the Hall coefficient. What does the sign of the Hall coefficient
indicate?
Solutions:
Exercise 1
a. Using Ohm's law, we transform the formula to determine the resistance at room
temperature:
𝑈 9V
𝑅= = = 3 ⋅ 103 Ω = 3kΩ.
𝐼 3 ⋅ 10−3 A
b. The resistance at temperature 60∘ C will be calculated using 𝑅 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇):
0.0005
𝑅 = 𝑅0 (1 + 𝛼Δ𝑇) = 3 ⋅ 103Ω ⋅ [1 − ∘ ⋅ (60∘ C − 20∘ C)] = 2.94kΩ.
C
The current flowing through the heated resistor is:
𝑈 9V
𝐼= = = 3.06 ⋅ 10−3 A = 3.06 mA.
𝑅 2,94 ⋅ 103 Ω
Meaning
The change in temperature of 40∘ C caused a change in current of 2%. It does not seem
large, but the change in electrical properties can significantly affect an electrical circuit.
For this reason, many electronic devices, such as computers, are equipped with fans to
dissipate the heat generated by the components in electrical circuits.

Exercise 2
a. 𝜌𝑥𝑥 is independent of B and 𝜌𝑥𝑦 ∝ 𝐵
b. The conductivities are
𝜌𝑥𝑥 𝑚𝑛𝑒 2 𝜏
𝜎𝑥𝑥 = 2 + 𝜌2
=
𝜌𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑦 𝑚2 + 𝑒 2 𝜏 2 𝐵 2
−𝜌𝑦𝑥 𝐵𝑛𝑒 3 𝜏 2
𝜎𝑥𝑦 = 2 2
=
𝜌𝑥𝑥 + 𝜌𝑥𝑦 𝑚2 + 𝑒 2 𝜏 2 𝐵 2
c. These equations describe Lorentzian-like functions.
1
d. The Hall coefficient is 𝑅𝐻 = − 𝑛𝑒. The sign of the Hall coefficient depends on sign of
the charge carriers (analyzed further in the next exercise).

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