Satellite navigation

A satellite navigation or satnav system is

a system that uses satellites to provide
autonomous geo-spatial positioning. It
allows small electronic receivers to
determine their location (longitude,
latitude, and altitude/elevation) to high
precision (within a few metres) using time
signals transmitted along a line of sight by
radio from satellites. The system can be
used for providing position, navigation or
for tracking the position of something
fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking).
The signals also allow the electronic
receiver to calculate the current local time
to high precision, which allows time
synchronisation. Satnav systems operate
independently of any telephonic or internet
reception, though these technologies can
enhance the usefulness of the positioning
information generated.

A satellite navigation system with global

coverage may be termed a global
navigation satellite system (GNSS). As of
October 2018, the United States' Global
Positioning System (GPS) and Russia's
GLONASS are fully operational GNSSs,
with China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite
System (BDS) and the European Union's
Galileo scheduled to be fully operational by
2020.[1][2] India, France and Japan are in
the process of developing regional
navigation and augmentation systems as
well.

Global coverage for each system is

generally achieved by a satellite
constellation of 18–30 medium Earth orbit
(MEO) satellites spread between several
orbital planes. The actual systems vary,
but use orbital inclinations of >50° and
orbital periods of roughly twelve hours (at
an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or
12,000 miles).

Classification
Satellite navigation systems that provide
enhanced accuracy and integrity
monitoring usable for civil navigation are
classified as follows:[3]

GNSS-1 is the first generation system

and is the combination of existing
satellite navigation systems (GPS and
GLONASS), with Satellite Based
Augmentation Systems (SBAS) or
Ground Based Augmentation Systems
(GBAS). In the United States, the
satellite based component is the Wide
Area Augmentation System (WAAS), in
Europe it is the European Geostationary
Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS),
and in Japan it is the Multi-Functional
Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS).
Ground based augmentation is provided
by systems like the Local Area
Augmentation System (LAAS).
GNSS-2 is the second generation of
systems that independently provides a
full civilian satellite navigation system,
exemplified by the European Galileo
positioning system. These systems will
provide the accuracy and integrity
monitoring necessary for civil
navigation; including aircraft. Initially,
this system consisted of only Upper L-
Band frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for
Galileo, G1 for GLONASS). In recent
years, GNSS systems have begun
activating Lower L-Band frequency sets
(L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for
Galileo, G3 for GLONASS) for civilian
use; they feature higher aggregate
accuracy and fewer problems with
signal reflection.[4][5] As of late 2018, a
few consumer grade GNSS devices are
being sold that leverage both, and are
typically called "Dual band GNSS" or
"Dual band GPS" devices.
Core Satellite navigation systems,
currently GPS (United States), GLONASS
(Russian Federation), Galileo (European
Union) and Compass (China).
Global Satellite Based Augmentation
Systems (SBAS) such as Omnistar and
StarFire.
Regional SBAS including WAAS (US),
EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan) and GAGAN
(India).
Regional Satellite Navigation Systems
such as China's Beidou, India's NAVIC,
and Japan's proposed QZSS.
Continental scale Ground Based
Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for
 example the Australian GRAS and the
joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast
Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and
US Department of Transportation
National Differential GPS (DGPS)
service.
Regional scale GBAS such as CORS
networks.
Local GBAS typified by a single GPS
reference station operating Real Time
Kinematic (RTK) corrections.

History and theory

Ground based radio navigation has long
been practiced. The DECCA, LORAN, GEE
and Omega systems used terrestrial
longwave radio transmitters which
broadcast a radio pulse from a known
"master" location, followed by a pulse
repeated from a number of "slave"
stations. The delay between the reception
of the master signal and the slave signals
allowed the receiver to deduce the
distance to each of the slaves, providing a
fix.

The first satellite navigation system was

Transit, a system deployed by the US
military in the 1960s. Transit's operation
was based on the Doppler effect: the
satellites travelled on well-known paths
and broadcast their signals on a well-
known radio frequency. The received
frequency will differ slightly from the
broadcast frequency because of the
movement of the satellite with respect to
the receiver. By monitoring this frequency
shift over a short time interval, the receiver
can determine its location to one side or
the other of the satellite, and several such
measurements combined with a precise
knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a
particular position. Satellite orbital
position errors are induced by variations in
the gravity field and radar refraction,
among others. These were resolved by a
team led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am
Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970-
1973. Using real-time data assimilation
and recursive estimation, the systematic
and residual errors were narrowed down to
a manageable level to permit accurate
navigation.[6]
Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast
included its precise orbital data. In order to
ensure accuracy, the US Naval Observatory
(USNO) continuously observed the precise
orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's
orbit deviated, the USNO would send the
updated information to the satellite.
Subsequent broadcasts from an updated
satellite would contain its most recent
ephemeris.

Modern systems are more direct. The

satellite broadcasts a signal that contains
orbital data (from which the position of the
satellite can be calculated) and the precise
time the signal was transmitted. Orbital
data include a rough almanac for all
satellites to aid in finding them, and a
precise ephemeris for this satellite. The
orbital ephemeris is transmitted in a data
message that is superimposed on a code
that serves as a timing reference. The
satellite uses an atomic clock to maintain
synchronization of all the satellites in the
constellation. The receiver compares the
time of broadcast encoded in the
transmission of three (at sea level) or four
different satellites, thereby measuring the
time-of-flight to each satellite. Several
such measurements can be made at the
same time to different satellites, allowing
a continual fix to be generated in real time
using an adapted version of trilateration:
see GNSS positioning calculation for
details.

Each distance measurement, regardless of

the system being used, places the receiver
on a spherical shell at the measured
distance from the broadcaster. By taking
several such measurements and then
looking for a point where they meet, a fix is
generated. However, in the case of fast-
moving receivers, the position of the signal
moves as signals are received from
several satellites. In addition, the radio
signals slow slightly as they pass through
the ionosphere, and this slowing varies
with the receiver's angle to the satellite,
because that changes the distance
through the ionosphere. The basic
computation thus attempts to find the
shortest directed line tangent to four
oblate spherical shells centred on four
satellites. Satellite navigation receivers
reduce errors by using combinations of
signals from multiple satellites and
multiple correlators, and then using
techniques such as Kalman filtering to
combine the noisy, partial, and constantly
changing data into a single estimate for
position, time, and velocity.

Applications
Automotive navigation system

The original motivation for satellite

navigation was for military applications.
Satellite navigation allows precision in the
delivery of weapons to targets, greatly
increasing their lethality whilst reducing
inadvertent casualties from mis-directed
weapons. (See Guided bomb). Satellite
navigation also allows forces to be
directed and to locate themselves more
easily, reducing the fog of war.
The ability to supply satellite navigation
signals is also the ability to deny their
availability. The operator of a satellite
navigation system potentially has the
ability to degrade or eliminate satellite
navigation services over any territory it
desires.

Global navigation satellite

systems

C i f t ti GPS GLONASS G lil

Comparison of geostationary, GPS, GLONASS, Galileo,
Compass (MEO), International Space Station, Hubble
Space Telescope, Iridium constellation and graveyard
orbits, with the Van Allen radiation belts and the Earth
to scale.[a] The Moon's orbit is around 9 times larger
than geostationary orbit.[b] (In the SVG file, hover over

an orbit or its label to highlight it; click to load its

article.)

Launched GNSS satellites 1978 to 2014

GPS
The United States' Global Positioning
System (GPS) consists of up to 32
medium Earth orbit satellites in six
different orbital planes, with the exact
number of satellites varying as older
satellites are retired and replaced.
Operational since 1978 and globally
available since 1994, GPS is the world's
most utilized satellite navigation system.

GLONASS

The formerly Soviet, and now Russian,

Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya
Sistema, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite
System or GLONASS), is a space-based
satellite navigation system that provides a
civilian radionavigation-satellite service
and is also used by the Russian Aerospace
Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global
coverage with 24 satellites.

Galileo

The European Union and European Space

Agency agreed in March 2002 to introduce
their own alternative to GPS, called the
Galileo positioning system. Galileo
became operational on 15 December 2016
(global Early Operational Capability (EOC))
[7] At an estimated cost of €3 billion,[8] the
system of 30 MEO satellites was originally
scheduled to be operational in 2010. The
original year to become operational was
2014.[9] The first experimental satellite
was launched on 28 December 2005.[10]
Galileo is expected to be compatible with
the modernized GPS system. The
receivers will be able to combine the
signals from both Galileo and GPS
satellites to greatly increase the accuracy.
Galileo is expected to be in full service in
2020 and at a substantially higher cost.[2]
The main modulation used in Galileo Open
Service signal is the Composite Binary
Offset Carrier (CBOC) modulation.
BeiDou-2

China has indicated their plan to complete

the entire second generation Beidou
Navigation Satellite System (BDS or
BeiDou-2, formerly known as COMPASS),
by expanding current regional (Asia-
Pacific) service into global coverage by
2020.[1] The BeiDou-2 system is proposed
to consist of 30 MEO satellites and five
geostationary satellites. A 16-satellite
regional version (covering Asia and Pacific
area) was completed by December 2012.

Regional navigation satellite

systems
BeiDou-1

Chinese regional (Asia-Pacific, 16

satellites) network to be expanded into the
whole BeiDou-2 global system which
consists of all 35 satellites by 2020.

NAVIC

The NAVIC or NAVigation with Indian

Constellation is an autonomous regional
satellite navigation system developed by
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) which would be under the total
control of Indian government. The
government approved the project in May
2006, with the intention of the system
completed and implemented on 28 April
2016. It will consist of a constellation of 7
navigational satellites.[11] 3 of the
satellites will be placed in the
Geostationary orbit (GEO) and the
remaining 4 in the Geosynchronous
orbit(GSO) to have a larger signal footprint
and lower number of satellites to map the
region. It is intended to provide an all-
weather absolute position accuracy of
better than 7.6 meters throughout India
and within a region extending
approximately 1,500 km around it.[12] A
goal of complete Indian control has been
stated, with the space segment, ground
segment and user receivers all being built
in India.[13] All seven satellites, IRNSS-1A,
IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E,
IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1G, of the proposed
constellation were precisely launched on 1
July 2013, 4 April 2014, 16 October 2014,
28 March 2015, 20 January 2016, 10
March 2016 and 28 April 2016 respectively
from Satish Dhawan Space Centre.[14][15]
The system is expected to be fully
operational by August 2016.[16]

QZSS

The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)

is a proposed four-satellite regional time
transfer system and enhancement for GPS
covering Japan and the Asia-Oceania
regions. QZSS services are available on a
trial basis as of January 12, 2018, and are
scheduled to be launched in November
2018. The first satellite was launched in
September 2010.[17]

Comparison of systems
 System BeiDou Galileo GLONASS GPS NAVIC

European United
Owner China Russia India J
Union States

Regional Global by
Coverage Global Global Regional
(Global by 2020) 2020

Coding CDMA CDMA FDMA CDMA CDMA

3
21,150 km 23,222 km 19,130 km 20,180 km 36,000 km
Altitude
(13,140 mi) (14,429 mi) (11,890 mi) (12,540 mi) (22,000 mi) 3

11.97 h
12.63 h (12 h 14.08 h (14 h 11.26 h (11 h 23.93 h (23 h 2
Period (11 h
38 min) 5 min) 16 min) 56 min)
58 min)

Rev./S.
17/9 (1.888...) 17/10 (1.7) 17/8 (2.125) 2 1
day

24 by design
24 operational
23 in orbit (Oct 26 in orbit 31,[21] 4
1 3 GEO,
Satellites 2018) 6 to be 24 by 2
commissioning 5 GSO MEO
35 by 2020 launched[19] design 7
1 in flight
tests[20]

1.559– 1.563–
1.592 GHz 1.587 GHz
1.593–
(E1) (L1)
1.561098 GHz (B1) 1.610 GHz (G1)
1.215–
1.589742 GHz (B1- 1.164– 1.237–
1.2396 GHz 1176.45 MHz(L5)
Frequency 2) 1.215 GHz 1.254 GHz (G2)
(L2) 2492.028 MHz (S)
1.20714 GHz (B2) (E5a/b)
1.189–
1.26852 GHz (B3) 1.260– 1.164–
1.214 GHz (G3)
1.300 GHz 1.189 GHz
(E6) (L5)

Status Basic nav. service Operating Operational Operational 7 operational

by 2018 end since 2016 s
 to be completed 2020
by H1 2020[19] completion[19] 2

1m (Public) 15m (no

10m (Public) 10m (Public)
Precision 0.01m 4.5m – 7.4m DGPS or
0.1m (Encrypted) 0.1m (Encrypted)
(Encrypted) WAAS)

System BeiDou Galileo GLONASS GPS NAVIC

Sources:[5]

Augmentation
GNSS augmentation is a method of
improving a navigation system's attributes,
such as accuracy, reliability, and
availability, through the integration of
external information into the calculation
process, for example, the Wide Area
Augmentation System, the European
Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service,
the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation
System, Differential GPS, GPS-aided GEO
augmented navigation (GAGAN) and
inertial navigation systems.

DORIS

Doppler Orbitography and Radio-

positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS)
is a French precision navigation system.
Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on
static emitting stations around the world,
the receivers being on satellites, in order to
precisely determine their orbital position.
The system may be used also for mobile
receivers on land with more limited usage
and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS
systems, it pushes the accuracy of
positions to centimetric precision (and to
millimetric precision for altimetric
application and also allows monitoring
very tiny seasonal changes of Earth
rotation and deformations), in order to
build a much more precise geodesic
reference system.[22]

Low Earth orbit satellite

phone networks
The two current operational low Earth orbit
satellite phone networks are able to track
transceiver units with accuracy of a few
kilometers using doppler shift calculations
from the satellite. The coordinates are
sent back to the transceiver unit where
they can be read using AT commands or a
graphical user interface.[23][24] This can
also be used by the gateway to enforce
restrictions on geographically bound
calling plans.

Positioning calculation

See also
Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
Geoinformatics
GNSS reflectometry
GPS spoofing
 GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation
List of emerging technologies
Pseudolite
Receiver Autonomous Integrity
Monitoring
Software GNSS Receiver
Space Integrated GPS/INS (SIGI)

Notes
a. Orbital periods and speeds are
calculated using the relations
4π²R³ = T²GM and V²R = GM, where R
= radius of orbit in metres, T = orbital
period in seconds, V = orbital speed in
m/s, G = gravitational constant ≈
 6.673 × 10−11 Nm²/kg², M = mass of
Earth ≈ 5.98 × 1024 kg.
b. Approximately 8.6 times (in radius and
length) when the moon is nearest
(363 104 km ÷ 42 164 km) to 9.6 times
when the moon is farthest (405 696
km ÷ 42 164 km).

References
1. "Beidou satellite navigation system to
cover whole world in 2020" .
Eng.chinamil.com.cn. Retrieved
2011-12-30.
2. "Galileo goes live!" . europa.eu. 2016-
12-14.
3. "A Beginner's Guide to GNSS in
Europe" (PDF). IFATCA. Retrieved
20 May 2015.
4. "Galileo General Introduction -
Navipedia" . gssc.esa.int. Retrieved
2018-11-17.
5. "GNSS signal - Navipedia" .
gssc.esa.int. Retrieved 2018-11-17.
6. Jury, H, 1973, Application of the
Kalman Filter to Real-time Navigation
using Synchronous Satellites,
Proceedings of the 10th International
Symposium on Space Technology and
Science, Tokyo, 945-952.
 7. "Galileo goes live!" . europa.eu. 14
December 2016.
8. "Boost to Galileo sat-nav system" .
BBC News. 25 August 2006. Retrieved
2008-06-10.
9. "Commission awards major contracts
to make Galileo operational early
2014" . 2010-01-07. Retrieved
2010-04-19.
10. "GIOVE-A launch News" . 2005-12-28.
Retrieved 2015-01-16.
11. "India to develop its own version of
GPS" . Rediff.com. Retrieved
2011-12-30.
12. S. Anandan (2010-04-10). "Launch of
first satellite for Indian Regional
Navigation Satellite system next
year" . Beta.thehindu.com. Retrieved
2011-12-30.
13. "India to build a constellation of 7
navigation satellites by 2012" .
Livemint.com. 2007-09-05. Retrieved
2011-12-30.
14. The first satellite IRNSS-1A of the
proposed constellation, developed at a
cost of 16 billion (US$280 million),[3]
was[4] launched on 1 July 2013 from
Satish Dhawan Space Centre
15. "ISRO: All 7 IRNSS Satellites in Orbit by
March" . gpsworld.com. 2015-10-08.
Retrieved 2015-11-12.
16. Laiqh A. Khan (May 24, 2016). "NAVIC
could be operationalised during July–
August this year" . The Hindu.
Retrieved September 2, 2017.
17. "JAXA Quasi-Zenith Satellite System" .
JAXA. Archived from the original on
2009-03-14. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
18. NASASpaceflight.com, Japan’s H-2A
conducts QZSS-4 launch , William
Graham, 9 October 2017
19. Irene Klotz, Tony Osborne and Bradley
Perrett (Sep 12, 2018). "The Rise Of
New Navigation Satellites" . Aviation
Week & Space Technology.
20. "Information and Analysis Center for
Positioning, Navigation and Timing" .
21. "GPS Space Segment" . Retrieved
2015-07-24.
22. "DORIS information page" .
Jason.oceanobs.com. Retrieved
2011-12-30.
23. "Globalstar GSP-1700 manual" (PDF).
Retrieved 2011-12-30.
24. [1] Archived November 9, 2005, at
the Wayback Machine
Further reading
Office for Outer Space Affairs of the
United Nations (2010), Report on Current
and Planned Global and Regional
Navigation Satellite Systems and
Satellite-based Augmentation Systems.
[2]

External links
Information on specific GNSS
systems

ESA information on EGNOS

Information on the Beidou system
Global Navigation Satellite System
Fundamentals
Organizations related to GNSS

United Nations International Committee

on Global Navigation Satellite Systems
(ICG)
Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS
Meetings
The International GNSS Service (IGS)
International Global Navigation Satellite
Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)
International Earth Rotation and
Reference Systems Service (IERS)
International GNSS Service (IGS)
US National Executive Committee for
Space-Based Positioning, Navigation,
 and Timing
US National Geodetic Survey Orbits for
the Global Positioning System satellites
in the Global Navigation Satellite System
UNAVCO GNSS Modernization
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC) GNSS Implementation Team

Supportive or illustrative sites

GPS and GLONASS Simulation (Java

applet) Simulation and graphical
depiction of the motion of space
vehicles, including DOP computation.
GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation
Concepts in depth
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