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Mind Maps

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Naeem Ahmad
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Numbers u Real Numbers en wSaral i ‘Rational numbers together with irrational cota p Whole = Real Number numbers are said to be Realnumbers. That is, a Real number is either rational or rational. Real Ritional Irra¥onal He auaawe Theorem of Rational Numbers rithmetic : If p and q are integers &q40 Integer Fra¢tion The Rational Numbers are all —o oH > Every composite number can be the numbers that can be Whole Negative Proper Improper expressed (factorised) as a product of ; P primes, and this factorisation is unique, srpresoed 18 theform of o> nail ‘ apart from the order in which the where p and q are integers &q prime factors occur. 40 Rational numbers includes: Even Odd Prime Co-prime Composite Perfect > For any two positive integers a and b, 1. Fractions CF (a,b) X LCM (a,b)=a x b 2. Terminating Decimal Numbers ‘All Non terminating & Non- (Product of two Numbers) 3. Non- terminating & Repeating repeating decimal numbers Decimal Numbers roe domal'nambeeas > Letxbe a rational number whose ‘decimal expansion terminates. Then ‘we cam express x in the form p/q, Bg ViniS, V7 where p and q are coprime, and the ‘Number, if it cannot be written prime factorisation of q is of the form ” in the form ®, wherep & q are wt i @ ee 0.12342678954253419 ...etc. ccaShe WHERE Rae ROR A egetive: integers and q70. integers. Irrational Number A number is called an Irrational JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad POLYNOMIALS WS aral Polynomials are algebraic expressions made ‘ up of one or more terms of a particular type. [ POLYNOMIALS Standard form . | ax + Baretaken as roots of any quadratic |) ST, ‘The terms with highest degree first then at polynomial . Geeieiatey aa ‘the last constant term. + Incase of cubic polynomial, The roots MG) = age ay xt age tt are taken as cB, ata eta kt ae tara Linear Polynomial Coefficients PG) Substitution Method ‘unique solution for the system of (i coincident, then2t = Pt cquations. ab > Elimination method it 0 (iidparatie, — then®t = Pt Case-2 abs abi= lsh > Cross Multiplication ptt A pair of linear equations in two variables (yi T= a Ge TA GeO) Inne can be represented, and solved, bythe: Baty ~baey_ eats ~ ex no. of (1) graphical method. ‘ayby — apby aibz—Azbi q) % _ Bs. &1 So system of equations (2) algebraic method az bz ¢2_is inconsistent. JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ete General Form of quadratic equation: ax'+bx+e=0 Where a, b, care real numbers and azo Roots of the Quadratic Equation Areal number ais said to be a root of the quadratie equation ax’+ bx + ¢=0,ifaa +ba+ = 0, The zeroes of the quadratic polynomial ax’ + bx + and the roots of the quadratic ‘equation ax? + bx + c=0 are the same. where, D = b?— dae, known as its discriminant & is denoted by D or D. wSaral Nature of Roots: 1. Two distinet real roots, > IfD>0 & is a perfeet square the roots will be rational and unequal. > IfD>0 & is not a perfect square The roots will be irrational and occur in 4 pair of conjugate surds D>0 Z B “Two equal foots Roots are Real and Distinct 2. Two equal roots (ie., coincident Two ral roots Roots are Real and Equal JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 3. no real roots, if b? —4ac <0. D<9 No real roots Solution of a Quadratic Equation by Factorisation If we can factorise ax? + bx +¢,a £0, into a product of two linear factors, then the roots of the quadratic equation ax" + bx + ¢=0 can be found by equating each factor to zero, Solution of a Quadratic Equation by completing the Square A quadratic equation can also be solved by the method of completing the square. Google Play Solution of a Quadratic Solution of a Quadratic Equation Equation by Factorisation a ue Aquadratic equation can also be fe can factorise ax! + bx + Gone ty tne method of cauiplaliag c, a £0, into a product of two ink square. linear factors, then the roots of the quadratic equation ax" + bx +e=0-can be found by ‘equating each factor to zero. JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 ee SEQUENCE Summation of o terms of an A.P. a wSaral according to a given rule is called a 7 S,- 7[2at (n— Dd] sequence. The numbers in a sequence are rithmetic Progression called its terms. We refer the fist term of Tien metie Progression (AP) S, where, ¢ (last term) eee at Gi ija a sequence as T 1, second term as T2 If difference between two consecutive EeitsentTictail tomfatanenseacin\ eeaivu vasicar cuveneectny Frequently used summations denoted by T n , which may also be sequence, then it is known as Arithmetic (1)Sum of first ‘n’ natural nombers : referred (o as the general term of the Progression and this constant difference 4 434 eae sequence. is known as its Common Difference (d). 5 ea ERUGRESSION (2) Sum of first ‘n’ odd natural numbers Sequences of numbers which follow specific patterns are called progressions tis a special case of sequence in ‘which itis possible to express its n* 2 term in ferms of n, mathematically (3) Sum of first ‘n* even 4 13, 15,.00- ly OF natural numbers : by T1,72,T3, 244464....42n= M2 + 2n) ‘Term at the n® z Sees escal- b= TE the expression a; + a2 + a3+.....+ay, 14345 +@n-1) n(i+2n-1) ze-b at(n—ta Google Play Congruent Shapes ‘Two figures are Congruent if they have same shape and same size. @ same shape © same size © Corresponaing angies are congruent Similar Figures ‘Two figures are similar if they have same shape but not size. @ same shape © Ditterent size @ corresponding angles are congruent Congruency & Similarity Symbol S Congruency ‘Similarity Criteria For Similarity of Triangles ¥ AAA or AA Similarity -wSaral ¥ SSS Similarity Thales Theorem or BPT s SAS Similarity DE II BC ae AAA Similarity DB EC r Theorem c If in two triangles, the corresponding angles are equal, then thelr corresponding sides are in the same ratio and hence the two triangles are similar. ‘This criterion is referred to as the AAA. (Angle-Angle-Angle) criterion of ‘Two triangles are similar if Disc x Spee, @ there corresponaing sides are in ‘same ratio(or proportion). AABC and APQR are sitar it ———_Stmllarty of two triangles ZA=2ZP ZB=2Q, 4C=2R el (BEE Ae PQ” QR” PR e A L» : ae B c @ RK etary JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 SSS nil'avity, Theorem If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (ie., in the same ratio of) the sides of the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similar. This criterion is referred (o as the SSS (Slde-Side-Side) similarity eriterion for two triangles, P B “ca R SAS Similarity Theorem [fone angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides, including these angles are proportional then the two triangles are similar. -wSaral ‘This criterion is referred to as the SAS (Side-Angle Side) similarity criterion for two 2 L \ /\ B ¢ R ‘Theorem 6.7: 1a perpendleulars = See ee ofa right trangle tothe hypotenuse then triangles on both sides ofthe perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle and to each other Pythagoras Theorem In a right angled triangle, the square of ‘the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of ‘the squares of the other two sides. In AABC ZB= 90° a= 2 AC = ABY+ BC / : Converse of Pythagoras Theorem Ima triangle if the square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then the triangle is right angled, Triangles: Theorem : The areas of two similar triangles are proportional to the ‘squares of their corresponding sides AB? DE? Area of A ABC ‘Areaof A DEF @© asc ~ aver Google Play JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Coordinate system A coordinatesystem is a system of assigning addresses for positions in the plane (2 D) or in space (3D). Coordinate System > ‘The horizontal line fs called the x - ‘They arecalled Cartesian because the axis, and the vertical line is called idea was developedby the mathematician they - axis, and philosopher Rene Descarteswhowas > Tye coordinate axes divide the plane also known as Cartestus. into four parts called quadrants. Rectangular Coordinate system Tabada} ober ‘The rectangular coordinatesystem for the [" planeconsists of a rectangular grid where each pointin the plane is addressed by an ordered pair of numbers(x, ¥) L z —__, * ig 1 coneinate = 9) comedies of poi FT Ty crane wf bf all ei Abncien & Ordinate The Origin ‘The coordinates of the origin are (0, 0). > The point of intersection of the axes is called the origin. Abscissa > ‘The distance of a point from the y - axis is called its x coordinate, or abscissa, Ordinate > the distance of the point from the x axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate. If the abscissa ofa point is x and the ordinate is y, then (x,y) arecalled the coordinates ofthe point. ‘The coordinates of a point on the x axis are of the form (x, 0) and that of the point on the y-axis are (0,3). P,0) Point on ats Google Play JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Distance Formula “Vee Gan On Section Formula: The coordinates of point P(x, y) dividing the line joining the point A (Si YD and B(x,yp) im the ratio m : a wSaral Coordinate Geometry Taternal Division moon x PB Pr —1 External Division Internal Division y sate) External Division pera se i maa Mid point Formul IER fs the midpoint, then ‘m, = my and the coordinates of Rare R eo +2 Ya + ¥2 7") my = ny, mon a Co-ordinates ua centroid of triangle: ate +x5 vty +38) 3° 3 Area of a Triangle 1/2 [x1 (2 — ya) + x2(¥3 — Yo) +x3(¥1—¥2) etary JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Trigonometry A branch of mathematics in which ‘we study the relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle, Is called trigonometry. In a right triangle ABC. DN ‘ side opposite to amgle @ sind = hypotenuse ide adjacent to angle @ cos = SH adincent to angie hypotenuse id ite to angle @ tang — S!€ opposite to angle ‘ide adjacent to angle @ 1 cosecA aaa 1 sind tanA = qitanA = 7 Remarks : 1. sin A. eosee A 2.cosA. sec A =1 3.tan A. cot A =1 \ wSaral Introduction to Trigonometry Trigonometry | ‘Tri Gonos Metron \Z “Measuring Triangle Important trigonometric identities: sin?A = 1—cos*A cos: ~ sin?a 2A 1+tan?A = sec?A sec2A— tan? tan?A = sec?A—1 cosec?A— cot?A=1 cot?A — cosec?A~1 Trigonometric Ratios of specific angles nam "| ot [30° | 45° |60" | 90° 1/218 sno | 0 |5 Io [> | 1 a [iyi tan® 0 ia 1 |v3_|ND. T cota |ND.W3 | 1 [= | 0 v2 seco | 1 fe |v2|2 [ND z cosec 0 |n.v.[2 | va [@ | 1 Trigonometric ratios of complementary angles. @ sin(90"— @) =cos8 (i) cos(90° — 0) = sina (iii) tan(90"— 6) = coro (Gv) cox(90° — 0) = tan () sec(90" ~ 8) = coseco (xi) casec(90" — ean Google Play JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 SOME APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY oyjeei 02, Heriontal tine (1) The angle of elevation as well as angle of depression are measured (H The tine of sight is the line drawn from ‘with reference to horizontal line. the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed by the observer, (ti) The angle of elevation 0, :angle formed Dy the line of sight with the horizontal ‘when it is above the horizontal level (lit) The angle of depression Op:angle Formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when it ts below the horizontal level Note: (a) The angle of elevation as well as, angle of depression are measured with reference toa horizontal line, Q)Al objects such as towers, trees, mountains etc. shall be considered as linear for mathematical convenience. (3) The height of the observer, is neglected, ifit is not given in the problem. (4) Angle of depression of P as seen from Ois equal to the angle of elevation of 0, asseen from P. = Angle of Le, ZAOP= ZOPX elevation (S) The angle of clevation increases as the object moves towards the right of ‘the line of sight, (6) The angle of depression decreases as, the object moves towards the left of the line of sight. Trigonometric Ratios of specific angles aoe 0° [30° | 45° |60" | 90° oP EE sin® Eig i wo fi fF (St fo tne | 0 2 Ja he Ino T coto [nos 1 [= | o i seco | 1 fe |v2 [2 cosec o|n.v]2 v2 [Sf 4 JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Google Play 1. Circle: circleis a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance (radius) from a fixed point (centre). . Tangent to a Circle: It isa line that intersects the circle at only one point. There is only one tangent at a point of the circle. The tangent to a elrcleis a special ease of the secant, when the two end points ofits corresponding chord coincide. Op 3. Number of tangents from a point on acircle. No tangent ( when a point lying inside the circle) L 0 2 (i) One tangent (when by Theorems: contact. Remarks : . The line containing the radius through (ii) The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to circle are equal. wSaral point lying on the circle) (i) Twwo tangent (when x 09=o0R (adil of the same circle) point lying outside op=oP (Common) ‘the circle) "A 0QP=AORP (RHS) PQ=PR (cecr, - Remarks : (®. The tangent at any point of a circleis 1. The theorem can also be proved by using the Pythagoras Theorem as follow: PQ?= OP?— 0g? (As OQ=OR) ‘Which gives PQ=PR. perpendicular to ‘the radius through |¥ the point of OP?_ OR?= PR? |. By theorem above, we can also conclude that at any point on a circle there can be one and only one tangent. 2. Note also that ZOPQ = ZOPR. Therefore, OP is the angle bisector of ZQPR, Le., the centre lies onthe bisector of the abngle between the tow tangents. the point of contact s also sometimes called the normal to the circle at the point. Google Play JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Extra Points YwS ar. al 5. An angle between the two tangents 1.In two concentric circles, the chord of say fromign etieranl powstore [ Circte | circleis supplementary to the angle the larger circle, which touches the subtended by the line-segment smaller circle,is bisected at the point 3. The tangents drawn at the euds of a courant centre. 2AOB + ZAPB= 180" ot contact. C,__AMlameterota cicleareparale . AP= BP ‘AB ||CD. © o D e X& ‘ . B 2. Two tangents TPand TQ are drawn 6. Aparallelogram circumseribing a cireleis a rhombus. 4.A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn, AP=AS [Tangents from an external point are equal] BP=BQCR=CQ DR=Ds AB+CD=AD+BC - >AB=BC-CD=DA Dy D = x SJ iC T: s Q NA, 2 toa circle with centre O from an external point T than 2 PTQ=2.2 org. to circumscribe a circle, then JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Google Play 3. Locate the points Ay, Az,A3,(m =3) on AX and By, Bz, (1 =2) on BY such that AAs, =AiAz= AzA3= BBy CONSTRUCTION To divide a line segment in a given ratio. Method —1 Given a line segment AB, we want to = ea 2a divide it in the ratio m : a, where both \ To construct a tangent to a Circle Method — 2 4. Draw any ray AX, making an acute ‘angle with AB. 2. Locate S (= m +n) points X1,X2,X3,X4, and X5,on AX such that AX = XyXq-X2X3—XsXy 3. Join BXs. 1, Join PO and biseet it. Let M be the midpoint of PO. 2. TakingM as centre and MO as radius, 4X5. 4. Through the point X(m=3),drawa 1+ Drawany ray AX makingamacute “gay s circle. Let it intersect the given line parallelto XsB (by making an angle angle with AB. circle at the points Q and R. ‘equal to D AXsB) at X3 intersecting AB 2. Drawa ray BY parallel to AX by 3. Join PQ and PR. at the point C. making Z ABY equal to 2 BAX. * * PQand PR arethe required tangents. JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad Perimeter and Area of a Circle Diameter d= 2r Radius = [A z r —> Radius © —> Circumference A> Area > Distance moved by a wheel in 1 rotation = circumference of the wheel > Number of rotation in 1 min= Distance moved in 1 min, ‘cireumference Area of Sector and Segment of a Circle Area of Sector ‘Thus area of the sector OAPB i.e, R crameneeo er ( De wSaral anne we [ AREA RELATED TO CIRCLE | RELATED TO CIRCLE Length of Are EMaiecare Thus, P PQ eof carseat ba gyeX Ome ecg we a @ seat aS 1 Area of Segment = oo ie ‘Area of segment APB = Area of sector OAPB — Area of AOAB fticg Q PAD | Eh) e region) Area of sector of angle @ = 35.50% m1" Seer Sector of angle @ = 30 ke 0 ++ Area segment APB = apne , Amat a, Where, oye X 1? —area of AOAB seme 300" 1: radius of the circle A B ‘rae 0 : Sector Angle IFE |NFFT I Clace 9 1N Google Play Cuboid ws ara l Hollow Cylinder Length =¢units [Surface Areas and Volumes y pBresotn—Dumts (sq. | 6a? | sq units > Height = h units e Cas. 4a? Sq. units Yolume| _a3__| cubic units TSA, | 2¢¢b + bh + eh) | sae umits | Dinan a omerraawe-n hte Longest Bz ater Radius = uw GSA.| 2hx(e+b) | sq. units pmaeet Diagonal x ree ween . Volume] @xbxh [cubic units|/ Sum of engths ofall) 49, edges CSA Longest Diagonal | e245? 4h? =e = (External C.S. A.) + (internal C.8.A,) Sum of lengths of all Rw aca) sa amies edges a+b +h) Radlus: runts 3 hh Height: b units (C. S.A.) + (Area of 2 base rings) Cube = (2th + 2h) + (2K? — 2m?) ‘Length =a units 2nrh + 2nr? = 2m (Rh + rh +R? —r?) sq. units Breadth ~ a units TSA. sq. units 2nr(h +r) @ Height = a units ila) Volume = ™R?h—nr?h CSA; 2nrh ‘sq. units =n(R?—17)h cubic units # Volume mth | cubie units nt y JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 eee Right Circular Cone Radius : r units Height Slant Height: £ units units aa. | TA | og. units PSA) rete) | CSA. mre sq. units 1 Volume gah cubic units Slant Height | fr? +h? | units Sphere Radius (Sphere) JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 wSaral T.S.A. | 4nr? | sq. units C.S.A.| 4nr? | sq. units 4 Volume) nr? Hemisphere Total Surface Area= 2mr? + mr? = 3nr? sq. units Curved Surface Area= 2nr? + ar? 2. sq. units Volume ~ 375% cuble units (alr of that of a sphere) Hollow Hemisphere Thickness (R=) units Curved Surface Area = (Extermal C. S.A.) + (Internal C.S. A.) =(2nR?-+ 2ner®)sq, units ‘TotalSurface Area =(C.S.A) + (Area of upper ring = (2mR? + 2m?) + (WR? = mr? =3nR? + mr? sq. units 2 2 Volume = =nR3 — rer? folume= 5 5 2 =2n(R? 1) cubic units Google Play Surface Area of Combination of Solid I Volume =V, Volume = V2 wSaral ay Surface Areas and Volumes = Sec? = (rH Example -2: Area (Orange)=C. 8. A. (Come) (mré) + Base Area (Cone) (ar?) ~ Base Area (Cylinder) (n(r’)?) T.S.A.= C.8.A. (Cylinder) +C.S.A.(Cone)+Basearea Cone (Cylinder) T.S.A.= T.S.A. (Cube) + Yolume = Volume (Cone) + €.8,A.(Cone) — Base Area Volume (Cylinder) (Cone) ‘Volume = Volume (Cube) + ‘Volume (Cone) T.S.A.= C.S.A. (Cone) Volume =V; +C.S.A. Hemisphere) ‘Volume = Volume (Cone) + Volume (Hemisphere) T.S.A.= T.S.A. (Cube) + C. S.A. Hemisphere) — Base Area (Hemisphere) CONVERSION OF SOLID FROM ONE SHAPE TO ANOTHER Example -1: ‘Volume = Volume (Cube) + Volume (Hemisphere) T.S.A.= T.S.A.(Cube)+ Sphere Cylinder 2 ‘Volume = Vz T.S.A. (Cylinder) — Base r Area (Cylinder) ' Y= nat! Volume =Volume (Cube) + } wAxaxexh = 2xnxR? Volume (Cylinder) 3 3 JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 dad Data Facts, observations and information that ~wSaral come from investigations are known as data, Generally 2 types of data are used. « qrregularclassinterval: When the class intervals are of varying sizes, +£.g0-15,15-20, 20.30, Ungrouped data is datain its original or. raw form. The observations are not 1) Ungrouped Data = upper class limit — lower classified in groups. Sadie 2)Gromped (Data Statistics is a branch of mathematics In grouped data, observations are that deals with the organizedin groups. 1. Data Collection Note: 2. Data Representation oe 3. Data Analysis ~The number of times a particular instance* Iterpretation of data, occursis called frequency in statistics. Data Collection Class Interval +The size of the class into which a particular data is divided. Eriinary Data When the information was collected by the investigator himself, + Regular class interval: When the class intervals are equal or of the same sizes. + E.g0-10, 10-20,20.30. stored, ———_ Secondary Data When the information was gathered from a source whi already had the information Tabular Representation of Data Frequency table —A frequency table or distribution shows the occurrence of a particular variable in a tabular form. Ungrouped frequency table Grouped frequeney table Graphical Representation of Data (A) Bar graphs (B) Histograms (Uniform and varying widths) (©) Frequency poly Sorting Raw data Sorting > ascending order or descending order Data Representation Google Play JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Bar Graphs + Abar graph is a graphical representation of data in which usually bars of uniform width aredrawn with equal spacing between them on one axis. * xaxissdepicts the variable = yuaxis— depicts vatue of the variable "The heights of the bars depend on the values of the variable, "= Discrete— bar graphs Example ~wSaral Frequency Polygon These mid-points of the class- Intervals are called class-marks. Upper limit + Lower limit Cass mark = Peer Histogram = This isa form of representation like the bar graph, but itis used for continuous class intervals. Scale (x-axis) 1unit =Skg Scale(y—axis) 1 unit Number of Students —e 38s aS 8S OOS ‘Wei Gin) —> JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 The three measures of central tendency for ungrouped data are: (). Mean: It is found by adding all the values of the observations and dividing it by the total number of observations. It is denoted by &. SEs Foran ungrouped So,x frequency distribution, it is (i) Median: It is the value of the middle-most observation (s). Ifn is am odd number, the median = ane vate ofthe (2) "observation fn is am even number, ‘median = Mean of the values of the @"ana(g+1)” observation. (iil) Mode: The mode is the most frequently occurring observation. etary The three measures of central tendency for Grouped data are: @ The direct method method Steps to be followed 1. Find the class mark (x,) or middle values ofeach group (or class) Lower limit + Upper 2 2, Changeit into Ungrouped Frequency Distribution and calculate f,x; for eachi, 3. Then use the same formula used for Ungrouped Frequency Distribution. Sm Gi) Assumed mean method 41. Find the class mark (x)) of each elass and Change into Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Lower limit + Upper limit 2 2. Find deviation (d,) of each variate (x) from any central value (2). 4, aoa 3.Find x= 4, for eachi then Y 4.Find N= Df 5. Then use the formula » fd oa Ht ‘Where, ais assumed mean (any central value of variate xi) (iii) Step Deviation Method In this method, we divide each value of deviation (di) by any common number say, (h) ‘When values of x and fare very large dq renee = w= =H Then,X = a+ Eh xh Mode Step -1 Find the class which have max frequency. ‘This is the Modal Class. Step -2 f4, mode = + Ff) (=f -6) (ff) Mode =¢ +“ ') yy (2f-f ~ 6) etary JEE | NEET | Class 9,10 Where, £— lower limit of modal class. £ — frequency of modal class. f, — frequency of the class preceding modal class. {, — frequency of the class succeeding modal class. 1h — class interval of modal class. ‘The cumulative frequency of a classis the frequency obtained by adding the frequencies ofall the classes preceding the given class. Median Prepare the cummulative frequency (c-£) column, N Obtain N= Y” fy then find the value of 5 Cumlative frequen Ogive curveu y 3. Find the class which contain the value of ef. just greater than 5. This is median class. 4.Use the formula: No. of workers Se Sys 8 so Media 740 160 180 200 + Representing a cumulative Mediai 38.5 frequency distribution graphically ‘asa cumulative frequency curve, or ‘cumulative frequeney is of two types an ogive of the less than type and of and corresponding to these, the ogive ‘the more than type. is also of two types. + The median of grouped data can be obtained graphically as the x- ‘Less than type coordinate of the point of intersection of the two ogives for this data. oMorethan type etary JEE | NEET | Class 9,10

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