VEMBER

Patlick, a retired math teacher, loves A chord the length of this circle's Semicircles are constructed using the
the taste of coffee in his hot chocolate. radius cuts off a segment (shaded three sides of right triangle ABC as
He drinks half of his cup of hot choco- below) of the circle of area JC square diameters. If hypotenuse AB measw·es
late, then fills the cup with coffee. Mer units. What is the length of the radius d units, what is the total area of the
stining and drinking another half-cup to the nearest th ree semicircles
of the mixture, he again fills the cup hundredth? in terms of cl?
with coffee. He continues in this way
until he has consumed three cups of the ' I I "~ B
liquid. How much of the original hot
chocolate remains in the cup?

Write the equation represented by the What is the smallest positive angle A digital clock displays the hour and Select any prime number greater than
limerick. Verify that the equation is between the hands of a clock at x min- min ute, such as 2:56. How many times 3. Square it and subtract 1. What is
correct. utes after y o'clock? between 12:00 midnight and 11:59 A.M. the largest number that must be a
inclusive will the clock display the divisor of the result?
A dozen, a gross and a score
numeral! at least once?
Plus three times the square root of
four
Divided by seven
Plus five times eleven
Is nine squared and not a bit more.

Show that 240 is a factor of (p 4 - 1) A positive integer, n, is picked at ran- The number 1 is the square, cube, February had five Sundays most
where p is a prime number greater dom. What is the probability that the fourth power, fifth power, and sixth recently in 1976. During which years in
than 5. greatest common factor of n and 30 is power of an integer. Estimate the the twenty-first century will February
greater than 1? Express your answer number of digits in the next smallest have five Sundays?
as a fraction in lowest terms. whole number to possess this property.

If fiftee n distinct whole numbers are Snap your fingers, wait 1 second, and A square with integral side length s is Find the maximum value of x2!y2 given
randomly selected from 1 to 100 snap them again. Two seconds later, cut into unit squares and n of them that 5x2 - 12xy- 18y2 =0 where x and
inclusive, determine the probability snap them a third time. Wait 4 sec- are shaded to form an Xas shown. yare nonzero real numbers. Write the
that two pairs of these numbers will onds before snapping them again. Write an expression for the unshaded value in the form
have the same difference. Then wait 8 seconds, then 16 seconds, area in terms of s.
and so on, between snaps. The time a+b\C
between snaps doubles. If you faithfu lly
continue this pattern for a year, how
many times will you snap your fingers? rX1 d
where a, b, c, and dare integers.
Joey accidentally pressed the nth root A 33 1/3 rpm phonograph record of the A man walked five how·s, first along a Find all solutions (x, y) where x andy
key on his calculator instead of they'' "1812 Overture" plays 15 minutes and level road, then up a hill, and then are positive integers:
key. His answer is 64. What is the cor- 12 seconds. The music starts at a point returned and walked back to his start-
x! =20y!
rect answer in algebraic terms? 14.5 em from the center of the record ing point along the same route. He
and ends 6.1 em from the center. How walked 4 miles per how· (MPH) on the
long, to the nearest em, is the groove? level, 3 MPH uphill, and 6 MPH down-
hill. Find the distance he walked.

Anna walks at 3 ~IPH down a street A watch shows the calendar date, 1 to Two congruent circles are to be cut The radius, OA, of a circle measures
along which runs a streetcar line. She 31, but has to be adjusted to skip over from a 9" x 12" sheet of construction 5 inches. Tangent AB is 12 inches.

rn
observes that while 40 streetcars pass "dates" such as 31 April. Find the paper. What is the maximum possible How many inches, to the nearest
traveling in the same direction as she longest stretch that the watch can run radius, to the nearest hundredth of an tenth, is the length of arc AC?
walks, 60 streetcars pass her in the without adjustment. inch, of these circles? What percent, to
opposite direction. What is the aver·- the nearest tenth,
age speed of the streetcars? of the area of the
sheet will be cut? B

What are the final two digits of 71997? You are driving along a highway at a Six minutes after the speeding car (in The clock, "Big Ben," strikes four notes
constant speed of 55 MPH. You observe problem 25) passed you, you pass it. It at the quarter-hour, eight notes at the
a car one-half mile behind you. The has been stopped by a highway patrol half-hour, twelve notes at the three-
car is moving fast and zooms past you officer. Assuming that you both drove quarter hour, and sixteen notes on the
exactly one minute later. How fast is at constant speeds, how many min- hour, followed by striking the hour
this car traveling if its speed is constant? utes, to the nearest tenth. has the (i.e., six gongs at 6:00, seven gongs at
speeding car been stopped before you 7:00, etc.). How many notes does Big
pass it? Ben strike in a week?

Each move in a game consists of Place each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Two friends were playing a game. The
inverting two adjacent arrows. The 7, and 8 in separate boxes so that loser pays the winner $0.01 in the first
challenge is to change the arrange- boxes that share common corners do game, $0.02 in the second, $0.04 in the
ment from i i i ,J, ,J, ,J, to i ,J, i ,J, i ,J, in not contai n successive digits. third, and so on, each time losing dou-
as few moves as possible. ble the amount of the previous game.

@ Juan started with $6.01 and lost all

his money after ten games. Which of
the ten games did Juan win?

©National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1593

 ·SO~UTIONS TO CALENDAR
~ Edited by John Grant McLoughlin, [email protected], Okanagan
University College, Kelowna, BC VJV IV7
Problem 1 was submitted by Dene Lawson, 26221 South Nottingham Drive, Sun Lakes, AZ 85248-0928. Problems 2-5 were pre-
pared by Harry Simon, 701 Viola Street, Eunice, LA 70535-4339. Problems &-13 and 23-27 were contributed by Boyd Henry,

M
600 South 18th Avenue, Caldwell, ID 83605. Problems 14-16 were provided by Enrico Uva, Outreach Schools, 1741 de Biencowt,
Montreal, PQ H4E 1T4. Problems 17 and 22 were submitted by Bob Kinner, Hamilton High School, 1165 Eaton Avenue, Hamilton,
OH 45013. Problems 18 and 20 and 28-30 were contributed by the falll994 Honors Problem Solving Class of Clarion University of
Pennsylvania: Lyru1 Anderson, Tonnie R. Anderson, Nicole Bell, Lori Bessetti, Dipendra N. Bhattacharya, Kimberly Casper,
Christopher Collins, Amanda Glaz, Kelly Gould, Julie Grove, Jessica Hackett, Scott Hunsberger, Rebecca Kelley, Melissa Klingin-
smith, Bryan Lohr, Bobbie Manross, Jennifer Nicholes, Jeremy Peffer, Rosalyn Rapsinski, Marion Russell, Shane Sanders,
Natalie Skalsky, Rebecca Smith, Samuel Thoma, Billie Jo Wells, and Stephen Westover. Problem 19 was contributed by Gene
Zirkel, Nassau Community College, Garden City, NY 11530. Problem 21 was submitted by William D. Jamski, Indiana Univer-
sity Southeast, 4201 Grant Line Road, New Albany, IN 47150-6405.

1 1164 cup. Each time a half-cup The area of the segment of the degrees. Note: If we let D =
circle is 4 12 +144 +20+3+1 + Sxll I(60y - 11x)t21 and D s; 180, then
of liquid is consumed, half the 7
hot chocolate in the mixture is D is the angle between the bands.
taken. Thus, the amounts of hot 7Cr2 r 2 ,[3 =92 +0. Otherwise, 360 - D is the angle
chocolate consumed in each of - - - - = 7C. between the hands.
6 4 (Source: "Games: The Case of the
the six half-cups are 1/2, 1/4, 1/8,
1116, 1132, and 1164 cup, respec- Therefore, Mysterious Numbers" by Scot 6 360. At least one 1 appears 60
tively. The remaining hot choco- Morris in Omni 16 [June 1994]: 94. times during the 10:00, 11:00,
late is 1164 cup, since half the 2m· 2 - 3, '3r 2 =12n-. The problem was credited to cor- 12:00, and 1:00 hours. During the
hot chocolate is consumed each respondence from John Kirkland.) hours of2:00 to 9:00 inclusive, at
time. SimplifYing, we get least one 1 appears 15 times per
hour (i.e., 01, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
r2 = 127r (60y- 11x) 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,21, 31,41, and
2 r
27C -3 v3 5 2 51 minutes past the hour). Thus,
and during the twelve-hour period, at
The number of degrees the least one 1 appears (60 x 4) +
,. = I 12n minute hand has advanced (15 x 8) =360 times.
beyond the twelve-o'clock posi-
~ 27C - 3-!3 tion is x minutes (360°/60 min- 7 24. Let p represent a prime
== 5.89. utes), or 6x degrees. Every hour, number greater than 3.
5.89 units. The area of the seg- the hour hand advances 360/12 = p 2 - 1 =(p - 1)(p + 1)
ment of the circle is equal to the
area of the "pie slice" less the
3 (114ltrd 2 square units. The 30 deg1·ees, sox minutes after
Since p is prime and greater than
areas of the three semicircles are y o'clock is the number of degrees
area of the equilateral triangle. that the hour hand has advanced 3, either (p - 1) or (p + 1) is
(1/2)/T (AB/2)2, (1/2)n(AC/2)2, and divisible by 3. Further, (p- 1)
Since the central angle of the (1/2)/T (BC/2)2• The sum of the beyond the twelve-o'clock position,
"slice" is 60 degrees, its area 30y + 30(x/60) degrees, the latter and (p t 1) represent consecutive
areas is (1!2)tr (AB 2 +AC2 + even numbers. Therefore, one of
equals BC2)/4. For the right triangle, being the portion of the hour
between y and (y + 1) o'clock, (p- 1) and (p + 1) is divisible by
AC 2 + BC 2 =AB 2, so the sum of 4. Therefore, p 2 - 1 is divisible by
-60° ) (area of the circle), the areas is (30y + (112)x) degrees. The angle
( 360° between the hands equals 3 X 2 X 4 = 24.

which is m·2/6. The area of the !rr(AB

2
2
+ AB 2 )
rr.AB 2
8 p4 - 1 = (p 2 + l )(p 2 - 1). In
triangle is problem 7, we have shown that
4 4 24 is a factor of (p 2 - 1). Since
(p 2 + 1) is even, we know that
= !rr.d2. (p4 - 1) is divisible by 48. Observe
4 (Continued on page 647)

The Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is considering sets of problems submitted by individuals, classes of prospective teachers,
and "!at~emat~cs clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1998-99 academic year. Please write to the senior journal editor, 1906
A_ssoc1al10n Drwe, Reston, VA 201~1-1593, for guidelines, or send your request through e-mail to [email protected], or obtain guide-
ltnes as document 803 from NCTM s Fax-on-Demand Service Center, (BOO) 220-8483.
Two ot~e~ sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: "Calendars for the Calculating" (a set of nine monthly calendars
that or~g~nally appeared f!om September 1983 to May 1984, order number 344, $7.00) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar
that ongmally appeared m September 1982. order number 311, $3.50; set of five, order number 312, $7.00). Individual members receive a
20 per_cent dis~ou~1t off these pr~ces. Write to N_CTJo.;f, Department P, or send _e-mail to [email protected], for the catalog of educational
matenals, whtch tncludes a ltslmg for the publlcatwn Exploratory Problems 1n Mathematics.-Ed.

650 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR -Continued from page 650

that p is a prime greater than 5. fall in the interval2000 <year $ Therefore, on the hilly section is given by

<;r
Hence, p ends in 1, 3, 7, or 9. Any 2100, as required.
such number raised to the fourth 23 6
power ends in 1. Thus (p 4 -1) 12 1. The greatest possible dif- - 1{;)-18=0. [ ( )+ t4MPH.
ends in 0 and is divisible by 5. ference between two chosen num- 3
Therefore, (p 4 - 1) is divisible by bers is 99, whereas the smallest Using the quadratic formula, we
find that This speed is the same at which
48 x 5, or 240. possible difference is 1. Thus, only the walker moved on level ground.
99 answers are possible. However, Hence, the distance traveled
9 11/15. Two solutions are with 15 numbers, 15C2 = 105 X 12± ~144 - 4(5)(- 18) equals 5 x 4, or 20, miles.
offered here.
Solution A Let A be the event
ways occur to pair them. With
105 pairings and only 99 possible ;= 2(5) A quick solution is found by
assuming that the entire route is
that 2 divides the number cho- differences, by the pigeonhole level! (Source: Mathematical Dis-
sen, B be the event that 3 divides principle it is evident that some 12±54
covery, vol. 1, by George Polya
the number chosen, and C be the differences must appear more 10 [New York: John Wiley & Sons,
event that 5 divides the number than once. 1962])
chosen. Using the fact that 6±3!14
P(AuBuC) 13 Twenty-five. A bit of con- 5 19 (x, y) ={(20, 19), (5, 3)1 . We
sideration shows that snap num- may observe that x = 20 andy =
= P(A) + P(B) + P(C) ber n. occurs (2"-1- 1) seconds Therefore,
19 will produce a solution. Note
- P(A f1 B) - P(A f1 C) after the first snap. A total of 60 x that we need to find consecutive
2
-P(B rl C) 60 x 24 x 365 = 31 536 000 sec- 2
positive integers with a product
onds occur in a 365-day year. We x =(6 ±3'-'14)
+ P(A f1 B f1 C), of20. The trivial case is given by
set 2"-'- 1 = 31 536 000 and i 5 x = 20. However, 5 x 4 = 20.
we get solve for n. Thus, (n.- 1)log 2 =
162±36--/14 Therefore, x =5 will produce a
P(AuBuC) log 31 536 001, or (n -1)• = solution when paired withy= 3.
(0.3010299) = 7.4988066; and n. = 25
1111111
= - +- +-- -----+-
2 3 5 6 10 15 30
25.91. So you will snap yow· fin-
gers only twenty-five times. The maximum value of x21i is
20 15 MPH. The relative veloc-
ity between Anna and the street-
22 11 car when going in the same and
=-=-. 14 (s- 1)2 square units. Con- 162+36'-'14 opposite directions, respectively,
30 15 sider table 1. Observe that the is proportional to the number of
25
Solution B. Observe that each values for the unshaded areas streetcars encountered. Let x be
set of thirty positive integers are perfect squares. In fact, in the average speed in MPH of the
(1-30, 31-60,61-90, ... ) will general they represent (s- 1)2• streetcar. Hence,
behave similarly. Hence, we can Suppose that we extended the
consider the integers 1 to 30 table. For any value of s, n. = 2s- 17 32 790. Assume that the x+3 = 60=>x = lS.
inclusive. The integers N for 1. Hence, the shaded area equals "grooves" are concentric circles x-3 40
which GCF (N, 30) > 1 are listed: s2 - (2s - 1), or s2 - 2s + 1 = instead of a spiral. Since circum-
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, (s - 1)2 square units. ference is a linear function, find
16, 18, 20,21,22, 24, 25, 26,27, the "average" circumference of a 21 From 12:00 A.M. on 1 July
circle and multiply by the num- to 11:59 P.M. on 30 September.
28, 30. The required probability
is 22130, or 11115.
15 162 +36!14
ber of circles. The result is given
July and August use the full thirty-
25 one day cycle. Since September
by the expression has only thirty days, an adjust-
10 Nineteen is the exact num- ment is needed for 1 October.
l--or'T'he lowest common multiple
or ~. 0, 4, 5, and 6 is 60. Hence,
We have that 2rr(6.1 ~14 ·5)x(33~ x 15~~} Hence, the adjustment at the
5x2 - 12xy - 18i = 0. stroke of midnight following 30
260 = (210) 6 is the next smallest June will properly set the watch
whole number satisfying the Dividing by l, we get 18 20 miles. Note that the for the longest possible period.
property. Note that 210 = 1024, or walker must spend twice as much
approximately 103. Hence 260 is a
2
bit larger than (103) 6, or 10 18. The
5x _ 12x _ 18 =0. time walking uphill compared 22 3/15 inches; 57.7 percent.
best estimate would be nineteen
i y with downhill. Tbe average speed
digits. In fact,
TABLE I
260 = 1152 921 504 606 846 976.
Shaded and Unshaded Areas 9'
11 2004, 2032, 2060, and 2088. Length of Number of
February can have five Sundays Side of Identical
only if 1 February falls on a Sun- Large Square Shaded Squares Unshaded
day and the year is a leap year. (s) (n) Area
Both these conditions are met once 1 1 0 From the diagram, we can see that
every twenty-eight years. Hence, x = 12 - 2r andy = 9 - 2r. Since
3 5 4 x2 + l = (2r)2, we get (12 - 2r)2 +
1976 + 28, or 2004, \viii be the next
such year. It follows that 2004 + 5 9 16 (9 - 2r)2 = (2d . Therefore, 4r 2 -
28, 2004 + 56, and 2004 + 84 will 7 13 36 (Continued on page 6511

Vol. 90, No.8 • November 1997 647

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR - Continued from page 647

84r + 225 =0. Using the quadratic formula, we get 2 5 85 ~IPH. Since the car traveled one- ~l ove #3 i ~ i J. i J.
half mile farther in one minute than you (Source: How to Solve Problems by Wayne A.
84 ± \ 3456 did, it must be traveling 30 ~!PH faster Wickelgren [San Francisco, Calif.: W. H.
r=---'-- -
8 than you, or 85 MPH. Freeman & Co., 1974])
Since r < 12, the only feasible root is 26 2.1 minutes. You have traveled for 29 One possible solution appears in the
6 minutes = 1110 hour, so you have trav- following diagram: ;
84- '\ 3456 eled 5.5 miles. The speeder traveled 5.5 3 5
r= - --- miles at 85 ~1PH requiring (5.5 + 85) 7 1 8 2
8 hours, or about 3.88 minutes, before 46
To the nearest hundredth of an inch, r = 3.15. being stopped. Thus, he had been stopped
The area of the sheet cut is JT (3.15)2 x 2 = 62.34 for (6- 3.88) minutes, or about 2.1 min- Hint: All numbers are consecutive to two
square inches. The total area of the sheet is 9" x 12" = utes, before you came upon the scene. others except for 1 and 8, which start and
108 square inches. Hence 62.34/108 x 100 = 57.7 end the list. Put 1 and 8 in the boxes with
percent is an approximate percent of the area of the 2 7 7812 notes. In one hour it strikes the most neighbors, that is, in the center.
sheet that will be cut. 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 = 40 notes of the Westmin- (Source: Getting Started in Problem Solv·
ster tune, which is 960 notes in a twenty- ing and Math Contests by Michael W.
four-hour day. 'l'he gongs on the hour
2 3 5.9 inches. The length of an arc of a circle is total 2 x (1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 12) = 156 in a
Ecker [New York: Franklin Watts Pub-
given by the formulas =re, where r is the radius lishing, 1987))
day's time. Thus, in one day 960 + 156 =
and 8 is the central angle measured in radians. 1116 notes are struck, giving 1116 x 7 =
Since tan 8 =12/5 = 2.4, it follows that 8,. 67.38° = 7812 notes per week. 30 Juan won the first, second, fifth,
1.176 radians. Thus, s = 5 x 1.176 = 5.88 inches. seventh, and eighth games. The gross
24 07. The final two digits of any power of7 can 28 One solution requiring three moves total of the stakes is 2° + 2I + 22 + 23 + ... +
is shown: 29, or 1023, cents. lf Juan won J cents and
end only in 01, 07, 43, or 49. The final digits of7 *
1
the friend won H cents, then H + J = 1023
are always 01, of74k•I are 07, and of7 4h 2 are 49; and Given: iii~~~ and H -J = 601. Solving, we getJ = 211.
the last two digits of7 4k'3 are always 43. Since 1997 Move #1 i~~~~~ The only possible way of winning 211 cents
is of the form (4h + 1), 7I997 ends in 07. Move #2 i~ii~~ is to win (1 + 2 + 16 + 64 + 128) cents. (\~

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