NUARY

A box contains four digits: one 1, two ABCD is a rectangle. F is a point on Find the values of x andy for which
9s, and one 8. The digits are written AB. DF and CBare extended to meet (x+ yi) =(1 + i)12 where i 2 = - 1.
on separate pieces of paper. The digits atE. AC and D c
are drawn without replacement and DF intersect
placed in the order they are drawn to at G. Given
create a four-digit number. What is FG =2 and
~----l"-<-----l B
the probability that the four-digit FE=6,
number is prime? find DC.

The sum of the square roots of two The area of a rectangle is 360 m2. If its Solve the following system: The sum of the number of sides of two
numbers is 5. The two numbers also length is increased by 10m and its convex polygons is 10, and the sum of
differ by 5. What are the numbers? width is decreased by 6m, then its XV4 + YU5 = 5 the numbers of their diagonals is 11.
area does not change. Find the x3/4 + Y315 =35 What type of polygons are described?
perimeter of the original rectangle.

Given that ABCDE is a regular pent.a- Prove that for every natural number If Joe gives Pepe 10 walnuts and Mia A flag design is shown. A cross is sym-
gon and BF bisects L.ABE, prove n, the following relationship is true: gives Pepe 15 walnuts, then Pepe has metrically placed, and all four arms
that BF is perpendicular to BC. as many as Joe and Mia together. But are the same width. Suppose that the
i2" +i2n+l +i2n+2 +i211+3 if instead Joe gives Mia 15 walnuts flag measures 3 meters high by 4
D

E~C
~
1 1
= - +--+-
1
+ --
1
i2n i2n+l i2n+2 i211+3
and Pepe gives her 8 more, then Mia
has as many as Joe and Pepe together.
What is the least number of walnuts
that each person could have?
arms of the cross
be so that it makes
up half the area of
the flag?
g
meters across. How wide should the

Using thirteen toothpicks, we can We are given 87 tibbs. All 34 gibbs In a certain game, two players take In the set X= 11, 2, 3, ... , 6001, the
make a figure with six congruent and 49 pibbs are tibbs. If exactly 9 turns adding two, three, or four coins elements that are multiples of 3 or 4,
regions, as in the sketch. Take away tibbs are gibbs and pibbs, then how to a pile. Suppose that the pile starts or both, are assigned to a subset Y.
one toothpick and use the twelve many tibbs are neither pibbs nor with no coins and that the player who Find the sum of all the elements of Y.
remaining ones to make another figure gibbs? adds the sixtieth coin wins the entire
with six congruent regions. pile. Which player should win, and
what strategy should be used?

1-1_1-11-11
Ten teams play in a tournament. Each If the ten digits 10, 1, 2, ... , 9} are If the area of the triangle is half the For Christmas, the Greys and the Olsons
game involves two teams. If the arranged in any order on a circle, show area of the semicircle, what is the gave their grandchildren gifts of money.
tournament consists of twenty-th1·ee that three consecutive digits always measure of angle a to the nearest The grandsons each received as many dol-
games, explain why some team must appear whose sum is at least 15. minute? lars as there were grandsons and the
play five or more games. granddaughters each received as many

&
dollars as there were granddaughters in
their respective families. Each family gave
$697, but they have different numbers of
A B grandchildren. How many grandchil-
dren do the two families have in total?

Find the values of A, N, and E given ADDD, AACA, BCDB, and BDAC If K, E, and D are consecutive integers Consider all five-digit numbers formed
that represent different four-digit prime and if G and Bare different consecu- from the five digits 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5,
numbers. What are these prime tive integers, what product is each digit used at most once in each
A N N E e,ght -A N N Er.,e =ANNE seven· numbers? represented by number. What is the sum of these five-
digit numbers?
KED=E x GB?

3x + ?y = 188. What integral solution What is the smallest composite num- True or false? In what base does 31 equal 2(17)?
(x, y) yields
the least positive differ- ber generated by p2 - p - 1, where p is
ence (y -x)? a prime? (x~")d ==x(cdJ,

X ;t 0.

At what exact times between 4 o'clock Find three three-digit square numbers In triangle ABC, D and F trisect AC, Divide this checkerboard along the
and 5 o'clock are the hands of a clock that together use each of the digits 1, E and G trisect BC, H bisects AB, and edges of the squares to get four con-
perpendicular to each other? 2, 3, ... , 9 exactly once. J bisects DE. Find the ratio of the area gruent pieces, each containing one
of triangle DEH to the area of triangle of the circles.
FGJ.
111 5

©National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, 1906 Association Drive, Reston, VA 20191-1593

 Edited by John Grant McLoughlin, [email protected], Memorial University of Newfoundland,
St. John's, NF AlB 3X8
Problems 2-9 were submitted by Elias Ionas, Truman Middle College, 1145 West Wilson.' Chi~ago, ~L 60~40. Problems
10-12, 18, 19, 30, and 31 were prepared by Victor G. Feser, Uni~ersit~ of~ary, 7500 Uruve~s1ty Dnve, B1smarck, ND
58504-9652. Problems 13- 17 were adapted from Applied Combmatoncs wah Problem Solvmg by Bradley W. Jackson
and Dmitri Thoro (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1990). Problems 20-22 were adapted from 1.50
Puzzles in Crypt·Arithmetic by Maxey Brooke (New York: Dover Publica~i~ns, 1963). Pr?blen:ts 24-28 appeared m the
Wisconsin State Mathematics Meet, 13 May 1972. Thanks go to Gerry R1smg, State Umvers1ty New York, Buffalo, NY
14222, for pro,~ding the Wisconsin contest material.

~
Set
1 0. The sum of the digits 1, 9, \ X+ \ .t+5=5
9, and 8 is 27. Hence, the four- = [(1+itr
digit number will be a multiple of \ X+5=5- \ X
both 3 and 9. x +5 = 25 - 10yx +X
~
Then
= (1+2i- 1t
2 4. Compare the triangles EOC 10\ X= 20
i'5 =za.
and DOA. The alternate interior
=(2it Then the given system becomes
..Jx=2
angles LCEG and LADG are
congruent, as are the vertical
angles LEGC and LDOA. There-
=[(2i)
2
J :c =4 (1)

(2)
w+z =5,
w3 +z 3 = 35.
fore, b. ECO - b.DOA and )3
= ( -4 5 76 m. Let l and w represent
CO EG the original length and width (in The solution of this system can
(1) -=- =-64. meters): be found by cubing both sides of
AO DG
Then (l + 10)(w - 6) = 360 (1) to get
Next, compare the triangles AOF
and COD. The alternate interior X + yi : -64 + 0 ' i. where w = 360/l. w3 +z3 +3wz(w+z}= 125.
angles LGAF and LOCO are con- Equate their real and their imagin-
gruent, as are the vertical angles
LAOF and LCGD. Therefore,
ary parts, giving x = -64 andy = 0. 360= (t+lO{
3 0
~ -6) Substituting (1) and (2), we get
b. AGF - b. COD.lt follows that Alternative solution 3600 35+3wz(5) =125,
360 = 360 - 6l + -60
CG DO By using deMoivre's theorem, l
(2 )
AO = FG. 15wz =90,

From (1) and (2) we can conclude

that
(l+it =[ \ { COS~+isin~ )f 61 +60- 3600 =0
I
6/ 2 +60[-3600 = 0 Since w + z = 5,
wz = 6.

EO DG 6
= 2 ( cos3n+isin 3n) 6(l +30)(1- 20) = 0 (3) w =3, z =2
DG = FO' or
=-64. Sol = 20 or -30. Since l > 0, l =20, (4) w =2,z =3.
2 and w =360/20 =18. The perime-
!3) ( D0) = EO · FG. Therefore, x =-64 and y =0. ter of the original rectangle is Using solution (3), we obtain
2(20 + 18), or 76, meters.
But FG =2 and FE =6, so EO = 4 9 and 4. The result can be x 114 =3
FE+ FO = 2 + 6 = 8. Substitut- obtained by inspection. Note that 6 (:c, y) = {(16, 243), (81, 32)}. Set '
ing, we get WG>2 =EO • FO = the sum of the square roots is 5. x=3 4 ,
2 • =16. Therefore, DO = 4. This small sum makes it practi- x= Bl;
cal to test possible whole-number
3 X= -64, j' = 0: pairs. An algebraic solution Then yl / 5 =2,
12 where x and !x + 5) are the num-
x+yt=(l+i) bers is also provided here. (Continued on page 39)

Th e Edttorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher is considering sets of problems submitted by individuals, classes of prospective teachers,
and mathematics clubs for publication in the calendar during the 1998-99 academic year. Please write to the senior journal editor, 1906
Assocwtion Dnl'e, Reston, \'A 20191·1593, for guidelines, or send your request through e-mail to [email protected], or obtain guide·
lmes as document 803 from NCTM's Fax·on·Demand Service Center, (800) 220-8483.
Tu·o other sources of problems in calendar form are available from NCTM: "Calendars for the Calculating" (a set of nine monthly calendars
that onginally appeared from eptember 1983 to May 1984, order number 344, $7.00) and "A Year of Mathematics" (one annual calendar
that originally appeared i11 September 1982. order number 31 1, $3.50; set of five, order number 312, $7.00). Individual members receive a
20 percent dtscount off these prices. Write to NCTM, Department P, or send e-mail to [email protected], for the catalog of educational
matenals, trlrich includes a listing for the publication Exploratory Problems in Mathematics.- Ed.

5 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR -Continued from page 39 ·

consecutive digits around the cir- (1) B = 3, D =9, A= 7, C = 1, giv- ther digits, a 9 (360 + 39 = 399); than 4 hours). Then atx minutes
cle. These digits sum to 45. Hence, ing 3193, divisible by 31; (2) B = 3, until the leading digit, which will after 4 (0 < x < 60), the hands
the sets average 45/3 = 15. At D = 9, A= 1, C = 7, giving 3793, be a 3. Thus 3 999 960. will be at x and
least one set of three consecutive prime; (3) B = 9, D = 3,A = 7,
digits must sum to at least 15. C = 1, giving 9139, divisible by 24 x=16,y=20.Sincey-.o0
13; and (4)8 = 9, D = 3,A = 1, and (y- x) is an integer,)' - x ~ 1.
18 25° 53'. Let the radius of cases where a prime results, C = 7 Hence, y ;::: x + 1. When y = x + 1,
C = 7, giving 9739, prime. In both
the circle be r. Then half the area 188 = 3x + 7y = 3x + 7x + 7 = lOx+ or
of the semicircle is m· 2/4. Since and A = 1. BDAC must be either 7. If lOx+ 7 = 188, then lOx=
LC is a right angle, being 9317 or 3917, as Band D equal 9 181 and xis not an integer. When
inscribed in a semicircle, then and 3. But 9317 is divisible by 7, y = x + 2, 188 = lOx + 14 and lOx=
AC = 2r sin a and BC = 2r cos a. whereas 3917 is prime. Thus A= 1, 174. When y =x + 3, 188 = lOx+
Then the area of the triangle is B = 3, C = 7, and D = 9. 21. Wheny = x + 4, 188 =lOx+ 28
and lOx= 160 and x is an inte- minutes, respectively.
BC x AC/2, or 2r2 (cos a)(sin a). The hands are perpendicular
By the double-angle identity, this 2 2 234 = 3 X 78: ger. Therefore, x = 16 implies
when they are separated by
thaty = 20. Thus, the solution
2
result is r sin (2a). Setting the
two area expressions equal leads
*
• E 0 or 1, as KED bas three x = 16,y = 20 yields the least exactly 15 minutes. That is
digits. positive difference ( y- x).
to TCr 2!4 =,.-sin (2a). Solve this • E cannot be even, for if E is
equality to get a =sin- {TC/4)/2,
1

or about 25° 52.7'.

even, KED must be odd 2 5 155. Substituting succes-
because of consecutive integers. sive primes for p, we obtain the
yet Ex GB would be even. results summarized in the chart. Therefore,
19 72. LetS be the number of • E cannot be 5, for if E were 5, p p2- p - 1 llx _
grandsons and D be the number
2 2 Ex GB would end in a 0 or a 5, 20- 11x = 15 or 20 - - =-1b
of granddaughters. Then S + D = to which D could not equate. 2 1 12 12
697. By trial and enor, we find 3 5
21 2 + 162 = 697 and 112 + 242 =
• E cannot be 9, as that value 11x
leaves no value for either K or D. 5 19 .. 5= - or 35=llx
697. The number of grandchildren 7 41 12 12
equals 21 + 16 + 11 + 24 = 72. *
• E cannot be 7, as 876 7 · (a
Note: The units digit of a perfect *
two-digit number) and 678 7 • 11
13
109
155 .. x=-
60
or x=-
420
square can be 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, or 9. {a two-digit number). Thus E = 11 11
3, leaving only
The only way to get a sum of two 2 6 False. Numerous examples Altematively, let X be the "dis-
perfect squares ending in 7 is to 234 = 3 · (a two-digit number) will illustrate the falsehood. For
add perfect squares ending in 1 tance" moved by the minute hand
or example, letx = 2, c = 1, and d = 3. where the unit of"dislancen is
and 6, respectively. (Adapted
from Mathematical Puzzles of 432 = 3 • (a two-digit number), (x'l =(21>3 =8 the angle unit moved in a
Sa111 Loyd, selected and edited by which is not possible; therefore, minute. Then
and
Martin Gardner [New York: the only solution is 234 = 3 • 78.
Dover Publications, 1959]) lx
Alternatively, the possible val- 12
ues of KED are given by 123, 234,
20 A= 1, N = 3, and E = 2. If 345,456,567, 678, 789,andthe 27 Thirteen. Let the base be is the "distance" moved by the hour
the numbers are written in the reversals of these numbers. represented by B. We require hand in the same amount of time.
decimal, or base-ten, system, We require that E (the middle that
we get digit) is a factor of KED, which X + 15 = l X + 20,
only occurs when E = 3. Both 234 38+1 = 2(8+7). 12
(E + 8N + 64N + 512AJ
and 432 are multiples of 3. Since
- (E + 5N + 25N + 125A)
GB is a quantity less than 100, 38+1 = 28+14 !!x =5
= E + 7N + 49N + 343A. the only plausible value of KED 12 '
and
Simplifying, we find that is 234. Checking, we find that
B =13. X=5~
44 A - 14N =E. But A, N, and E 234 = 3 X 78. 11
are less than 5, and E is even. To check, calculate 3 (13) + 1 = 40 or
The only solution is given by A = 1, 23 3 999 960. We have 5!, or and 2 (13 + 7) = 40.
N = 3, and E =2. 120, possible numbers to consid- x =lx +20+15,
er. The average number will be
33 333 (i.e., (1 + 5)/2 in each
28 4:05~ 12
21 1999,1171,3793,and 11
3917. Since each letter is a final placeholder). The sum is
and
!!x =35
digit, they must all be odd; 1, 3, 120 x 33 333, or 3 999 960. 12 '
7, or9. Alternatively, twenty-four l's, 4:38!
A and C must be 1 or 7; other- 2's, 3's, 4's, and 5's \vill appear in X=38!.
11 11
wise the numbers ADDD and each column. Thus, each column
AACA would be divisible by 3. will sum to 360. Therefore, the At 4:00 the minute hand is at 0
Thus B and D must be 3 or 9. units digit of the sum is 0; the and the hour hand is at 4. Let us 29 361, 529, and 784. We can
Under these conditions, BCDB tens digit, a 6 (360 + 36 = 396); begin by consider·ing the hour easily list all threc·digit squares
can be written in four ways: the hundreds digit and all fur- hand to be at 20 minutes (rather rContinued on page 601

Vol. 91, No. 1 • January 1998 59

 SOLUTIONS TO CALENDAR -
Continued from page 59

that contain three different digits: 169, 196, 256, 289,

324, 361, 529, 576, 625, 729, 784, 841, and 961.

30 2:1. Since D and FtrisectAC and sinceE and G ..... Read profiles of hundreds of TO MATH & SCIENCE REFORM
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31 re
•• Monthly updates
•
!Adapted from Mathematical Puzzles of Sam Loyd,
1- 1
A Fr~
selected and edited by Martin Gardner [New York: The Annen berg 1CPB Math and Science Collection
Dover Publications, 1959)) (i'S)

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60 THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER