Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Topology

Addressing Table
Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask Default Gateway

S1 VLAN 99 172.17.99.11 255.255.255.0 172.17.99.1

S2 VLAN 99 172.17.99.12 255.255.255.0 172.17.99.1
PC-A NIC 172.17.99.3 255.255.255.0 172.17.99.1
PC-B NIC 172.17.10.3 255.255.255.0 172.17.10.1
PC-C NIC 172.17.99.4 255.255.255.0 172.17.99.1
VLAN Assignments
VLAN Name

10 Data
99 Management&Native
999 BlackHole
Objectives
Part 1: Build the Network and Configure Basic Device Settings Part
2: Implement VLAN Security on the Switches

Background / Scenario
Best practice dictates configuring some basic security settings for both access and trunk ports on switches.
This will help guard against VLAN attacks and possible sniffing of network traffic within the network.

. All rights reserved. This document is Cisco Public.

In this lab, you will configure the network devices in the topology with some basic settings, verify connectivity
and then apply more stringent security measures on the switches. You will examine how Cisco switches
behave by using various show commands. You will then apply security measures.

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Note: The switches used with this lab are Cisco Catalyst 2960s with Cisco IOS Release 15.0(2) (lanbasek9
image). Other switches and Cisco IOS versions can be used. Depending on the model and Cisco IOS version,
the commands available and output produced might vary from what is shown in the labs.
Note: Make sure that the switches have been erased and have no startup configurations. If you are unsure,
contact your instructor.
Instructor note: Refer to the Instructor Lab Manual for the procedures to initialize and reload devices.

Required Resources
• 2 Switches (Cisco 2960 with Cisco IOS Release 15.0(2) lanbasek9 image or comparable)
• 3 PCs (Windows 7, Vista, or XP with terminal emulation program, such as Tera Term)
• Console cables to configure the Cisco IOS devices via the console ports
• Ethernet cables as shown in the topology

Part 1: Build the Network and Configure Basic Device Settings

In Part 1, you will configure basic settings on the switches and PCs. Refer to the Addressing Table for device
names and address information.

Step 1: Cable the network as shown in the topology.

Step 2: Initialize and reload the switches.

Step 3: Configure IP addresses on PC-A, PC-B, and PC-C.

Refer to the Addressing Table for PC address information.

Step 4: Configure basic settings for each switch.

a. Disable DNS lookup.
b. Configure the device names as shown in the topology.
c. Assign class as the privileged EXEC mode password.
d. Assign cisco as the console and VTY password and enable login for console and vty lines.
e. Configure synchronous logging for console and vty lines.

Step 5: Configure VLANs on each switch.

a. Create and name VLANs according to the VLAN Assignments table.
b. Configure the IP address listed in the Addressing Table for VLAN 99 on both switches.
c. Configure F0/6 on S1 as an access port and assign it to VLAN 99.
d. Configure F0/11 on S2 as an access port and assign it to VLAN 10.
e. Configure F0/18 on S2 as an access port and assign it to VLAN 99.
f. Issue show vlan brief command to verify VLAN and port assignments.
S1# show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
Fa0/5, Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9
Fa0/10, Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13
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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17

Fa0/18, Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21
Fa0/22, Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gi0/1
Gi0/2 10
Data active
99 Management&Native active Fa0/6
999 BlackHole active
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup

S2# show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4
Fa0/5, Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8
Fa0/9, Fa0/10, Fa0/12, Fa0/13
Fa0/14, Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gi0/1, Gi0/2
10 Data active Fa0/11
99 Management&Native active Fa0/18
999 BlackHole active
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup

To which VLAN would an unassigned port, such as F0/8 on S2, belong?

____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 6: Configure basic switch security.

a. Configure a MOTD banner to warn users that unauthorized access is prohibited. b.
Encrypt all passwords.
c. Shut down all unused physical ports.
d. Disable the basic web service running.
S1(config)# no ip http server
S2(config)# no ip http server
e. Copy the running configuration to startup configuration.

Step 7: Verify connectivity between devices and VLAN information.

a. From a command prompt on PC-A, ping the management address of S1. Were the pings successful?
Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

b. From S1, ping the management address of S2. Were the pings successful? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
c. From a command prompt on PC-B, ping the management addresses on S1 and S2 and the IP address of
PC-A and PC-C. Were your pings successful? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________

d. From a command prompt on PC-C, ping the management addresses on S1 and S2. Were you
successful? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Note: It may be necessary to disable the PC firewall to ping between PCs.

Part 2: Implement VLAN Security on the Switches

Step 1: Configure trunk ports on S1 and S2.
a. Configure port F0/1 on S1 as a trunk port.
S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
b. Configure port F0/1 on S2 as a trunk port.
S2(config)# interface f0/1
S2(config-if)# switchport mode trunk
c. Verify trunking on S1 and S2. Issue the show interface trunk command on both switches.
S1# show interface trunk

Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan

Fa0/1 on 802.1q trunking 1

Port Vlans allowed on trunk

Fa0/1 1-4094

Port Vlans allowed and active in management domain

Fa0/1 1,10,99,999

Port Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned Fa0/1
1,10,99,999

Step 2: Change the native VLAN for the trunk ports on S1 and S2.
Changing the native VLAN for trunk ports from VLAN 1 to another VLAN is a good practice for security. a.
What is the current native VLAN for the S1 and S2 F0/1 interfaces?

b. Configure the native VLAN on the S1 F0/1 trunk interface to Management&Native VLAN 99.
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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

S1# config t
S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# switchport trunk native vlan 99
c. Wait a few seconds. You should start receiving error messages on the console session of S1. What does
the %CDP-4-NATIVE_VLAN_MISMATCH: message mean?

d. Configure the native VLAN on the S2 F0/1 trunk interface to VLAN 99.
S2(config)# interface f0/1
S2(config-if)# switchport trunk native vlan 99
e. Verify that the native VLAN is now 99 on both switches. S1 output is shown below.
S1# show interface trunk

Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan

Fa0/1 on 802.1q trunking 99

Port Vlans allowed on trunk

Fa0/1 1-4094

Port Vlans allowed and active in management domain

Fa0/1 1,10,99,999

Port Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned

Fa0/1 10,999
Step 3: Verify that traffic can successfully cross the trunk link.
a. From a command prompt on PC-A, ping the management address of S1. Were the pings successful?
Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. From the console session on S1, ping the management address of S2. Were the pings successful? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________

c. From a command prompt on PC-B, ping the management addresses on S1 and S2 and the IP address of
PC-A and PC-C. Were your pings successful? Why?

d. From a command prompt on PC-C, ping the management addresses on S1 and S2 and the IP address of
PC-A. Were you successful? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________

Step 4: Prevent the use of DTP on S1 and S2.

Cisco uses a proprietary protocol known as the Dynamic Trunking Protocol (DTP) on its switches. Some ports
automatically negotiate to trunking. A good practice is to turn off negotiation. You can see this default
behavior by issuing the following command:
S1# show interface f0/1 switchport
Name: Fa0/1
Switchport: Enabled
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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Administrative Mode: trunk

Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: On
<Output Omitted>

a. Turn off negotiation on S1.

S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# switchport nonegotiate
b. Turn off negotiation on S2.
S2(config)# interface f0/1
S2(config-if)# switchport nonegotiate
c. Verify that negotiation is off by issuing the show interface f0/1 switchport command on S1 and S2.
S1# show interface f0/1 switchport
Name: Fa0/1
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: trunk
Operational Mode: trunk
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Operational Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: Off
<Output Omitted>

Step 5: Secure access ports on S1 and S2.

Even though you shut down unused ports on the switches, if a device is connected to one of those ports and
the interface is enabled, trunking could occur. In addition, all ports by default are in VLAN 1. A good practice
is to put all unused ports in a “black hole” VLAN. In this step, you will disable trunking on all unused ports. You
will also assign unused ports to VLAN 999. For the purposes of this lab, only ports 2 through 5 will be
configured on both switches.
a. Issue the show interface f0/2 switchport command on S1. Notice the administrative mode and state for
trunking negotiation.
S1# show interface f0/2 switchport
Name: Fa0/2
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: dynamic auto
Operational Mode: down
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: On
<Output Omitted>

b. Disable trunking on S1 access ports.

S1(config)# interface range f0/2 – 5
S1(config-if-range)# switchport mode access
S1(config-if-range)# switchport access vlan 999
c. Disable trunking on S2 access ports.

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

S2(config)# interface range f0/2 – 5

S2(config-if-range)# switchport mode access S2(config-if-range)# switchport
access vlan 999
d. Verify that port F0/2 is set to access on S1.
S1# show interface f0/2 switchport
Name: Fa0/2
Switchport: Enabled
Administrative Mode: static access
Operational Mode: down
Administrative Trunking Encapsulation: dot1q
Negotiation of Trunking: Off
Access Mode VLAN: 999 (BlackHole)
Trunking Native Mode VLAN: 1 (default)
Administrative Native VLAN tagging: enabled
Voice VLAN: none
<Output Omitted>

e. Verify that VLAN port assignments on both switches are correct. S1 is shown below as an example.
S1# show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- ------------------------------ --------- ------------------------------ 1
default active Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gi0/1, Gi0/2
10 Data active
99 Management&Native active Fa0/6
999 BlackHole active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup Restrict VLANs allowed on
trunk ports.

By default, all VLANs are allowed to be carried on trunk ports. For security reasons, it is a good practice to
only allow specific desired VLANs to cross trunk links on your network. f. Restrict the trunk port F0/1
on S1 to only allow VLANs 10 and 99.
S1(config)# interface f0/1
S1(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,99
g. Restrict the trunk port F0/1 on S2 to only allow VLANs 10 and 99.
S2(config)# interface f0/1 S2(config-if)# switchport trunk allowed vlan 10,99
h. Verify the allowed VLANs. Issue a show interface trunk command in privileged EXEC mode on both S1
and S2.
S1# show interface trunk

Port Mode Encapsulation Status Native vlan

Fa0/1 on 802.1q trunking 99
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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Port Vlans allowed on trunk

Fa0/1 10,99

Port Vlans allowed and active in management domain

Fa0/1 10,99

Port Vlans in spanning tree forwarding state and not pruned

Fa0/1 10,99 What

is the result?
____________________________________________________________________________________

Reflection
What, if any, are the security problems with the default configuration of a Cisco switch?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Device Configs Switch S1
S1# show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9, Fa0/10
Fa0/11, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/18
Fa0/19, Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22
Fa0/23, Fa0/24, Gi0/1, Gi0/2
10 Data active
99 Management&Native active Fa0/6
999 BlackHole active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup

S1#sh run
Building configuration...

Current configuration : 3821 bytes !

ersion 15.0 no service pad service
timestamps debug datetime msec service
timestamps log datetime msec service
password-encryption !
hostname S1 !
boot-start-marker
boot-end-marker !

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

enable secret 4 06YFDUHH61wAE/kLkDq9BGho1QM5EnRtoyr8cHAUg.2 !

no aaa new-model system
mtu routing 1500 !
no ip domain-lookup !
spanning-tree mode pvst
spanning-tree extend system-id
!
vlan internal allocation policy ascending
! interface FastEthernet0/1 switchport
trunk native vlan 99 switchport trunk
allowed vlan 10,99 switchport mode trunk
switchport nonegotiate !
interface FastEthernet0/2
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/3
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/4
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/5
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/6
switchport access vlan 99
switchport mode access !
interface FastEthernet0/7
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/8 shutdown
!
interface FastEthernet0/9
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/10 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/11
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/12 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/13
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/14 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/15
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/16 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/17
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/18 shutdown !

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interface FastEthernet0/19
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/20 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/21
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/22 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/23
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/24 shutdown !
interface GigabitEthernet0/1
shutdown
! interface
GigabitEthernet0/2 shutdown
!
interface Vlan1 no ip address
shutdown ! interface Vlan99 ip
address 172.17.99.11 255.255.255.0 !
no ip http server ip http secure-
server !
banner motd ^CWarning. Unauthorized access is prohibited.^C !
line con 0 password 7
070C285F4D06 logging
synchronous login line
vty 0 4 password 7
070C285F4D06 logging
synchronous login line
vty 5 15 password 7
070C285F4D06 logging
synchronous login ! end

Switch S2
S2#show vlan brief

VLAN Name Status Ports

---- -------------------------------- --------- -------------------------------
1 default active Fa0/6, Fa0/7, Fa0/8, Fa0/9
Fa0/10, Fa0/12, Fa0/13, Fa0/14
Fa0/15, Fa0/16, Fa0/17, Fa0/19
Fa0/20, Fa0/21, Fa0/22, Fa0/23
Fa0/24, Gi0/1, Gi0/2
10 Data active Fa0/11
99 Management&Native active Fa0/18
999 BlackHole active Fa0/2, Fa0/3, Fa0/4, Fa0/5
1002 fddi-default act/unsup
1003 token-ring-default act/unsup
1004 fddinet-default act/unsup
1005 trnet-default act/unsup

S2#sh run

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

Building configuration...

Current configuration : 3852 bytes !

version 15.0 no service pad service
timestamps debug datetime msec service
timestamps log datetime msec service
password-encryption !
hostname S2 !
boot-start-marker
boot-end-marker !
enable secret 4 06YFDUHH61wAE/kLkDq9BGho1QM5EnRtoyr8cHAUg.2 !
no aaa new-model system
mtu routing 1500 !
no ip domain-lookup !
spanning-tree mode pvst
spanning-tree extend system-id
!
vlan internal allocation policy ascending
! interface FastEthernet0/1 switchport
trunk native vlan 99 switchport trunk
allowed vlan 10,99 switchport mode trunk
switchport nonegotiate !
interface FastEthernet0/2
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/3
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/4
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/5
switchport access vlan 999
switchport mode access
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/6 shutdown
interface FastEthernet0/6
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/7 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/8
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/9 shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/10
shutdown !
interface FastEthernet0/11
switchport access vlan 10
switchport mode access !

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Lab – Implementing VLAN Security

interface FastEthernet0/12
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/13 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/14 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/15 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/16 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/17 shutdown
!
interface FastEthernet0/18
switchport access vlan 99
switchport mode access !
interface FastEthernet0/19
shutdown ! interface
FastEthernet0/20 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/21 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/22 shutdown
! interface
FastEthernet0/23 shutdown
!
interface FastEthernet0/24
shutdown ! interface
GigabitEthernet0/1 shutdown
! interface
GigabitEthernet0/2 shutdown
!
interface Vlan1
no ip address !
interface Vlan99 ip address
172.17.99.12 255.255.255.0 !
no ip http server ip
http secure-server !
banner motd ^CWarning. Unauthorized access is prohibited.^C !
line con 0 password 7
00071A150754 logging
synchronous login line
vty 0 4 password 7
00071A150754 logging
synchronous login line
vty 5 15 password 7
070C285F4D06 logging
synchronous login ! end

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