Gross Anatomy

Introduction: Human Structural Biology (Human Anatomy)

Dr. Cirilo N. Diesmos | August 5 2019

TOPIC OUTLINE
A. Definition of Anatomy
B. Approaches in Studying Anatomy
a. Regional Anatomy
b. Systemic Anatomy
c. Clinical/ Applied Anatomy
d. Other Approaches
C. Anatomical Position
D. Anatomical Planes
E. Anatomical Sections
F. Anatomical Locations
G. Anatomical Movement
H. Skeletal Muscles by Shape

Definition of Anatomy
- anatomia, anatome (Latin and ancient Greek
origin)
Ana – up
Tome/ temnein – to cut
- cutting up/ through structures of body w/o
microscope by various methods
- human structural macroscopical anatomy

Approaches in Studying Anatomy

A. Regional Anatomy
• Specific part or origin
• Arrangements, relationships of systemic B. Systemic Anatomy
structures (eg. VAN) • body's organ systems that work together
• Organization as major parts of 1. Dermatology – Integumentary system
segments: - Skin, appendages (hair, nails, sweat
o Main body: head, neck, trunk glands)
(thorax, abdomen, back, and 2. Osteology – Skeletal system
pelvis/perineum) - Bones and cartilage
o paired UL and LL 3. Arthrology – Articular system
• All major parts may be further - Joints, ligaments
subdivided into areas and regions 4. Myology – Muscular system
• Body's organization by layers: skin, - Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
subcutaneous tissue, and deep fascia 5. Neurology – Nervous system
covering the deeper structures of - controls and coordinates sense organs:
muscles, skeleton, and cavities, which § Olfactory organ
contain viscera (internal organs) § Ophthalmology
§ Otology
Surface Anatomy § Gustatory organ
• Structures perceptible to touch a. CNS (brain, spinal cord)
(palpable) in living body at rest and in b. PNS (nerves, ganglia, motor and sensory
motion endings)

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ü Brain – master organ of the body Cadaver – Latin “cadere” means “to fall”
6. Angiology – Circulatory system Dissection – Latin “dissectus” of dissecare meaning “to
a. Cardiovascular system (cardiology) cut apart”
§ heart and blood vessels Crease – lines along epidermal skin for minimal scar
b. Lymphatic system Prosection – dissection by experienced/ expert
§ lymphatic vessels anatomist for demonstration to students
§ lymph nodes Anatomical Terminology – based from Terminologia
ü Cancer joins the veinous system Anatomica: International Anatomical Terminology
(FICAT, 1998)
Stages of Cancer
1- Locally Anatomical Position
2- • as if the person were standing upright
3- Nearby tissues/ lymph nodes
• head, gaze (eyes), toes directed anteriorly
4- Other parts of the body • arms adjacent to the sides w/ palms facing
7. Gastroenterology – Alimentary or digestive tract anteriorly
- mouth to the anus with associated • lower limbs close together with feet parallel,
organs and glands toes directed forward
ü Small intestine – largest endocrine gland of the
body Anatomical Plane (4 Imaginary Planes)
8. Pulmonology – Respiratory system 1. Median – R & L through midline
- air passages, lungs 2. Sagittal – R & L parallel to midline/median
- diaphragm and larynx (control the flow 3. Coronal/ Frontal – A & P
of air) 4. Transverse/ Axial – S & I
ü Diaphragm – most important muscle of § AKA Transaxial plane by radiologists
inspiration
9. Urology – Urinary system
- kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
ü Urine – liquid excretory product
ü Feces – solid excretory product
10. Genital – Reproductive system
- Gonads (ovaries, testes) , genitalia
a. Gynecology – female
b. Andrology – male
11. Endocrinology – Endocrine System
a. discrete ductless endocrine glands (eg. Anatomical Sections
thyroid gland) 1. Longitudinal
b. isolated and clustered cells (eg. gut and 2. Transverse/ Cross section
blood vessel walls) § slices of the body/parts that are cut at
c. specialized nerve endings right angles to the longitudinal axis of
ü Hormones - organic molecules carried by the the body
circulatory system to distant effector cells 3. Oblique
- influence metabolism and other § many radiographic images & anatomical
processes (eg. menstrual cycle, sections are cut slightly oblique
pregnancy, parturition)
C. Clinical/ Applied Anatomy Anatomical Locations
- Regional/systemic approach to clinical 1. Superior – nearer the vertex (topmost point of
application cranium)
D. Other Approaches 2. Cranial – toward head/cranium
• Radiographic ( X-ray) ü Skull (w/ mandible) vs Cranium (w/o mandible)
• Sectional ( CT Scan, MRI) 3. Inferior – nearer to sole of foot
• Endoscopy ( Laparoscopy)
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 4. Caudal – toward tail/foot represented by coccyx 12. Pronation – palm faces posteriorly
(tailbone) 13. Supination – palm face anteriorly
5. Posterior – dorsal/ back 14. Protraction – move forward/ anteriorly
6. Anterior – ventral/ front 15. Retraction – move backward/ posteriorly
7. Rostral – ant. Part of head, toward rostrum 16. Inversion – sole in medial direction
§ eg. frontal lobe is rostral to the 17. Eversion – sole face lateral direction
cerebellum 18. Opposition – pad of the 1st digit (thumb) is
8. Medial – near median plane brought to another digit pad
9. Lateral - farther away from median plane 19. Reposition - 1st digit back to its anatomical
10. Dorsum - superior aspect of any part that position
protrudes anteriorly from the body 20. Elevation – raises, moves a part superiorly
§ eg. of the tongue, nose, penis, or foot 21. Depression – lowers , moves inferiorly
11. Palmar - surface of the hand and fingers
corresponding to the palm Anatomical Variations
12. Inferomedial – near feet and median plane - may influence physical examinations, diagnosis,
13. Superolateral – near head and farther from the and treatment
median plane • Physical appearance (eg. bones of the skeleton)
14. Superficial, intermediate, and deep – relative to • Racial (eg. origin and course of the cystic artery
surface of body or relationship of one structure to the gallbladder)
to another underlying or overlying structure • Sexual
15. External – far from the center of organ or cavity • Genetics (eg. polydactyly)
16. Internal – closer to center
17. Proximal and distal – nearer to or farther from Skeletal Muscles by Shape
the attachment of a limb or the central aspect of Types of muscle:
a linear structure, respectively 1. Skeletal – attached to bones
18. Bilateral – having R & L sides 2. Cardiac – heart
19. Unilateral – one side only 3. Smooth – visceral
20. Ipsilateral – same side of body
21. Contralateral – opposite side of body

Anatomical Movements
1. Flexion – decreasing the angle, toward center in
sagittal plane
2. Extension – increasing angle, usually in posterior
direction
3. Lateral Flexion – coronal plane
4. Plantar Flexion – bends foot and toes toward the
ground
5. Dorsiflexion – flexion at the ankle joint, lifting
the front of the foot and toes off the ground
6. Hyperextension/ Overextension – beyond
normal limit
ü Whiplash – hyperextension of the neck during a
rear-end automobile collision
7. Abduction – moving away from center or median
plane
8. Adduction – moving toward center
9. Lateral Rotation – external rotation, anterior
surface away from the median plane
10. Medial Rotation – internal rotation, anterior
surface of a limb closer to the median plane
11. Circumduction – circular movement

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Skeletal Muscles by Shape
1. Flat muscles – w/ parallel fibers (eg. external
oblique, Sartorius)
2. Pennate muscles – feather-like
a. Unipennate (eg. extensor digitorum
longus)
b. Bipennate (eg. rectus femoris)
c. Multi-pennate (eg. deltoid)
3. Fusiform muscles – spindle shaped with a round,
thick belly and tapered ends (eg. biceps brachii)
4. Convergent muscles – arise from a broad area
and converge to form a single tendon (eg.
pectoralis major)
5. Quadrate muscles – square (eg. rectus
abdominis)
6. Circular or sphincteral muscles – surround a
body opening or orifice, constricting it when
contracted (eg. orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris)
7. Multi-headed or multi-bellied muscles – w/
more than one head of attachment or more than
one contractile belly, respectively (e.g., the
biceps brachii, triceps brachii, digastric and
gastrocnemius muscles)

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