CELL TYPES

What happens when cells group together to

perform a common function?
❑ Organs and organ systems.
❑ An assembly of similar types of cell forms tissues; one or more
types of tissues form organs; and organs that work in
coordination with each other build the organ system.
❑ If any tissue is injured, both the cells and the cell structure in
the organ are also damaged.
❑ Tissues that are similar and perform a common purpose
make up an organ.
Classifications of the cells in
the human body
Different CELL TYPES
EPITHELIAL CELLS

• These are cells found in the largest organ of the body – the skin.
These protect the body from the external environment and also cover
the internal organs
TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS based on SHAPE
• Squamous epithelium
• Cuboidal epithelium
• Columnar epithelium
Squamous epithelial cells are large, flattened cells filled with cytoplasm
possessing a small round nucleus at the center. They are flat and have
an irregularly round shape. The term “squamous” is derived from the
comparison of the cells to the fish’s scales. These cells are typically
found lining the surfaces requiring a smooth flow of fluid as seen in
the blood vessels. They are also found lining the areas requiring a
very thin surface for molecules enabling passage such as air sacs in
the lungs. Generally, the width of these cells is greater than their
height.
The main function of the cuboidal cell epithelium is to help in
absorption, excretion, and secretion. Cuboidal cells epithelium
are single-layered cells that are shaped like a cuboid. These
are found in small collecting ducts of kidneys, pancreas, and
salivary glands. Cuboidal epithelium of digestive tract secretes
digestive enzymes.
Simple columnar epithelium is a single layer of columnar epithelial cells
which are tall and slender with oval-shaped nuclei, attached to the
basement membrane. In humans, simple columnar epithelium lines
most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, and
intestines. Simple columnar epithelium also lines the uterus.
Types of epithelial cells based on their arrangement
• Simple: A simple epithelium means that there’s only one layer of
cells.
• Stratified: A stratified epithelium is made up of more than one layer
of cells.
• Pseudostratified: A pseudostratified epithelium is made up of closely
packed cells that appear to be arranged in layers
What does the epithelium do?
• Protection: Epithelial tissue protects several aspects of
your body. For example, your skin is made up of
epithelial tissue and protects the tissues deeper in your
body, such as blood vessels, muscle and internal
organs. The cilia on the epithelial cells that line your
intestines protect the rest of your body from intestinal
bacteria.
• Secretion: Epithelial tissue in your glands (glandular
epithelium) can secrete (release) enzymes, hormones
and fluids.
Absorption: The epithelial lining of your internal organs, such
as your liver and lungs, can allow the absorption of certain
substances. For example, the internal epithelial lining of your
intestines absorbs nutrients from the food you eat.

Excretion: Excretion is the removal of waste from your body.

The epithelial tissue in your kidneys excrete waste, and the
epithelial tissue in your sweat glands excrete sweat.

Filtration: The epithelium of your respiratory tract filters out

dirt and particles and cleans the air that you breathe in.
Epithelial tissue in your kidneys filters your blood.
 MUSCLE CELLS

• Primarily intended for movement,

the muscle cells are mostly long.
They are classified according to their
texture, attachments, and ability to
respond.
TYPES MUSCLE CELLS

1. Cardiac muscle cells

2. Smooth muscle cells.
3. Skeletal muscle cells
MUSCLE CELLS
The 3 types of muscle tissue are cardiac, smooth,
and skeletal.
1. Cardiac muscle cells are located in the walls of the
heart, appear striped (striated), and are under
involuntary control.
2. Smooth muscle fibers are located in walls of
hollow visceral organs (such as the liver, pancreas,
and intestines), except the heart, appear spindle-
shaped, and are also under involuntary control.
3. Skeletal muscle fibers occur in muscles which are
attached to the skeleton. They are striated in
appearance and are under voluntary control.
BONE CELLS

• Also called as osteocytes, the bone cells are the most resilient body
cells as they are bound together by calcium and phosphate.
TYPES OF BONE CELLS

• Osteoblasts are bone-forming cell,

• Osteoclasts resorb or break down bone, and
• Osteocytes are mature bone cells.
There are three special types of cells that are found only in the bone. These
cell names all start with "OSTEO" because that is the Greek word for bone.

1. OSTEOCLASTS are large cells that dissolve and break down old or
damaged bone cells. They make space for osteoblasts to create new bone
tissue in areas that are growing or need repair
2. OSTEOBLASTS are the cells that form new bone. They have only one
nucleus. Osteoblasts work in teams to build bone. They produce new bone
called "osteoid" which is made of bone collagen and other protein. Then
they control calcium and mineral deposition. They line the surface of the
bone. These old osteoblasts are also called LINING CELLS. They regulate
passage of calcium into and out of the bone, and they respond to
hormones by making special proteins that activate the osteoclasts.
3. OSTEOCYTES are cells inside the bone. They also come from
osteoblasts. Some of the osteoblasts turn into osteocytes while
the new bone is being formed, and the osteocytes then get
surrounded by new bone. They are not isolated, however,
because they send out long branches that connect to the other
osteocytes. These cells can sense pressures or cracks in the
bone and help to direct where osteoclasts will dissolve the
bone.
CARTILAGE CELLS
• These cells are also known as chondrocytes.
• The cartilage cells are surrounded by spaces called
lacuna, which makes them freely bendable.
 NERVE CELLS
• Nerve cells or neurons are the most versatile because they work
every second of a human’s lifetime.
• They appear very long and have many branches at both ends.
• They consist of dendrites which receive signal from other neurons;
and the axon, which in turn conveys the message to other neurons.
 SECRETORY CELLS

• These cells are found in glands

which function as organs of
secretion.
• These secretions can be in the
form of sweat, oil, and the like-
which play important roles in
the body.
 ADIPOSE CELLS
• Adipose cells are more known
as fat cells.
• They are ring- like in form and
function to store fat.
• Each adipose cell contains a
droplet of lipid that is
surrounded by the cytoplasm.
What is the function of adipose tissue?

• Energy storage and release.

• Insulation from cold and heat.
• Cushioning around soft organs.
• Regulating hunger and satiety.
• Maintaining energy balance.
• Regulating glucose and cholesterol.
• Maintaining insulin sensitivity.
• Contributing to immunity.
• Metabolizing sex hormones.
 BLOOD CELLS
• Blood cells are the cells which are
produced during hematopoiesis
and found mainly in the blood.
• Hematopoiesis- is the blood cell
production process
❑45% of the blood tissue by
volume
❑55% of the volume composed of
plasma
 BLOOD CELLS
• These cells are further divided
into red blood cells
(erythrocytes), which
transport and supply oxygen
to the different body parts;
white blood cells
(lymphocytes, monocytes,
neutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils)
Lymphocytes- a type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system.
There are two main types: B cells and T cells. The B cells produce antibodies
that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses and toxins. T cells destroy
the body’s own cells that have themselves been taken over by viruses or
become cancerous
Monocytes- are type of white blood cell in your immune system. It either
kill the invader or alert other blood cells to help destroy and prevent
infection.
Neutrophils- it help your immune system fight and heal injuries.
Eosinophils- are type of white blood cell that protect your body from
parasite, foreign bacteria and outside organism.
Basophils- a white blood cell type that protects your body from infections
and for the body’s immune response during allergic reactions.
TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
1. Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
❑Most abundant cells in the blood
❑Account for approximately 40 to 45 percent of the
blood.
❑Can change shape without breaking.
2. White blood cells (Leukocytes)
❑Account for only about 1% of the blood.
❑They are the cells that make up the majority of the
immune system.
TYPES OF BLOOD CELLS
3. Platelets (Thrombocytes)
❑Platelets are the parts of cells that the body uses for
clotting.
❑Helps to promote other blood clotting mechanisms.
❑Dissolve blood clots when they are no longer
needed.
❑Digest and destroy bacteria.
REPRODUCTIVE CELLS

• Reproductive cells or gametes, have

a single set of chromosomes and
become active at puberty stage.
The nucleus of the spermatocyte
unites with the nucleus of the
oocyte, allowing fertilization to
form a new organism.