COURSE NAME

COURSE CODE
OPEN-ENDED LAB SEMESTER
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : IMPACT OF JET

DATE OF EXPERIMENT : 25/10/2021

NAME : 1. ENGKU AHMAD IDRIS BIN ENGKU MD AZMI (2020878612)

2. FADHLIN SYUHADA BINTI BAHARIN (2020828226)

3. FARAH IZATI BINTI MOHD POUDZI (2020897146)

4. AQIL ISKANDAR SUJAK BIN MUHAMMAD FARID (2020834792)

5. AINNUR ZULHUSNI AKHTAR BIN ABDUL HALIM (2020878822)

CLASS GROUP : EC2203A1B

LECTURER : DR SHARIFAH BINTI ABDULLAH

LEVEL OF OPENNESS :0
MARKS COMMENTS

INTRODUCTION

BASIC CONCEPTS

METHODOLOGY

RESULTS & ANALYSIS 1 2 3 4 5

DISCUSSION 1 2 3 4 5

CONCLUSION 1 2 3 4 5

ORGANIZATION 1 2 3 4 5

TOTAL MARKS
COURSE HYDRAULIC
LABORATORY
COURSE CODE ECW 437 / ECW 421
LEVEL OF OPENNESS 0
CATEGORY FULLY CLOSE
DEGREE OF OPEN ENDED 0
(%)
PERIODOF ACTIVITY 1 WEEK
EXPERIMENT IMPACT OF JET

Introduction

The need for an open-ended laboratory activity is emphasized in enhancing

independent learning activities and inculcating creativity and innovation of
students. It is now a required element in an accreditation exercise as stipulated in
the EAC Manual 2012.

Objectives

To study the force exerted by the impact of jet on:

1. A flat plate
PREAMBLE
2. A hemispherical plate
And compare the force with the actual force given by F = mg

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Determine the force exerted by the impact of jet on flat plate and
hemispherical plate.
2. Verify the force of impact of jet on a plate and compare it with the actual
force Fa = mg.
Theoretical Background

Fluid under pressure is capable of developing force. Mechanical work can be

produced by allowing the jet of water to strike the vanes of a turbine wheel. The
magnitude of the impact depends on the density of fluid, size of flow and velocity
of the jet.

The velocity of the jet is given by:

𝑣 = √(𝑢2 − 2𝑔𝑠) (i)

Where u = Velocity of water jet at nozzle = Q/A

(m/s) d = Flow rate (m3/s)
A = Cross sectional area of nozzle (m2) s=
Distance between nozzle and plate (m) g=
Acceleration of earth’s gravity force = 9.81 m/s2

Newton’s second law states that force equals mass times acceleration, F = ma.
Therefore, the force exerted by the jet that acts on a static plate can be expressed as:
 𝐹 = 𝜌𝑄𝑣(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽)
(ii)

Where p = Density of water jet (kg/m3) d = Velocity of the

water jet at impact point of target plate (m/s) A = Angle of the
bending of water jet (°)

In this experiment, only two (2) types of plates will be tested which are the flat plate
and the hemispherical plate:

(i) For a flat plate, where β = 90°, the theoretical force, Ft exerted by the
impact of jet on the plate is given by

Ft = 𝑄𝑣 (iii)

Figure 1: Impact of water jet on 90° flat plate.

(ii) For a hemispherical plate, where β = 180°, the theoretical force, Ft

exerted by the impact of jet acting on the plate is given by

Ft = 2𝑄𝑣 (iv)

Figure 2: Impact of water jet on 180° hemispherical plate.

 Students will be given two (2) types of plates. The first plate is the flat plate and the
second plate is the hemispherical plate. You are required to fix the plate to the given
Impact of Jet Apparatus which is sitting on top of the Hydraulics Bench.
PROBLEM
Record your observation on the water flow rate, Q and find the theoretical and
STATEMENT
actual forces. Based on the results that you have obtained, plot the graph of actual
force, Fa versus theoretical force, Ft for flat and hemispherical plates. What can you
comment and conclude from the actual force and the theoretical force? You should
relate the results with the engineering application.

Apparatus:
i. Impact of jet apparatus.
ii. Flat plate. iii. Hemispherical plate. iv. Vernier caliper. v. Mass
of loads.
vi. Stopwatch.

Procedures:
i. The water valve was closed and the water pump was turned off.
ii. The top plate was removed by releasing knurled nuts. iii. The
flat plate was fitted (90°) and the top plate was reassembled.
iv. The apparatus was make sure are level by using spirit level.
v. The weight platform was ensured is aligned with the pointer. This point is
taken as a datum.
WAYS AND MEANS vi. The pump was started and the water flow was established by steadily open
the regulating valve until it is fully open. vii. Mass of 100 g was placed on
the weight platform.
viii. The valve was regulated until the weight platform aligned to the pointer
level (datum).
ix. The pole stopper was inserted at measuring tank.
x. The time and the volume of water in the measuring tank was recorded. xi.
The pole stopper was pulled out to empty the measuring tank.
xii. The regulating valve was closed and the pump was switched off. The
apparatus was allowed to drain.
xiii. Step 5-12 was repeated for 6 times with different mass loads. xiv. The
procedure was repeated with hemispherical plate (180°).

RESULTS
 DATA SHEET

Diameter of nozzle, d = 0.01702 m

Area, A = 0.000228 m2

Distance between nozzle and plate (m), s = 0.025 m

Type of nozzle Mass Volume Time, Flow rate, Velocity of Velocity of Actual Theoretical
(kg) of water, s Q=V/t water jet, the jet, 𝑣= force, force, Ft=
ml (m3/s) u=Q/A (m/s) √(𝑢2−2𝑔𝑠) Fa= 𝑄𝑣 (N)
𝜌
ma
(N)
0.1 5500 22.28 0.000246958 1.082711266 0.825689825 0.981 0.203828278

0.2 5500 20 0.000275 1.206140351 0.981974819 1.962 0.270043075

0.3 5500 18.5 0.000297297 1.303935514 1.099885369 2.943 0.326992948

Flat plate 0.4 5500 15.2 0.000361842 1.587026777 1.424132716 3.924 0.51531118

0.5 5500 10.35 0.000531401 2.330705992 2.222991323 4.905 1.181299737

0.6 5500 9.66 0.000569358 2.497184991 2.396963262 5.886 1.364730636

Type of nozzle Mass Volume Time, Flow rate, Q Velocity of Velocity of Actual Theoretical
(kg) of water, s (m3/s) water jet, the jet, 𝑣= force, force, Ft=
ml u=Q/A (m/s) √(𝑢2−2𝑔𝑠) Fa= 2𝑄𝑣 (N)
ma
(N)
0.1 5500 29.53 0.000186251 0.816891535 0.420489928 0.981 0.156633566

0.2 5500 27.23 0.000201983 0.88589082 0.542496585 1.962 0.219150291

0.3 5500 24 0.000229167 1.005116959 0.720943896 2.943 0.330432619

Hemispherical
plate 0.4 5500 20 0.000275 1.206140351 0.981974819 3.924 0.540086151

0.5 5500 16 0.00034375 1.507675439 1.33513491 4.905 0.917905251

0.6 5500 13 0.000423077 1.85560054 1.718357752 5.886 1.453995021

CALCULATIONS

FOR FLAT PLATE, 0.1 kg

Flow rate, Q=V/t

= 5.5×10-3 / 22.28

= 0.000246958 m3/s

Velocity of water jet, u= Q/A

= 0.000246958/0.000228

= 1.082711266 m/s

Velocity of the jet, 𝑣= √(𝑢2−2𝑔𝑠)

= √(1.0827112662−2×9.81×0.025)

= 0.825689825 m/s

Actual force, Fa = ma

= 0.1×9.81

= 0.981 N

Theoretical force, Ft= 𝑄𝑣

= 1000×1.082711266×0.825689825

= 0.203828278 N
FOR HEMISPHERICAL PLATE, 0.1 kg

Flow rate, Q=V/t

= 5.5×10-3 / 29.53

= 0.000186251 m3/s

Velocity of water jet, u= Q/A

= 0.000186251 /0.000228

= 0.816891535 m/s

Velocity of the jet, 𝑣= √(𝑢2−2𝑔𝑠)

= √(0.816891535 2−2×9.81×0.025)

= 0.420489928 m/s

Actual force, Fa = ma

= 0.1×9.81

= 0.981 N

Theoretical force, Ft= 2𝑄𝑣

= 2×1000×0.000186251 ×0.420489928

= 0.156633566 N
DISCUSSION

i) Human error; parallax error when adjusting the weight pan adjacent to the level gauge and
taking readings of the volume of water. We took turns to take the readings so it may result non-
uniform collections of data.

ii) Apparatus error; there was a problem for our set up for the experiment which is the hole
for the load weight is too small to fit the pole in the middle of the weight pan. So, to do the
experiment, we had no choice but to place the weight on the side of the weight pan and this resulted
in a nonuniform distribution of weight by the load on the weight pan that may affect the force of the
water jet. We did try to balance the weight pan by placing the load weight on each side of the weight
pan but the reading will still be different every time.

iii) Friction; the water jet is subjected to friction along its way especially when hitting the
nozzle and also in the spring of the weight pan. The theoretical expression does not consider the
frictions in this experiment and is neglected. We are also required to oscillate the weight when
testing for level to minimize the effect of friction. This shows that frictions indeed cause some errors
for the experiment as it is not included in the calculations.

CONCLUSION

This experiment is to study the force exerted by impact jet in a flat plate and a hemispherical plate
and compare the theoretical force with the actual force produced. The formula used to calculate the
theoretical forces and actual forces are Ft= 2𝑄𝑣 and Fa= ma respectively. From the graph plotted,
the trend that can be seen by both the flat plates and hemispherical plates are very similar to a
logarithmic graph that is steep towards the beginning. The difference of values between the
theoretical forces and actual forces are initially high and gradually becomes lower as shown in graph