oui FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENT, 2) = _OF CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS tr, whatis generalized Fourier series representation? Ans: Generalized F comhogonal functions urcr series representation is defn as the representation ofa function hy am infinite set of mutually Fourier series fora periodic signal x(1) i defined as, crrsiaol=, 2.00" Where, og Fundamentl equney = S t Jame AF) fo2. State any two properties of Fourier series. Ans: 1. Linearity Statement: It =a, 1) 4, then. An(() +B) — Aa, + Bh, Where. 15, — Fourier series coefliients 2. Time Shifting Statement: If2()—=a, Then s(t 1) =e a, GS. Give the expressions for trigonometric Fourier series and exponential Fourier series. Ans: Trigonometric Fourier Series: The expression for trigonometric ourier series is given by. 109 «4, fay cosmayt+b, sin ny] Where, 109SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS SSO atin COPIER FEQUENGY. 2 ieee ae 27 asian Exponential Fourier Series: The expression for exponential Fourier series is given by, so De Where, G Fpwenve Qa. tthe Fourier series coefficient ofx(t) iC, ind the Fourier series coefficient of x(t). Ans: Given, Fourier sees coefficient of 5 C, a Peet 4 femervar JlsnereTar FSX) a 7 $ Jlamenomefar «. —— ore Q5. What is the importance of Fourier series in communication engineering? Ans: In communication engineering, Fourier analysis is developed for mathematical representation of periodic siznals The periodic signals contain sum of harmonically related sinusoidals or complex exponentials Fourier analysis of signals transmitted by various systems (that are also sinusoidal in nature) determine the range of applications and gain insight into their properties. The trigonometric sums that are related to sines and cosines of periodic complex exponentials describe the periodic phenomena of signals Q6. Explain the concept of negative frequency. Ans: ‘The representation of a signal f(r) in a complex exponential Fourier series over the interval (ff, ~ 7)is said to be linear if their frequencies are 0, = 0, = 2 0,.=30, ~ etc. fe frequencies (i.e., Here, both positive and neg e' and cP") are combined to generate compressed dat is depeadert on tO eg, stich comols the mamas Radin frequency “e". which comes qouation of the sigual is known 2s “Complex Frequency Consider a complex exponential sizral, A = Xe cc — Neper frequency (Np's) co — Radian frequency (rad/s) eney (Nps), Substinting equation 2) in equation (1), Xe" (cos(eot)+ j sin (oo) [re = cos 8 +7sin 8] wo The real part of exponential signal is XC eoseat) = [NA Sint) X, (1) = Neercoscet) ‘The imaginary port of exponential signal is. XL) =X Csinjor) The complex frequency defines the real and imacinny parts of anexj as. Define line spectrum. Ans: The spectrum which exists only st discrete vals of angular frequencies e., 20, 3ey m8 known 3 spectrum or discrete spectrum. Usually, periodic signals bt lune spectrum. ‘The spectrum can be represented either in experts) series or trigonometric series Q9. State the necessary and sufficient conditions f= the existence of Fourier series representati of a periodic Ans: ‘The necessary and sufficient eonditions forthe exise™? of Fourier series representation of a periodic signal follows. gnal x()- mathematica! description of a real 1, __ The function 1) should be a simple valued functis® 110main Representation of Continuous Time Signals uma reenes ny should be absolutely ilegrable over & peri The funct z ie, fiscolars” e ih jes should converge, by satisfying by the following (wo conditions, @ aa mie number of fiite discon ities in one period of the function fin, ¢iy_ Only fi os Is by Fourier series’ resent periodic signal 10, How to rep! Ans: Fourier Series: The lincar combination of harmonically related complex exponential of continous time ninwous Tine Fourier S “ Congeratwihperd Ts exesed wo Ee Where, 2 oF ‘Time Fourier Series: The linear combination of harmonically related complex exponential of discrete time periodic Discrete Time Fourier Series: signals with petiod N is expressed as, nk=, 3, avdaled=, 5, ae here. 2a N 11. State Dirichlets con ns: nS. The function 1) should be absolutely integrable. ie, jv (old Fee} = X09) The ye sealing property: Le rian = Taya Brom tim FOG = (4)™~ SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Ans: Given that, The input signal xa em u(t) wore fanerar Mee feetuinat fe homes _ flee Om oro Since, ‘Q19. Give the relation between Fourier transform and laplace transform. Ani Lape anton ofthe ueion A 5 given, woe fener Inverse Lape tagfrm en EL Peete ‘The Fourier transform of the function /() is given as, fe Fue)= [fine ar Inverse Fourier transform is given as, a = f FGme™de fo ag J Fm) de ‘The Laplace transform is replaced by ‘to in Fourier transform. 2. The limits of integration similar for both the transforms i.., from —« to «0, 1 for inverse Laplace transforms are different from Fourier transform, For Laplace itis 6, 6, + j, for Fourier itis ~ 20 t+ oo 4. The Laplace transform of is similar tothe Fourie ansform of 0) muiplied by ee, L Ut] = FIND} the result obtained in Laplace taasorm can be applied to Fourier transfor by’ replacing *s* with Hence 114| Time Signals pomain Ree ntation of Continuous, oun PART. ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS ales REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNAL: 44 FOURIER SERIES 1 CULATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS WAVE SYMMETRIES, ano expressions of differant typos of Fourlor sorios. 0 20. Giv' st Ae earners apse wiser So wneat Qa 2 . vires Ff 540 ies integration aver one time period Where, oye Banke T= ei a Amplitude spectrum s single sided Negative frequeneies donot exist in representation, 2. Compact Trigonometric or Polar Fourier Series Tere are two ways in representing polat form, (i) Assume a, = ¢, cos, and b,» sin, Where ¢, and 0, are related to a, and b, a. a, and Substituting a, wb, in equation (1), we get wt = 3 [eqc0s0,c0s/mh—c,sin0,sinino n+ Dele,cos(nagt +0,) €05(n0 gf *0,) “io €, sing, and 6, = ¢,cosp, where c, and 6, are related to a, and bas, and c, = JaE#BE form | 115v SIGNALS AND SySTEMS Diz. Derive the expression for trigonom: icon q Substituting o, and B, in equation (1), we Bi M00 © ag Sifeqsindgcostneyn # egcosd,sineney | = at Segsintnogt* ,) wa eat Sein + Amplitude spectrum is single sided. 148) + Negative frequencies do not exist in representation. 3. Exponential Fourier Series is expressed as, wine SE cyet——(Symhesiseqation LF sine mea (avalysiseqation Where, C, + C, is the Fourier series coefficients and ate frequency <6main representation of x(N) Amplitude spectrum is double sided, Negative frequencies exist in representation, |. State the Dirichlets conditions for convergence of Fourier series. (or) State the Dirichlet's conditions for existence of Fourier series. (or) What are Dirichlet's conditions? State them. Ans: Fourier series exists or is convergent conditions known as Dirichlets conditions, it follows some Dirichlet’s Conditions The function x(/) should be absolutely integrable, ie, flvtnldr< sor finite r 2. ‘The funetion x1) nus have finite number of wasn and mi 3. The function (4) should have finite number discontinuities. any instant of time sorles coefficients. (07 Discuss the concept of trigonometric Foy sorlos and derive the expressions ja, coofficionts. Ana: Any funetion A) can be expressed interms of othopee) sexu) as, Ny Ler 4 Where, 6, Coefficient of approximation Equation (1) is known as generalized Fourier sees Consider a signal set, {1, €080, 605204, coon 1; Sin, sin2Uy.. inn, }orihogonal, over any mena of drain = 2E T sivmegseh= Oforatnand |, exams d= forall n [0 because average value of sinusoid over m and» completes cycles inthe period T is zero ‘We can express a signal i by a trigonometric Foret series over any interval of duration T, seconds as, NO) = 0,4 4, cos + 0, C0820 + ne +b, sin2ay + +6, sino (9) ot Sa, cosnoys +b, sinmay) The values of a, and 6, are obtained a follows, A= J fox f Aocosmoge —— 0 J Soa Ff c0stnogede Consider the denominator of equation (3), ; ne J costuogtdi= J Aseos2neyeade = Z1 nocosmogeat “ 116Ss tinuous Time SI yeney domain Representation of Cor lg wae caiarlyb, is ealeuTated 2 nr J nosing dt ba 6) J siv?rengt dt Consider the {denominator of equation (5). ur Fred (1 cos2nvgf)dt LF af cor2noyr Pd 6, =<] Ansinnog dt (6) Integrating both sides of equation (1), We Bet, ar nog oF on [ now =f ogi Sa, J cosmogt ar Yo, [f° sinmogt dt “The integration of 2 and 3 terms becomes zero since its integration of sinusoidal waveform over a complete cycle. [pnt = alt a2 Tf sod 7 Hence. the trigonometric Fourier series is expressed as, KO = 0+ De,cosnogt® Dh, vere = 2] nd x(Ncosmngt di =f stosinnoge tt 23. Illustrate in detail the complex Fourier series. Ans Complex Fourier Series: Complex Fourier series also known as exponential Fourier series, Is deduced by replacing the tems sinnwy and cos wf in onometric Fourier series with complex exponential e!™o" and e+" Derivation: The expression ofa real Foutier series i given as, 40444 E (a, cos m+ b, sin mo) ° From Euler's identity, we have, eal ett 0s ny = ee 117 & nn eenSIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. 3 2 (On substituting equation (2) in equation (1), we Bet. sin noe = - ven (gee sora fo} f 8 WIN Ct Ee C40) Where, Gy ayitorneW = jh): forn oN 1 2 = Sta, 4 jb)ifor ne N Cy= yl,47) 1 “2 a wes Seems Leer noe & cer 1B -2 f eatcosnay — jsinnag is part Fee cat fanemvaternez ‘Therefore, for a periodic function x(t) with complex Fourier coefficients UT. the complex Fourier series is defined as, w= Ec, may =ibgi= J stafeosmme! = jsinmegt|ar Je [he =e 43a, +o] Equation (3), represents a complex Fourier series, where the coefficients C, are called complex Fourier coefficient Fora Periodic function x(2) with period T and fundamental frequency «9, 2A/T. the complex Fourier coefficients °C,” are defined a, 8) period ‘7 and fundamental frequery Q24. Determine the exponential Fourier series from trigonometric Fourier series. series coefficients. Let x() be a periodic signal. Then, 40) = 944 3 fa, cos mage +, sinmayé] -” (or) Obtain the expressions to represent trigonometric Fourier coefficient its trigonometric Fourier series representation is given by, ‘And exponential Fourier series representation is wiven as, a= & Gene HCH CM + Ce CPO at oC MMC RAN Clad ts interms of exponential Four 118Representation of Continuous Timo Signals OAD C(O IIT NON ct OC RRA AR Gy UNIT-4 cos 04 Jsin0) JHC + Cyeos Jyh HC, spin 20g +(C,— Ca0/si0 30H * ne cyt SME,FE deosmngt Cy sin meg f] a ‘on comparing equations (1) and (3). We Bel, aE Tustfy the folowing with respect to Fourler series, 4, Odd functions have only sine terms 2. Even functions have only cosine terms. 3, Halfawave symmetry. or) Find the TFS of a quarter wave odd symmetric periodic signal. Ans: ‘A function x() i an odd signal ifs) = —x(0) {A function x()is even signal if(-) = x0) “The trigonometric Fourier series representation of a signal x(1) is given by, sto = 9+ Yo, cos ny +, sino] w We, % fan ts 2f, . b,= fxtnssinnogtdr = J xtosinnogt oy % 1. Odd Function has only Si Terms f z Hf conf an a From equation 3). in 1P ere 2A fstocoramyeas sf sincosnent ‘A OB Ff st-ovostnayst+ f stnentnag et 119 (6)SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ‘Since v(0) is odd signal and cos The product is an odd signal — 0 Af stneosnayrars J xcosmogr d= 0 From equation (4), A “4 Jscosiomasete f sonar dF] f atcnsin magnate f canal am Both a asin my are signs, The product fed signals seve sign |"! bo FF scosinmogt des [ stpsinnagtat If) has od sy etry the Fourier coecens are mp 4 ees ra alt 0.6,= 7. x(1)sin nyt dt Even function has only cosine terms Consider equation (5), since x(1) is even signal, 1 a zy stad) (xen =a(0) Consider equation (6, since x() and cos mo, are even signa, n n 2 2 J xCrpeos(-mogtdr+ [ verre al 7 us j cio a| al and sin nent is odd signal, theie product is an odd signal 1p ta Hence, i 1) has even symmetry the Fourier eoeticints a aed a und b,-0 ae a Af xtncosnngtt Since x(1) and cosa, * are even sigt SSFr quency Domain Reprose Feed ir wave Symmetry tra asa af wave symmel* z ye ey tis defined as te cage ene i 1 sanonsst one nef anno 1dr for nod mmetry: A perindic signal is said t0 metry, aft has half-wave symmetry ‘odd Quarter Wave Sy rarter wave sy pave odd a teed The Force series will only have vxld harmonics and sine terms Tor Proof: Refer Topics (1) and (3) of this ans ct ‘ction f(t) by trigonometric he interval (0,1). In this ‘026. Expand following fun Fourier series over t interval fit)is expressed as f(t) = At- Ans: Given that, fuy= An(0<1< V).the interval T= 1-0 Land = 2n ‘The trigonometric Fourier series is given by. poy=ags Dayco + SA, sinnot ‘The coefficients, aad nF r And, a= 2 ' F[oesmaoa 4 [eos 2mat+2nntsin2na . : 5] osionagt = 2f tesin2enrat ntation of Continuous Time Signals unrrs intent 2enscoeama By wbtinnicg thew Si). we get "ate vale Aa, a, set b in be fares Sin nly 4 = sin 221 4 sen 4 io 3g F tas - 4 -ayinlen “oe A_AwSsindy a oa Fe ocicy| 027. Obtain the Fi Asin ot. ‘Ourier Series coeticients for sit) = for) Obtain the trige hall wave recahed eee coer Stes for the * wave shown in figure below. oy a ev 2 Fi Ans: cad From figure, se fe oe a 0. seer Fundamental frequency. @,= 22 a T “The Fourier sres of is given ts. wn=a+), cosmag-bsemy — -@) Where. x(a ° : x(Q)eos moyeet aa “0 x{tsinnayedtSIGNALS AND SYSTEMS nse ma oe AF asnayear 6 tom tion (9 coungt [-cos(,72)1 1) “sh | A 4 Fh ODN From equation (4), : 12 1.2 3'f snap com % “+ Jasin cosnanyt df | a4 -4 fringe enon +singny myn sin cos B= sin (4 + B) + sin (4 ~ 8) | } | “A ali 4 =F pet emaesintmag ar « [fon me wes fuint-moay | _ Af =costh mot cost! =maye TL (+m (= nytog Al cous 2(%), ow i8(%)_cou 2 (0)_ cost 0) Tl em em (am (=m Teost+n)x _ Teostt +m =A} gost nt , so -a 1 “TV an(22) emt evo?) f Al-Teostt+uln Teos(t-mn, T_T Tenge ewan Wenlan neequency Domain Roprosentation of Continuous Time Signals Fe rodd unite session Fora, can be evaluated fora values except for = 1 ‘The above ex Forms Ist is tobe evauated senartely as od Taner - 2frsom wet if annem = 2 Ts ant | : ae ah 14 ng ae Tone Tote Al murze2e) ant t= (ony 0, for nodd a 24 2A be neven Te 1, is evaluated forall values of 7 except = 1. b, has to be evaluated for separately fee ers =f ont -mmy-ot toc net 4 setcaeel 7 jae reel eel | aes) 2n dan 2 sincl4m 2% a] sin-sinc. 4m = ae 2m (=n) (+n)yy SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ‘On mubstinning valves of a, we get, rand b, in equation @), Zl sin nem aye Ae comming * sion ee aga ‘ Sra MIM + CATE rag A 4 24 +Ssinwgt ad .casdayt* ina 2A — a 4 (ris 77) . " aT 4) Ai a» Simtel cond v(t) eS . 2 oral ry 28, Find the TFS of an even symmetric square wave porlodic signal with period T, raza] for) Find the trigonometric Fourier series for a periodic square waveform shown in figure, which is symmetrical with respectto the vertical axis Tra) - Tal irs lin Figure From the given figure, itis an even signal and is taken asx(0 From figure, A. Thererfs a= rl Ghecrcre Te peri he signal T= 374 The general expression for Fourier ees series of a signal x(0) eae E , ,cosnoy +b, sinmoy) (1) Whete, From equation (2). me Card Jetocosmaysdr C2310) is even) ale 1 a [casa [tena al! ™ = f J cosmayeds— f conn 7, Alles r 1 [ations ~L Asinnaslf “Ta 4A Z Fane, Usin(2,774) ~ 0] ~ [sinkna,7'8)— sin, ale ois = #|S|z T tL # |S 8 224 2nn we) fs a) sof? > 2m) al 1B Je onan 0) Tr) = 2sin| — |_ sinf J) sino td) a { ; } “(3 } . . (Cex() is even) 0 Sabtiwing ous | i i we get, ubstituting ‘Squations (5), (6) and (7) into equatiool! 2 tant (Dis even} = : | was Sela | 124ion of Continuous Time Signals n of signal shown below UNIT-4 ure (1) with amplitude ns: sro gue the given signal as qtr wave SYNE enon, the Fourier ooeTcens ond , will exis ‘odd values of n, 1p 4/ x(tycos(ntgt) dt, form odd a 7 d)sinnoogt di, forn odd “The equation of straight lin is given by. Mere y Met) Eh > ion SOA Equation y= aU) fs From fi Tr We, for << Ty x= TR-A = eal 4 O To obtain Fourier eveiciems Compare equation (1) with the eompley exponential Voorier series exuation ane Y Cetedr a) (On comparing both equations for = 4 Sand n= £15 we got 5 xor=aesy= $ Q33. Expand the following function over the interval (-4, 4) by a complex Fourier series, ) = = 0; else where. -25ts2 Ans: The given funetionis, faye Vz-2s182 0; elsewhere Interval. (~4, 4) The complex Fourier series of fis given as, an Sicatot = puy-Cot Deere me Where, i) =e There, Poa YR Then, From equation (2). aet {fone il Ly, “ig | iu ¥ 2 From equation (3) 4 n Lfaawermtan Hhemtiy _etew yo Aether 8|-7Profa |.” 8 Sa (poe a | iy sindnafo _ sinc(4nnfo) = Brafy 2 (On substituting corresponding values in equation (1, weeel, 1 sine nae) jreyy MM) => 4.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM, PROPERTIES CONVOLUTION/MULTIPLICATION AND THEIR EFFECT IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN, MAGNITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE, FOURIER DOMAIN DUALITY Q34. Define continuous-time Fourier transform and derive continuous-time Fourier transform ofan aperiodic signal. Ans: Continuous-time Fourier transform or simply Fourier transtiorm is defined as a transformation techaigit which transfirms a ¢ontinuous time domain signal into ss corresponding frequency dosnain and vice versa. team bese! for transforming both periodic and aperiodic signals. Deri n of Continuons time Fourier Series Transform Consider x (9) be an asbiteary aperiodic signal which expressed as, ud O 0. Otherwise And ¥(2) be a perivatic signal given by. uw De et wwf. Fsesh 0. Omeewise 130fl requency Domain Rep The relation between a). (0) and T(r) Lorn and ue O=M0 roe rom the definition of Fourice series, T= Yue Where, HA a xI- 2n = iT Substituting equation (1) in equation (4), arineMar sie hes E Substituting equation (5) in equation (3), = 5 [ee as xp(ne tet diay 1 = 22 Ef Pecinemeaal ine Substituting equation (6) in equation (2), a= Ze 5| Jane ou ation of Continuous Time Signals UNIT-4 Q) e) co) (6) a AST — =, x40) —¥3(0) and 0,» 0, then rewriting equation (7) as, x) f | ul ae omar (+. © = ko] Mo) i the Fourier transform of signal) and is iven by, + [Mtoy= Fxinetar 131SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Q35. Compare Fourier transform with Fourier series. ‘Ans: Fourler Series Fourier Transform V.] Founer series is defined asa technique which is used for representing the signals over a certain interval of time in terms of linear combination of sines and cosines ‘or omthogonal functions Wis used for periodic signal 3. | In this, spectrum is diserete in nature, 4.] The expression for Fourier series (0) represented as, nbe Ko= Seem and not Pgunemen L Fourier wansform isdefined asa transformation techn; that transforms contintious time domain signals intg {nto corresponding frequency domain and vice-versa, ite Itisused for transforming both periodic and non-perindg In this, spectrum is continuous in nature, The expression for Fourier transform F(w) can be represented a5, fron dt and 36. Explain the concept of Fourier transform for periodic signals. Ans: Consider a periodic function x(0) and its Fourier transform is given by, ayo) = Je at a The periodic function can also be represented in terms of complex exponential Fourier series ive. w= Dae Where, «4,- Fourier series coefficient ©, = is fundamental frequency oF, fandamental frequency Applying Fourier transform for equation (2) on both sides, yun = F| Ect - Se,Fletv] ie fees 2 Yu,{Feeoskoy9 +/6inkwy9] Since, Fleosnoyt]= n[5(0-ko,)+8(0+40,)) Flsin meng!) = jr[ 8+ key) -B(w0— key)] On substituting equation (4) in equation (3), AU)=F_ alnb(ot ho, = Y 4 [7800+ ko) +x5(0-ke,) Ayn) 2m Y) a (Wk) Therefore, Fourier transform ofa periodic function consists at iny a « 9) + RB(O~ Keo) + j((jrd(0os Kg) ~ jn8(@~k«0,))] = RB(O+ ko) + RB(O~kw)) > 2278(«- kay) train and ares wot enc "1 of each pulse is given by OO { | | |Ee vyency Domain Representation of Continuous Time Signals of Fourlor so FFate and prove the proper 87 Transform. ans: ts Continvous-time Fourier transform or simpy Fowrtfants omnis ie Hai sigan et tin Freeda ad vce versa Teed oe ‘yang ath pentic an apc signals rans “The Fourier transform ofa signal x( is piven by, suo June ‘Anvl the inverse Fourier transform is given by, woe te free Properties of Fourier Transform 1, Linearity Property: The Fourier transform of the ‘seighted sum of two signals is same as the weighted ‘sum of their individual Fourier transforms, Proof ax (n+ bx) AEs agin + XG Proof Let) and.x,(¢ be 1wo distinct signals and their Fourier transforms be (io) and X,(i0) From the definition of Fourier transform, riety = Jane BF tara) + bs fot =f (ans beg) = Josinemars Jester = aNigjo) + BY,Go0) = Flax (+ ix = aX (G0) PX GO) 4. ‘Time Shifting Property: Ifa signal x(¢)is shifted by 14, then the spectrum undergoes a linear phase shift of slope - on, wealth) EE oe Ao) Where, 40) 4 Ay) Prot: From the definition of outer transform, FI} syurs fine Mar > Fi ins Jurmde ny UNIT-4 Tap a Fire ny = fame nterap - Janem “mp -or pane my ms X(jo0) Xue] The free hing over of Fiat ee Frequency Shifting: signal «(7 is defined as, een Ao) From the definition of Fourier transform, “h FIM] = XG) -faoe Fle™ x0) « f “june = Alor Fle l= XUW=o)) Time Reversal Property: The time reversal property of signal x() is defined as, ey a Fiom the definition of Fourier Transform, FCT Ayor= June ae = Fen sfacnes 133ta SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Pur =; = = Fees - faye ab = jane dk = Ajo) 2 FOCN)= XG) S. Time Sealing: The time sealing property of signal 1) is defined as. (on Ls + xyw'e) Proof From the definition of Fourier transform, Flat) =XGo)= fro err = Fiatan, = foe Mar a taeepe a Then, j By Fretany= fx(pyere? 2 T 2 Ftx(ad) = Xo) 6. Differentiation in Time Domain: The differentiation property of signal x(1)in time domain is defined as, 4 net Sx jaxjo) a Proof: The inverse Fourier transform of signal Xt) is given as, oe frvaredo Then, a In AT xy g]uenal | a . lnm sen -z [i XUw)joe™ «| jo 1 fl Joumereo] = jo P'LXyo)) (x() > jo Xj) 7. Differentiation in Frequency Domain: The differen. tiation property of signal x(/) in frequency domain i, defined as, IZ ceyoy oa Proof “The Fourier transform of signal x(1) is given as, Mioy= Jar Then, # xyaye pane = Fa Ftp at) se -fokiema = foci yu =i femme yt AJ F win etn a = GQ XU0)~ Fin; 134pomain Rel £0 aton Property: The inte Metin 8S ration propery oF signal . Ly 1 (jay + 2 NO)HO) NU fuer J signal Alo) is defined transform of signal ‘The iene Furi UT yee ab fre” ao MO" 3K if ‘On replacing by T litre" =i fa do x)= i Codie. sncqangonbosie ve ane i {(Lf xvoreao] a : jon fff Ef Jrvmeree dt fave eo dtdo ify a Ash oe | 1 ps, “Fjof ue = face =p e t 1 = | oa} 750) 2 fxd ZL xcjayAt0)=0 2 jo 7 or 1 Joa Fat io 4x0) presentation of Continuous Time Signals UNIT-4 (Q38. ‘State and prove conjugation property. Ans: Statement: The conjugation property of Fo Sutenient Wperty of Fourier transform Ie yoy Then, «*(1) Ee ya jen) Proof From the definition of Fourier transform, Fico = Xyoy= f xinerar Then, > Fuol= f eWemar J xine 4] = bee jot = Lo) Firn Hence proved. Q39, State and prove duality property. Ans: Statement Duality property of Fourier transform states that, ifx() EL x(o), then, A) A 2r(jon) Proof ‘The Fourier transform of x() is given by. Nay Jane Mar ‘Then, the inverse Fourier transform is, 1? a J XGere"ao 2nin= f AUolem do Substituting, 1 inabove equation, ant-n= f XUole™ do Replacing * by 30 anil f Me™ do MO} 7 (Oe 2nx(-jo)] 135)SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. Q40. State and prove the multiplication and convolution property of Fourler transform. Ans ‘Time Convolution Thearen Statement es that, the Fourier The time convolution theorem st transform of convolution of two signals in time domai to the multiplication of their spectra in frequency 4 x92) A Kyo) FAX) + 19 = Koyo) Proof Consider two signals, x(0) and y(0) ‘The Fourier transform of x(1) is given by. Moye Fo} = fate ae Then, But, Flats + sia) = fate sine at = Jace oa [[ror sams fino =fxor@e™ ae we eo, J = Fn 0) fac o foc-vem dt = ¥(ae™ = Yo) facets Yu) XW) FLX) WM = Xo) Yo) Hence proved. Tqueney Convorution Theorem It is also known as multiplication property of Foy transform ment The frequeney convolution theorem states tha, te Fourier tansform of multiplication of two functions in ting is equal tothe convolution oftheir spectea in equency i And yO. na Xo) FT. yw) Then Flat * 0) = AD) W)= ELMO) Noy) — Consider two signals, x() and (0) “The Fourier tansform of (is given by, atw)= Fin} = fxtne™ ar ‘Then, Fay nals [xtoyoe ar But, roa? “ x= P'UMtw)] = Ze [Xe ao Let, @=2, = Awnyol- ile ij sora Moen dt LF, -£ fmol XOIM =A Flx(r Hence proved. Q41. List Fourier transform pairs. Ans: ‘The properties of the Fourier transform are listed * table (1), 136presentation of Continuous Time Signals ‘The basic Fourier transform pairs are listed in table (2). ain Ret 15 eS fic Signal] Zz Property Aperiodic Shynat [Porter tanta es ee I, | tineatty Deo) XG0)* bia) 3, | Time sitting 30-1) eX jo) pod 3. | Freaeney siting ew ath 4ha-ayy - alt 1 | Coniuestion ) ene sealing Hur) 4, | Time and frequency 6 Time reversal at) 2, | Multiplication HH) | Differentiation in time domain Sa) ‘oxo a 9, | Differentiation in frequency u(t) FyyXGo) domain 10, | Integration fxcoa Mio) + x0)240) 11. | Conjugate symmetry for x(t) is real 6) XG) = Xet-jey teal signals (i) ReAXGo)} -RetAj0)} Imps X4jun)} = Img X-pay), 9) XG) = jon (9) ZXYo))= Fz X-jo, 12. | Symmetry for real and even | x(1)is real and even X(jo) is teal and even signals 13. | Ssmmetry for real and odd | xt) is eal and odd Yio) is purely imaginary and od signals 14. | Exenodd decomposition for | x(t) = Evtx(eyt Ret tyor, real signals, {0 = od x0} FimelXGo)) Isl) Parecval's ote for dr 1, Pao arseval’s relation ay J leo Table) 2n(o) 4s x6) je omSIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. s Sou-n é etu(t), Reta} >0 = ‘u(a), Refa} > 0 aaa 8 a 2nd(n=e4) ad 2x Ynb(o~ key) 7 ad [6 eo-c,)-8(en+ )] i h orn R[8(«o-0,) + 5(40,)] Table (2 Q42. State and prove Rayleigh's energy theorem. Ans: Statement The Parseval theorem states that the enetuy of a signal is defined interms of Fourier transform, ie. E> flxune ar Proof ~ ‘The energy of continuous time signal s() is given by, B= flora Since jx(n}? = x(1) x*(N, above equation can be re-written as, E [newer « ifs Fore afer 1 do- J fain j fstnemn, of a f xrxtor" do [ef fiunem an wal =f no| femeren t : = az [MOF do ii [XorP doo Hence proved. et Mw)X (0) dor fi 138Frequency Domain Representation of Continuous Time Signals Magnitude 943, From basic formula, determine the Fourler trans- form of the given signals. Obtain the magnitude and phase spectra of the given signal @ teomu(t), we, aro a>o. Ans: (tet u(D,a>0 The given signal is, Merete) ‘The Fourier transform of x7) is given by, FuM= AVjo) Since, uy=[1. 120 O.1<0 = freee The above fnetion isn he fom f we vee egration by pants forts Therefore. on applyit fucomenae [uf vonar yey f reer =| feormna-f jseesr-f y -0-04 UNIT-4 The magnitude of XYeo) is, beyont = wail shasmal ta joy | Vapor [lesa fry Phase The phase of Nita) is. 2x0) =m Fe ‘The values of magnitude and phase for different values ‘of “ware listed in the table (1), Gor | 2xGo ~ ° | \ t ° « ° Table initude and phase spectrum of Ajo) are as shown cs (1) and (2) respectively 0 Figure (1: Magoitude Spectrum of Xijo) Q44, IF x(t) e+ X(«) then using time shifting property show that x(t # T) + x(t= T) + 2X(o) cos oT. Ans: Given that, snes Mo) 139)SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Using proved is, ine p MOD Consider the 118 of above flmetion, T+ 2Me) cas T MET) ee) Applying Fourier tansfirn, ENED EN DL rom the definition of fawn Assuming 2 PP Irn) > dtm dp Then, equation (3) ean be writer FIED] ® Fane Map = Prnemreay = [emp emtxten) |: frurrerap- vm FTSC+ T= e*X(0) Similarly, ee Assuming, (= T= q ~ ous = dnd FETT = F xe Pay - fugementay een f viqve "dy =eMTNe) | + faa emma = xe FTA T)] = "Xo a) Q45, Find tho spoctrum of x(t) = 0 7 ir equation (A and ean Sp ato FIM DHABI M0) Sg ~ MO) [osm = Mo) Reoson) Ment conn * 2M) cow = Ring Therefore, MET) § a(t Tes 20) cones? ". Plot tho spoctrum of tho signal, Ans: The given signal is, x= em The Fourier transform of x(2)is piven by, FIMO = Ngo) = J xine bd swe femema eters fe tenngy poe al) ° pa ep) leet, lee Toy aor ko ett eo Teja a2tiwr2jo 4g ZO 0) Fak” Tok (at by(a~ y= at) faery ‘The various values oF AY) for diferent a" valves listed in the table below, acaapepaerr esl XGo) 0 2 ! Z z 0 1 2 L = 0 () Table 140yr cy Domain Representation of Continuous Time Signals unre eon =a per o- jo ~(a+ jo) 1 a+ jo atjore-jw We (a~ joxas ja)” see (ela +b%a~b)= a2 - 6] = =o to The obtained function X(je) is real. Hence, only magnitude spectrum can be determined Figure: Spectrum of Xe) cir ‘ The various values of X4(o) for different “t" values are 2X (jw) listed in the table (2). © XGa) ary 0 1 o 2 1 ~ 0 Figure (2 Phase spectrum of Xj} Table 2) emano ‘The spectrum of X{/ca) is shown in figure (3). bow ‘The given signal is, x 8.020 ‘The Fourier transform of s() is given by, ALO) = XGoy= fre ar Ayo)= fewer ay Saag igure (3 Magnitude ofeeman Jerome O46. Ifx(t)2X(o) then using time shifting property i ) show that x(t + T) + x(t = T) <22X(o) cos oT. Ans: = fermen feersonae Given that, cS a MZ (0) erm Peterjo) Using time shifting property, the function LL Ll T proved Property, the function that to be (a= ja) * as ja) WAT 4-9 2¥(6) e050 7 , wT =SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS. Consider the LIS of above fi Med Applying Fourier transform, ETE LE ETM DI @ From the definition af enw mie [ee Dede Q) Assuming T= PP > drop Then, equation (3) eam be written as, ene nie [ner rime met dp 1 f save map ©) FT + DI= eM) a Similarly, enair—ni= J aene tae = dindy 1 F aqern Mo) ert XeO) ro) enw jon(S0 in equation 2) Jo Xone On Were DI Fie omer = Mo) [2cos07] *sour| = 2N(o) cosoT= RAS, Therefore, Mee Tt MED Mo) coser. G47. Find the spectrum of x(t) = 6 ‘spectrum of the signal. Ans: The given sig aye The Fourier transform of x(1) is given by, fanera Fie) = XG) ayn = fetemar ¢ mas fore mae Ber 70) io ,_O-t_ tt To RF fey Te Te _ dejo tj 4 = joao Fo [wtes by(a-a1n4 tort J v0 =z “The various values of Aye for different 0" a listed in the table below: © XGor = ° 1 2 $ o 1 A 1 = °a 0 Figure: Spectrum of Xion) (48. Find the Fourier transform of the signal x(t) = cost ult). Ans: Given that, ‘The signal tt) = cosy 140) Fourier ansform, Nie") =? Method 1 ‘The Fourier transform of the continuous time signal x(0) is defined as, wor Psmneman Here, x(1) = cosy 141) a) ay n=} [oun eeAtun] Taking Fourier transform on both sides, L Flin) =F Fle ula] + 5 FlePo'win) ner $ feerrunerttred fieMeyuy emt ners $ fem eormnaret fet runt 7 [fem vous f eerily | may OO |, $[lsengle~o} 4 [fadaghee -4|2 iy) - 4 |ach, a ie . 2 |e 070, init oy | °F |r Oy oF Ay 20. 2p -F7/ (a+ by(a-b) = ab" 2 |o-9) (evan) stem) = 4 | Hence, the Founer transform of a given signal (1) 1s. [Alesse] Method-2 Given Signal, (0) = cos Oy ult) eles eM ay = SE wor} [eunse®uin] ay Since, Ftemuny = jo Applying Fourier transforms to equation( 1), Fue $ [Flew] He wor] ater $ [erat] srle ue] | wd Vj Qy Ly “t[onbae heSIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 1 1 “yay ate | oO 1 [ot +o-0, ete Q49. Find the Fourier transform of a rectangular pulse with width T and amplitude A. Ans: ‘The rectangular pulse with width, T'and amplitude, 4 is as shown in figure below. axe toatl: — 2 Figure The mathematical expression for signals) s given by, r a tst x)= Vel 2 (ly 0, otherwise ‘The Fourier transform ofa signal is defined a, FIay=Moy= f xCde™ at From equation (1), Xo) prema wl az pt 2 io NyaNIT (a a pours FREQUENCY DOMAIN REPRESENTATION 5 _OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS = PART-A SHORT QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS at. Write the conditions for existence of DTFT. Ans: The ennditions for existence of DIFT for a signal x(n) are given as follows, 1, The sequence, x(n) must be absolutely summable. ic.. Lutmi< x 2 The sequence, x(n) must have finite amount of energy ic, x an) G2. Find the Inverse DTFT of X(e") = 2e"+ 1-26". Ans: Given that, Mery= 21-22 ‘The inverse DIFT of Mle") is given by. if a ef (em 1-20 aler (any (ray if 2 1 saeco +a) ,(2jsinzny — =~ (sinnncos2r ~ sin2ncosn) wa -2 0 145; SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS ; @3. A continuous time signal x(t) has the following real Fourier transform: oy = {ts [AIS 10 xGn)= { otherwise ited? If so, find the Nyquist rato. Given that, ‘The real Fourier transform of a continuous time signal x(1) is, sve)” fp Shere x(t) is obtained on applying inverse Fourier transform to X(io) as, x= f Kye" ; a iein eens =f ter aT ame Dar | isin20e1 xy = Since, (9 sinc function, its band ited Qt= 2a aa. The given sina i, X=) + Br The DTT ofa sigml xm cgnenae, xem = Satapem > Me) Llom+5e0-H]er d sem ~ Ya(n- err Blew + Dem =ltem ‘Thus, DTFT [5(n) + 8(n-1)] = 1+ em Q5. Whats the need for modulation? Ans: ‘Need for Modulation: The need for modulation technique in modern communication system iso (i) Reduce Antenna height (ii) Minimize noise (ii) _ Reduce Interference of signals Q6. “Define closed loop control system. Ans: Closed Loop Control Systems ‘The closed loop control system is the systems in which exe! h the output has an effect on the input signal. Th st ¢losed loop control system is shown in Figure 146omain Representation of Discrote Time Signals 0 UNIT-5 Frequency Error Detector - Controtied Comma ference Treat f— Tranetcer Controtier t—} Plant Let Feed Dack clement Figure: Closed Loop Control Systems First the command input is passed through the reference transducer to pene further passed through error detector where the error signal is generated by compa seal thus generated is passed through the controller to gener tpashiove the desired output, However, if the out enor detector through feedback clement Me the reference input, This reference input is the reference input and output . The error the actual input signal, which is further processed to the plant iput achieved does not match the required criteria, then it is again fed back to and the process is repeated til the satisfactory results are achieved 7. List the advantages of feedback system. Ans: Advantages of Feedback System. ‘The variations in the output caused due to external disturbances are corrected automatically. 1 2. The system with feedback control are more accurate than open loop control 3. The feedback systems are less affected by noise than systems without feedback, 4. The desired output can be achieved by using feedback systems, 5. The feedback systems are more reliable than systems without feedback. § These systems are less sensitive to disturbances and changes in environment 1 The transient response and steady state error can be controlled by using feedback systems. Q8. Human being is an example of closed loop system. Justify your answer. Ans: ‘A closed loop system basically consists of feedback loop which continuously feeds a part of the output signal to the input of the system. The reference signal (input signal) is compared with the fed signal and the error is corrected until a desired response is achieved. Human being is a good example of a closed loop system. Every at system. Each action forms a part (clement) of the closed loop system, ity accomplished by him resembles a closed loop Suppose a person is trying to reach out for a cup of coffee placed on the dining table. The position of the cup on the table can be taken as the reference. The eyes which observes the position of the cup compares it with the position of hands. The error inthe position is then fed to the brain. The brain manipulates the error so thatthe position of hands are adjusted, The process of continuous comparison lasts until the position of the hands are at appropriate height for holding the cup. Inthis cas, the human brain acts as a controller, the hands behave as an apen loop system and the eyes acts asa feedback ‘lement, The closed loop system representing this activity of human being is shown in igure. Reference Enon [ Controller ‘Open lop system | _ Response (Hands) [Desired (Position of cup) a of hands) Feedback element (Eyes) 147SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS, are the advantagos and disadvantages Sf aigital fltors ovor analog filters? 9, Whe Ans: Advantages of Digltal Filters Over Analog Filters and temperature do not effect the performance of 1. _The variation in component values wih ine compared to analog, filter. Jy precision than analog: filters. 2, Dygial filters have big Jess expensive compared to analog filters 3 Digital filters are not programmable. it is difficult for analog filters 19 process ioe &, 4 Dita filters are programmable whereas, anal fiers These filters ean handle low frequene xy signals easily whereas, signals. Disadvantages of Digital Filters Over and Analog Filters 1. Dita filters consume high power when compared to analog Gers “These filters are more complex to design than analog filters. Digital filters require longer time duration for development when compared t0 analog filters. 4. Unlike analog filters, digital filters eannot process very high frequency signals Q10. Compare analog and digital filters. Ans: “The comparison between analog and digital filters is tabulated below. ag Fes Digital Fivers TT ihe Aes one] 1] These fers pO aminginutsnalgenentes | analog. inputs and analog outputs, generates digital data. These are constructed | 2. | These are constructed compen, Iker llplevers delay’ unit 3.] these re represented by | 3, | These are represent hy ae equation audifiorense oqusdon, exeney response PA [ty trygneney Teg can ated hy varyina | fan bea ty unpanents changing the GR Levettiovonty| cy Domain Reprosentation of Discrete Time Sign PART-B i ESSAY QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS “54 THE DISCRETE-TIME FOURIER TRANSFORM (DTFT) AND THE DISCRETE FOURIER : TRANSFORM (DFT) PARSEVAL'S THEOREM ait. Derive the expression for, (a) DTFT of aperiodic signat {b) IOTFT of aperiodic signal Ans: 1, DTFT (Discrete Time Fourter Transform) of Apertodie Signal: Consider 17) ax an aperiodic continuens with amplitode 4 as shown in figure (1), A — |. Figure (Nt Continuous tine Signal xt) A discrete signal is needed to obtain DTFT. So, {is sampled to obtain discrete-time signal, x(n) using itlustrated in igure (2) ss) een |anwe-n UE ee es Fiore Solin Fonction Sa Sot bas a sequence of impulse functions. tht cura regular inenas. canbe expressed a. say= S.84-n0) ‘The saa xs lied with SA) 10 obtain the srt sna) 48 stated n gue (3) x00 Aetaen |Aetan-n) Soot O To at Ot Figure The sampled signal 40 149SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS From figure (3), mathematical {n= nT) tH) expressed a (On applying Fours transform to equation (2), we get, FILA] = FT nT) 84 nT} Lewna-anh: etl xr f -z won fe 2° Str nT) dt Friel fine ar since, f sins 14 x) - Zaonfem,.] ~ Sean] Ss Den oT ly X= Dare? ‘The DTFT ofa signal is denoted as Ae"). Thus, Med= YS sentry erent replacing fby ein equation (3), we get, ~«) ‘Assuming T= 1 then equation (4) becomes, Mm Ltn The equation (5) represents the discrete time Fourir ts transform of a sequence, x(n), 2 IDTET (Inverse Discrete Time Fourier Transform) of Aperiodie Signa: Consider x(7)5 a continuous-time signal) 1s said tbe periodic with period “Tit saisties the condition nt + AT) = aay. for every “1 and every integer “T. Sim witha period oF w,. The DTFT of a signal x(n) s given as 6 Me*) is periodic if it Seon Consider the term, x07)" isfies the following condition, Honea, aT = Sune otWe \ y pons Representation of Discroto Timo Signals D goro,nt Y' x(nT7) °™ = Yaar camer] » Drantee erry f™= 1 for any integer value of *n") Hees the ent aiid ade sprite wih witha prod of,» 2.17 |the peso of Nes 2 ‘The exponential Fourier series ofa signal (1), with period *7,"is expressed as, Similarly, the exponential Fourier series for adiseretectime is expressed as, Mey = Yam oT 8) Here. x(n isthe Fourier series coefficient UCT = 1 then equa (8) becomes, Mery= Samer 0) “The Fourier series coeficents of Ser) ic. x is expressed as, : 4 f nema ees > win=hfermrem aa) "hgh 110) But, x(n) isthe inverse DIET of XU) ie af IDTFT [X{e™)] = x(n) = — | Xe) e!" da [ey] = 30 a te”) ssa fxte om deo 2a J Q12. Write a note on convergence with the discrete time Fourier transform. ans: Convergence with DTFT: The DTFT ofa sequence is given 35, Mey= Yxinem a 181SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS The convergence conditions for im) are, i) The sequence, x(n) must be absolutely summable. ic., < ame) Laake ) (or) i) The sequence, x(n) must have finit ie F Lace Zhen Q) Thus, the DTFT ofa sequence will converge if any one ‘of the equations (2) and (3) are satistied, Convergence with Inverse D sequence is given as, ‘The inverse DTFT of a J xe" do ‘There are no issues related with inverse DTFT because approximations are done over finite interval .e.|a]< iF. Hence, Convergence conditions are not needed for inverse DTFT, xin) = (4) 2m Q13. State the properties of discrete-time Fo transform. Ans ‘The properties of discrete time Fourier transform are as follows, © Periodicity states thatthe DTFT ofa signal, x(n) always periodic inw with period 2x ie, Meme = Aten Where, Me*)= TFT of xn) Gi) Linearity states tha if DTFT (x\(n)] = Xe") DIFTIs(n)] = fe") Then, DTFT fa s(n) +b x(n) = Where, AX (A) + bX (en) and b are constants Time Shifting Property It states that, if DIFF [x(n] = Ce" ™ wi (ii @) w Frequeni ‘Shifting Property It states that, if DTFT{x(n)] = XC) Then, DTFT[e**"x(n)] = X(eH"#-«)) Conjugation It states that if DTFT [sm] = Kee) Then, DTFTI%(a)] = A%(e™) Where, *(n) = Complex conjugate of x(n) 2°(€") = Complex conjugate of Xen) Differencing in Time Ie states that, if DTFT[x(n)] = Xe") Then, DTFT{x(n) ~ stn ~ 1) = (1 =e) Xie Accumulation Ue states that, if DTFTIx(a)] Then, Sw eee mye" Time Reversal We states that i DTFTLx(m)] = Ne) Then, DTFT Iam] = xem) ‘Time Expansion We states tha DTFTEs(m] = Ae) ‘Then, DTFT[x()] = Kiet) Where, (n= ie if n=Muhipleor & 0 if ne Mutipleot & Differentiation Frequency. Westates that, ifeney Domain Representation of Discrete Timo Signals Parseval's Theorem @ nstates that if DTFTIe(m] = Xte*) ‘Then, DTFT {Scar} "hr xf! X(e™)P deo Convolution states that if DTFTI(™)] = Me™) DTETHUM] = New) Then, DTFTI x(n) * y= Me) Nem) Where, + —Convotution operator ‘Maltiplication Ut states that, iff DTFTIECA) =A) DIFTIE (=A) Himen, DIT) 40] [Xe X00 {Q14, Stateand prove the properties of Discrete Fourier Transform. Ans: DFT For answer refer Unit-S, QUS, Topic: DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) Properties of DFT ‘The following are the properties of Discrete Fourier Transform. 1. Linearity StatementsIf s(n) (Athen (and x,t taxa) + inyy PET a, (A) + a,X(h) Proof: The N-point DFT of a sequence x() is given by. Muy= Qoxem gt 0 a Where, wheew Consider, x(1) = a(n) + ays) = Substituting equation (2) in equation (1). we get, UNITS May= Sa (2) Faye (oy » Meaggmirtes Soca “a S, (nnneay ei iniyin 2 Perlodielty ‘Statement: If (1) and X{&) are an N-point DET pair then s+ N)= s(n) ana AUK +N)» MUA) VA Proot (xn Ny= amy From the definition of IDET we have an) = Toru forn =O i Put n= n+ Nin above equation, we get, Ko Put et TA) i ay ain tN) xn) (i) N(K#N)=XK) From the definition of DFT we have n= SmeFF fork=010N-1 Put k= A + Win above equation, we vet Malate sues See = Senet er = Samet aw A M= NO] 3. Circular Time Shitting Statement: sto) P+ NU then tor=Z)), => A Mere (€)), represents the circular convolution, 153SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 2 oe eo DETEUV =m} = Dy xmeOw nln ah x(n) = — ay Mkvehs forn=OtoN=1 GD wv sim Nite = Smet ena Put n— tin ae n, we get at X(n=Dy= re X(N -t y wi) w(n=1)), FS be From equation (3) sine Applying DPT on both sides of above equation we get, f DFT tr yt = DFT tne Its(ny = NERY then mye? NP AK Dy Proof: DFT ofa sequence, x(n) is given as, wiy= Sane 5 for k= 1081 Put k= k= in above equation then Mk-, = Leones = ath) eS" ance, = FT {nim 74] 5. Time Reversal Statement: Its) Ub) then x), ZNO) = ACAD) = MWB) Proof: DFT of x ~1)is given as, Der tev myt = Sw =mert Puc n= With these relations equation (4) can be written as, -+ Considering the lower & upper limits of summation (4) + eft | Instead of | we are substituting e- = Smee DFT {X(N =m} = MINK) = XK) 6. Cireular Convolution Statement: Ifx,(n) = X,(k)andx,() "2 ¥.4) then, x @xy A Ko x0 ee Yt fet Proof: Let Xk) = Qo ame" Ey SS yt Xk) = Drew fork=010N-1 im Consider, x(n) = 1,0 Dam DFT [xm] =X) Xy) =X x0) ee = x= Syne - Soe = ie Applying IDFT to above equation, we get, vm= 2S Syne Fee oe Rearranging the above equation we get x)= 5p z Zan nO De Let m=n=I= pv => [=m-n-pn ant et s- fate = Stent - Su te A t u S=N 154