Morphology of Flowering Plants (Contd.) Compositae (Asteraceae) (a) Itis the largest dicot family and considered to be the most advanced family amongst angiosperms. Vegetative Characters Habit Root Stem Leaves Mostly annual, rarely biennial herbs, shrubs, sometimes tree. Adventitious. Erect, herbaceous, branched, angular or cylindrical. Usually simple but sometimes compound. Alternate or opposite phyllotaxy, exstipulate, petiolate or sessile and has reticulate venation, Floral Characters : Inflorescence : Flower Ray florets Corporate offic Head or capitulum, ‘They are surrounded by involucre of bracts, may be heterogamous i.e. either having only ray florets or having only disc florets or homogamous, i.e., having both ray and disc florets, + Mostly bisexual but sometimes unisexual. Epigynous usually pentamerous with reduction in certain whorls. A flower is tubular (actinomorphic) or ligulate (zygomorphic), bracteate or ebracteate. ‘Tubular florets are called disc florets and ligulate florets are called ray florets, : Towards periphery of head, sessile, bracteate, zygomorphic, pistilate or neutral, ligula, epigynous, ash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-476284562. Morphology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium (8) Disc florets Calyx Corolla Androecium Gynoecium {C)_ Neutral florets : Fruit Floral formulae Ray florets Disc florets Neutral florets : + Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary + Absent or hairy pappus or scaly, persistant, + Petals five, gamopetalous, valvate aestivation, ligulate (Petals unite to form a tongue Ike structure). 2 Absent ferior, unilocular, one ovule in each locule, basal Placentation, When inflorescence has only ray florets they are bisexual and have syngenesious ‘stamens too In the centre of head, bracteate, bisexual, actinomorphic, tubular, pentamerous epigynous, Absent or in the form of pappus. + Petals five, gamopetalous, tubular, valvate aestivation. + Stamens five, epipetalous. + Bicarpellary syncarpous, ovary inferior, unilocular, single ovule in the locule, basal Placentation, ‘Androecium and gynoecium both are absent as in ray forming ligulate flower of sunflower. +: Cypsella 1 Br% Q Kesar Cy Ay Gay £ BP% OF BGP Kuso or @K, CA, G, Economic Importance 1, Food 2, Medicines Lactuca sativa (Lettuce) and Used as vegetables Elephentopus | Carthamus tinctorius. 3. Ornamental plants. Helianthus annuus (sunflower) Tagotus erectus (marigold). 4. Commercial use: Perfume oil is prepared from Eclipta erecta. Anti-insect oil is prepared from Pyrethrum. ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110006, Phone : 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Morphology of Flowering Plants 3, Fig, : Helianthus annuus (sunflower) plant: A. Flowering twig, B. L.S. of inflorescence, C. Disc Floret, D. LS of Disc Floret, E. Ray Floret, F. LS. of Ray Floret, G. Syngenesious stamens, H. Gynoecium, I. Disc floret (tubular) J. Ray floret (Ligulate) Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) This family is commonly known as mustard family. Vegetative Characters : Habit Usually annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Roots Tap root system. Stem Herbaceous, branched, erect. Leaf Simple, alterate phyllotaxy, petiolate, exstipulate, reticulate venation, Floral Characters : Inflorescence : Racemose. Flower Bisexual, usually actinomorphic but sometimes zygomorphic. Calyx Sepals four, polysepalous, imbricate aestivation. Corolla Petals four, polypetalous, cruciform, valvate aestivation, Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-476234564 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) Androe im _: Stamens six, tetradynamous sometimes didynamous. Gynoecium — : Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular but sometimes bilocular due to false septum or replum. Parietal placentation, stigma bifid Fruit Siliqua or siicuta Seod ‘Seeds are small, non-endospermic. Floral formula : Ebr ® or % ¢ K,, Cu Ava G, Economic Importance 1. Food Cabbage, caulifower, turnip and radish are used as vegetables. 2 Edible oil: Mustard 3. Medicines: Sisymbrium officinale, Nasturtium indica, Eruca sativa. 4. Ornamental plants: Alyssum sp., Iberis amara (candytuft) z - (@) syle ‘vay wa st) nen out er a Se? F s ¥ Fig. : Brassica campestris (mustard) plant; A. Twig with flower and leaves, B. A flower, C. L.S. of flower, D. Calyx, E. Corolla, F. Androecium and gynoecium, G. T.S. of ovary, H. Floral Diagram Corporate Offic ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110006, Phone : 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Morphology of Flowering Plants 5) Gra ineae (Poaceae) This is commonly known as ‘grass family’. Itis one of the largest among the angiospermic families. Habit Root Stem Leaves Herbs, annuals or perennials or shrubs sometimes like tree (such as bamboo), Adventitious, fibrous, branched or stit root. Underground rhizome in all perennial gasses, cylindrical, culm with conspicuous nodes and internodes. Sessile, alternate, simple, exstipulate with parallel venation. Floral Characters : Inflorescence Flower Perianth ‘Androecium Gynoecium Fruit Sood Floral Formula + Spike of spikelets which may be sessile or stalked. + Spikelet consists of short axis called rachilla on which one to five sessile or short stalked lowers are borne. At the base of the rachilla two sterile scales called glumes are present. The glumes are placed one above the other on opposite side. ‘Above the glumes series of florets are present. Each florets has an inferior palea or lemma and above itis superior palea. Bracteate and bracteolate, sessile, zygomorphic, bisexual Exception : Zea mays has unisexual flower. Represented by membranous scales called lodicules. The lodicules are situated above and opposite to the superior palea or may be absent for many oF 2 oF 3 Usually stamens three, rarely six (Bambusa, Oryza). Filament long, anther dithecous. Monocarpellary or may be tricarpellary, ovary superior, unilocular with single ovule, basal placentation style short or absent, stigma two and feathery. Caryopsis, rarely nut (Dendrocalamus) or berry (Bambusa). Endospermic and containing a single cotyledon called scutellum. 1% F Pou zuspmunn Aras S: Economic Importance Wheat, Maize, Rice, Barley, Zea mays. Bajra, ‘Sugar plant : Sugarcane. 1. Cereals 2. Millets 3 4, Grass 5. Doob grass (Cynodon dactylon). Paper grass : Themedia, gigantia Corporate offic ‘kash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008, Phone : 011-476234566 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) ‘Synoscum wen {eatery sigma Fig. Triticum aestivum (wheat) plant: A. Flowering twig, B. Spike of spikelets C. One spikelet, . An enlarged spikelet, E. Open Flower F.A flower dissected, G. Floral diagram Malvaceae Itis also called cotton family Vegetative Characters : Habit Annual, biennial, herb or shrub or sometimes tree. Root Tap root system. Stem Erect, branched, cylindtcal Leaves Stipulate, altemate phyllotaxy, simple, petiolate, reticulate venation. Floral Characters : Inflorescence : Soltary, axilary or terminal racemose or cymose Corporate Offic ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi 110006, Phone : 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Morphology of Flowering Plants 7” Flower Bracteate or ebracteale, Bisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx Sepals five, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation, epicalyx is found, Corolla Patals five, polypetalous, twisted aestivation. Androecium — : Numerous stamens, monoadelphous, monothecous anther. Gynoecium — : Pentacarpellary, syncarpous, multilocular superior ovary, axile placentation, each locule has 1-infnite ovules, style single. Fruit Dry, capsule, schizocarp. Seod One to many, endospermic. Floral Formula : Epi, 8g Ka Economic Importance 1. Food ‘Okra — (used as vegetables). Cotton — (cil is extracted) 2. Medicine Urena ropenda Abutilon indicum Fibre Gossypium sp. ~ Fibre of seed coat used in textile industry, 4, Ornamental plant: China rose (Gurhal) ° e 6 Fig. : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (china rose) plant: A. A flowering twig, B. L.S, of flower, C, Epicalyx and calyx, D. Androecium, E. Gynoecium, F. TS. of ovary G. Floral diagram Corporate offic ‘kash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008, Phone : 011-476234568 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) Family-Leguminosae (On the basis of inflorescence and flower characters (ie. corolla and stamens) this family has been divided into 3 subfamilies: Family-Leguminosae ot ao Paptlionatae Caesalpinioideae Mimosoideae (Fabaceae) e.g. Pisum sativum e.g, Cassia fistula e.g. Acacia nifotica EXERCISE 1, Tetradynamous condition of stamens is found in the members of family (1) Malvaceae (2) Solanaceae (3) Brassicaceae (4) Liliaceae 2. Ray florets of sunflower do not (1) Have inferior ovary (2) Show basal placentation in gynoecium (3) Have united petals (4) Have androecium 3. Presence of epicalyx and monoadelphous condition of stamens is found in (1) Makoi (2) Mustard (3) Groundnut (4) China rose 4. Select the families in which members have bicarpellary, syncarpous, gynoecium and superior ovary. Solanaceae, Brassicaceae, Lilaceae, Fabaceae, Malvaceae, Asteraceae. Choose the correct option (1) Three (2) Two (8) Four (4) Five 5. _Allof the following are subfamilies of family Leguminosae, except (1) Caesalpinoideae (2) Mimosoideae (3) Gramineae (4) Papiionatae 6. The distinct monocot character shown by the flowers of Gramineae family is. (1) Bisexual flower (2) Actinomorphic flower (3) Hypogynous flower (4) No clear distinction of petal and sepal 7. Siliqua or siliculais the fruit of (1) Cotton (2) Mustard (3) China rose (4) Grass 8 Inwhich flower, the peduncle is flat on which florets are attached? (1) Sunflower (2) Wheat (3) Cotton (4) Groundnut Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams (Level) Morphology of Flowering Plants 9) 9, Match the following Column-| with Column-Il and choose the correct option. Column! ‘Columneit a. | Compositae 0 [Epi @¢KuG KoGe b, [Gramineae @ [O¢K. CA. &. | Malvaceae (id [69 Pana AS. [Cruciferae (iv) [BrP Kona Cos Ay Gos AB Cc OD om O Gir am w@ O ea O Bm Gi ww 410. Calyx in the form of pappus is found in (1) Cotton (2) Tobacco (3) China rose (4) Disc floret of sunflower ‘11. How many among the following belong to Malvaceae family? Gossypium, Helianthus, Triticum aestivum, Hibiscus, Brassica, Abution (1) Five (2) Three (3) Two (4) Four 12. Inwhich flower stamens are syngenesious i.., anthers are fused and flaments are free from each other is observed? (1) Ray florets of sunflower (2) Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (3) Disc florets of sunflower (4) Neutral orets of sunflower 13. Fruits is called caryopsis in the members of the family (1) Poaceae (2) Malvaceae (3) Fabaceae (4) Compositae 14, The subfamilies of leguminosae are differentiated from one another on the basis of (1) Calyx and corolla (2) Stems and leaves (3) Androecium and fruit (4) Corolla and androecium 16. Consider the following characteristics and choose the flower which shows them (a) Pentacarpellary gynoecium. (b) Monoadelphous androecium with numerous stamens. (c) Locute has one to numerous ovule in the gynoecium (1) Taticum (2) Oryza sativa (3) Gossypium (4) Chrysanthemum gag Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Phone : 011-47623456410 Morphology of Flowering Plants Board & Competitive Exams (Level!) ANSWER @ 2 @ 3 @) 42 5 @ 6 #4 7 @ Bm) 8 10. (4) 12 128) 18) 18.) 6. @) Corporate Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005. Phone : 011-47623456