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IGCSE Maths - Perimeter, Area, Surface Area, and Volume Notes

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1K views

IGCSE Maths - Perimeter, Area, Surface Area, and Volume Notes

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satya19876890
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IGCSE Maths: MENSURATION Perimeter = Measured [Calculated length of 4 shape’s boundary = How many mm, om, m, etc. of “fence” does this shape neod? Find by adding up all side lengths OR using formulas Note : meg Be Porimeter formulas of common, basic shapes: / IU = 3.14159... © all circles wt + Rectangle 4 cle Squowe- oe a) it q q mein 1 Cliameter poe as P24) Corda cscumferance C= 2 I0r radius (4 the diameter) for all othe shapes > dust add 4p side Jeng the 4o Find perimeter Area = How much space a 2D shape takes up = How many mm*, om*, mi, ede. of “pixels "go fill this shape ? Find using formulas : Avea formulas of common, basic shapes : 1) Quadrilaterals (4-sided shapes ) with paralle om A A a wA ts alonys the vertical height times the dicular Parallelogeam pee (pps a Equal axeas 2) Triangles KO x b b (Because a triangle is always half a quadrilateral ) fr L 7 (4) sides 2) Trape zium s 4 a P Equal 7h Xi Equal h aveas areas b b (Because this formula lets us change the trapezium into a rectangle with tHe same height and area by rpleing the average of the 2 lengths 4 § b) 4) Circles A= wh = v(Ir) = Tr? 7 With narrow enough pizza slices, this 3S pretty much q rectangle 5) To Find aveas of other, more complex 2D shapes: L Break up the complex shape into the simple shapes b Ly Find the area of each simple. shape a bb Add ug the arcas of the simple shapes ay L_ye4.: Aven = ZA\+ 2+ q+ ATA Surface Area of Solas Ly Selits are whet we call 3D shapes L, Seclids have surfaces made of 2D areas called tices Ly The surface area of a solid is just the total area of the aces bs We can use our above area formulas te find the areas of the faces L, Surface area Formulas of common solids: 1) Cube This is called the net of the solid; +s what we see then we “open up the solid into as 2D faces. There are many ways 40 draw mets; this is just one One of many other —~ ways to Brow the net 3) Triangular Prism L Fs => h ees Ba A=2(sbh)taltblt+el 4 A =2(sbh) + (a+b +c) Ve ea 4 PN TMB Ct Rice [enim insigltt to help us find fe ere the surface area of any other prism of base ey ace n0 matter what shape the base is 4) Cylinder (Circular Prism) P Area Perimeter of base. of base vy A=2B+4PN AN AY A = 2 (tr) + bln) A =2r* + 2lrh A= Ai + 4(4ls) Aes )ls) A- 6+ PGs) p ' Area Perimeter (. base of base ee A = B + P (zs) Again, we can use this insight for any pyramid 6) Cone (Circular Fyramid ) we slanted \ height ——)) Area of base Oe ‘hy ine A = Te? + (2r) (48 A = te 4 trs A =r? +Tlrs 1) Sphere It turns out the surface area of a sphere is 4x the avea of its shadow (ie 4x the avea of a circle with the Same radius) Volume of Solids lL the volume of a solid ic how much Space a 3D shape tokes up = How many mm, cm, mw, ek. of 3D “pixels” to fil up a 3D space Ly Volume formulas of common solids: 1) Cube (Square, fevsn) QQ: How many layers of base B A ave stackecl on top of one another ? Ans: 4 of them V= BA = (AL of base Ve i (square) 2) Cubcid (Rectangular Prism) Q: How many layers of V=Bh- (ah base B ave stackect on top of one ancther ? V Aw h Ans: h of them base (cectangle) 3) Triangular Prism Q: How many layers i ——— V = BI l be 8 ae eed Vy 6 a Awe Ae ct thee \ Area of base ~B = Zbh Vea bhd (triangle) 4) Cylinclor (Circular Prism) Soa cn di te (Ge Be tr* CD Q: How many layers of ==> V= Bh = (teh h base B ave stackect on top of one another ? VV 2 Ans: h of them 5) (Square) Pyramid Tt tums ow the me ofa pyramid ical / / weight of any base) is £ of the volume of a Ls» h prism with the same base B 4 height h. 4 1 een V= (Bh) = 31h = 31°h = Se Gan) We can use this insight V - $f h to figure out the volume of any kind of pyramid 6) Cone ( Ciceular art a = 3(Bh) S cal 4m*h orto a & T) Sphere Tt tums owt the volume of a sphere is 4x the volume of a cone with the same radus vr and 4 height r ual to its radius Ve 4-« (volume of a) Ve4(Sirh), but hee in this case SUMMARY A) Perimeter 1) Rectangle ot | P= + du A 2 Po 4h 3) Civel a < irele ) Square A C =] 4) Any othe shape — Just add up all side lengths B) Area 1) Fectangle wt | A= wl A 2) Square f rack 3’) ttn df =bh b 4) Triangle JIN“ 5) Trapezius fo\ A= 2larb)h 6 b Cree C) Amy? C) Surface Area 4 Volume 1) Cube AcGA? -LAGED 3) Triangular prism A=bhtaltblred V = %bhd, 5) Snare pyramid . Azd'+ Zhs \ 8 » ee A = 41lr? ’ : a 2) Cuboid A A= 2hw +Zdh + 2wh V = Awh 4) Cylinder A= Qtr? + 21ch V=T’h nh grrr ‘ Ww

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