SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Ray Optics
Reflection of Light
When a ray of light after incidenting on a boundary separating two media comes back into the same media, th en
this phenomenon, is called reflection of light. Normal
(1) ∠i = ∠r Reflected ray
Incident ray
(2) After reflection, velocity, wave length and i r
frequency of light remains same but intensity decreases. Boundary

(3)Other important informations

(i) When the object moves with speed u towards (or away) from the plane mirror then image also moves towards (or
away) with speed u. But relative speed of image w.r.t. object is 2u.
(ii) When mirror moves towards the stationary object with speed u, the image will move with speed 2u in same
direction as that of mirror.
O I O I

u u Rest 2u
u
Mirror at rest Mirror is moving
(A) (B)
(iii) A man of height h requires a mirror of length at least equal to h/2, to see his own complete image.
Curved Mirror- It is a part of a transparent hollow sphere whose one surface is polished.

C P P C
F F
Principal
axis
Concave mirror Convex mirror
Concave mirror converges the light rays and used as a shaving mirror, In search light, in cinema projector, in
telescope, by E.N.T. specialists etc.
Convex mirror diverges the light rays and used in road lamps, side mirror in vehicles etc.
(1) Terminology - (i) Pole (P) : Mid point of the mirror
(ii) Centre of curvature (C) : Centre of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
(iii) Radius of curvature (R): Distance between pole and centre of curvature.

(Rconcave = –ve , Rconvex = +ve , Rplane = ∞)

(iv) Principle axis : A line passing through P and C.
(v) Focus (F) : An image point on principle axis for an object at ∞.
R
(vi) Focal length (f) : Distance between P and F. (vii) Relation between f and R : f=
2

(fconcave = –ve , fconvex = + ve , fplane = ∞ )

(viii) Power : The converging or diverging ability of mirror
(ix) Aperture : Effective diameter of light reflecting area. Intensity of image ∝ Area ∝ (Aperture)2
(x) Focal plane : A plane passing from focus and perpendicular to principle axis.

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(2) Sign conventions :(i) All distances are measured from the pole. (ii) Distances measured in the direction of
incident rays are taken as positive while in the direction opposite of incident rays are taken negative. (iii) Distances
above the principle axis are taken positive and below the principle axis are taken negative.
(1) Mirror formula : 1 1 1
= + (derivation given in form of Question at the last)
f v u

(2) Lateral magnification : When an object is placed perpendicular to the principle axis, then linear magnification is
called lateral or transverse magnification.
I v f f −v v
m= =− = = = 1−
O u f −u f f
(* Always use sign convention while solving the problems)
I −(v 2 − v1 )
Axial magnification : When object lies along the principle axis then its axial magnification m = =
O (u 2 − u1 )
Areal magnification : If a 2D-object is placed with it's plane perpendicular to principle axis. It's Areal magnification
Area of image ( Ai ) A
ms = ⇒ ms = m 2 = i
Area of object ( Ao ) Ao
Refraction of Light
The bending of the ray of light passing from one medium to the other medium is called refraction.
When a ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium, it bends towards the normal.
Incident ray
i Rarer medium

Deviation δ = (i – r) δ

Denser medium Refracted ray

When a ray of light goes from a denser medium to a rarer medium, it bends away from the normal.

Denser medium

i
Deviation δ = (r – i )

r
δ
Rarer medium

(6) Snell’s law : The ratio of sine of the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction (r) is a constant called
sin i µ 2 sin i
refractive index i.e. = µ (a constant). For two media, Snell's law can be written as 1 µ 2 = = ⇒
sin r µ 1 sin r
µ 1 × sin i = µ 2 × sin r i.e. µ sinθ = constant
Refractive Index - (1) Refractive index of a medium is that characteristic which decides speed of light in it. (2) It is a
scalar, unit less and dimensionless quantity. (3) Absolute refractive index : When light travels from vacuum to any
transparent medium then refractive index of medium w.r.t. vacuum is called it’s absolute refractive index i.e.
c
µ medium =
v

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Absolute refractive indices for glass, water and diamond are respectively
3 4 12
µg = = 1.5, µw = = 1.33 and µD = = 2.4
2 3 5
(4) Relative refractive index : When light travels from medium (1) to medium (2) then refractive index of medium (2)
µ 2 v1
w.r.t. medium (1) is called it’s relative refractive index i.e. 1 µ 2 = = (where v1 and v2 are the speed of light in
µ1 v2
medium 1 and 2 respectively).
(5) When we say refractive index we mean absolute refractive index.
(6) The minimum value of absolute refractive index is 1. For air it is very near to 1. ( ~= 1.003 )

(7) Cauchy’s equation : µ = A + B2 + C4 + ...... (λ Red > λ violet so µ Red < µ violet ) (8) If a light ray travels from
λ λ
µ 2 λ1 v1
medium (1) to medium (2), then 1 µ2 = = =
µ1 λ 2 v2
(9) Dependence of Refractive index
(i) Nature of the media of incidence and refraction.
(ii) Colour of light or wavelength of light.
(iii) Temperature of the media : Refractive index decreases with the increase in temperature.
Real and Apparent Depth
If object and observer are situated in different medium then due to refraction, object appears to be displaced from
it’s real position.
(1) When object is in denser medium and observer is in rarer medium

µ
Real depth h
(i) µ = = h′
Apparent depth h′ h O′
(ii) Real depth > Apparent depth d
O
 1 4 h
(iii) Shift d = h − h =  1 −  h . For water µ = ⇒ d = ;
'

 µ 3 4

3 h
For glass µ = ⇒d=
2 3
µ1 d1
* If a beaker contains various immiscible liquids as shown then
µ2 d2
d1 d2 d3 µ3
Apparent depth of bottom = + + + .... d3
µ1 µ2 µ3
d d + d 2 + ..... 2µ 1 µ 2
µ combina tion = d
AC
= 1 (In case of two liquids if d1 = d 2 than µ = )
App .
d1
+
d2
+ .... µ1 + µ 2
µ1 µ2
O′ d
(2) Object is in rarer medium and observer is in denser medium h′
O h
h'
(i) µ =
h

(ii) Real depth < Apparent depth. (iii) d = (µ − 1)h

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h h
(iv) Shift for water dw = ; Shift for glass dg =
3 2

Refraction Through a Glass Slab-

i
Lateral shift MN = t sec r sin (i – r)
r δ
t N
Normal shift : µ
M e
Normal shift
 1 O'
OO ' = x =  1 −  t x
O

 µ µ
t

Total Internal Reflection (TIR)- When a ray of light goes from denser to rarer medium it bends away from the
normal and as the angle of incidence in denser medium increases, the angle of refraction in rarer medium also increases
and at a certain angle, angle of refraction becomes 90o, this angle of incidence is called critical angle (C).
critical angle ( C ) = angle of incidence when angle of refraction becomes 90o
0
( i.e. i= C if r= 90 )
When Angle of incidence exceeds the critical angle than light ray comes back in to the same medium after reflection
from interface. This phenomenon is called Total internal reflection (TIR).
r
90°
From Snell’s law
i C θ >C θ
= cosec C where µ → Rarer µ Denser
sin 90 1
(1) µ = =
sin c sin C
(2) Conditions for TIR O

(i) The ray must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.
(ii) The angle of incidence i must be greater than critical angle C
(3) Dependence of critical angle (i) Colour of light (or wavelength of light) : Critical angle depends upon wavelength as
1 1 µ λ v
λ ∝ ∝ sin C (a) λ R > λ V ⇒ C R > CV (b) Sin C = = R = D = D (for two media)
µ , R µD µ D λR vR
(ii) Nature of the pair of media : Greater the refractive index lesser will be the critical angle.
(a) For (glass- air) pair → Cglass = 42 , (b) For (water-air) pair → C water = 49
o o

(c) For (diamond-air) pair → Cdi amond = 24

o

(iii) Temperature : With temperature rise refractive index of the material decreases therefore critical angle increases.
Common Examples of TIR
(1) Looming : An optical illusion in cold countries(2) Mirage : An optical illusion in deserts
(3) Brilliance of diamond : Due to repeated internal reflections diamond sparkles.
(4) Optical fibre : Optical fibres consist of many long high quality composite glass/quartz fibres. Each fibre consists of a
core and cladding.
(i) The refractive index of the material of the core ( µ1) is higher than that of the cladding ( µ2).

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(ii) When the light is incident on one end of the fibre at a small angle, the light passes inside, undergoes repeated
total internal reflections along the fibre and finally comes out. The angle of incidence is always larger than the critical
angle of the core material with respect to its cladding.
(iii) Even if the fibre is bent, the light can easily travel through along the fibre
(iv) A bundle of optical fibres can be used as a 'light pipe' in medical and optical examination. It can also be used for
optical signal transmission. Optical fibres have also been used for transmitting and receiving electrical signals which are
converted to light by suitable transducers.
µ2
µ1

(5) Field of vision of fish (or swimmer) : A fish (diver) inside the water can see the whole world through a cone with.
r

(a) Apex angle = 2C = 98 o

h C
θ >C
(b) Radius of base r = h tan C = ; h
µ −1
2
C C

3h
for water
r=
7
πh2 9π 2
(c) Area of base A = ; for water a = h
(µ − 1)
2
7
(6) Totally reflecting prism : A right angled isosceles prism, which is used in periscopes or binoculars. It is used to
deviate light rays through 90 o and 180 o and also to erect the image.

o
45 90o

45o 45o
45o
o o
45 45
o
90 45
o

B A′
B′
A o
90

o o
45 45

Refraction From Spherical Surface

1 1
2 2
O P I O P I

µ 2 − µ1 µ2 µ1
(1) Refraction formula : = − (derivation given in form of Question at the last)
R v u

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Where µ 1 = Refractive index of the medium from which light rays are coming (from object).
µ 2 = Refractive index of the medium in which light rays are entering.

u = Distance of object, v = Distance of image, R = Radius of curvature

Lens

Biconvex Plano convex Concavo convex

Biconcave Plano concave Convexo concave

(3) As there are two spherical surfaces, there are two centres of curvature C1 and C2 and correspondingly two radii of
curvature R1 and R2
(4) The line joining C1 and C2 is called the principal axis of the lens. The centre of the thin lens which is on the
principal axis, is called the optical centre.
(5) A ray passing through optical centre proceeds undeviated through the lens.

(6) Principal focus : We define two principal focus for the lens. We are mainly concerned with the second principal
focus (F). Thus wherever we write the focus, it means the second principal focus.
First principal focus : An object point for which image is formed at infinity.

F1 F1 F2 F2

(A) (B) (A) (B)

Focal Length, Power and Aperture of Lens
(1) Focal length (f) : Distance of second principle focus from optical centre is called focal length

fconvex → positive, fconcave → negative, fplane → ∞

(2) Aperture : Effective diameter of light transmitting area is called aperture. Intensity of image ∝ (Aperture)
2

(3) Power of lens (P) : Means the ability of a lens to deviate the path of the rays passing through it. If the lens
converges the rays parallel to the principal axis its power is positive and if it diverges the rays it is negative.
1 100
Power of lens P = = ; Unit of power is Diopter (D)
f (m) f (cm)

Pconvex → positive, Pconcave → negative, Pplane → zero .

Lens Maker's Formula and Lens Formula

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

(1) Lens maker's formula : If R1 and R2 are the radii of curvature of first and second refracting surfaces of a thin lens
of focal length f and refractive index µ (w.r.t. surrounding medium) then the relation between f, µ, R1 and R2 is known as
1  1 1 
lens maker’s formula. f = (µ − 1) R − R 
 1 2 

(derivation given in form of Question/Answer at the last)

Table : Focal length of different lenses
Lens Focal length For µ = 1.5
Biconvex lens

R1 = R R
f = f=R
R2 = − R 2(µ − 1)

Plano-convex l ens

R1 = ∞ R
f = f = 2R
R2 = − R (µ − 1)

Biconcav e

R1 = − R R
f =−
2(µ − 1)
f = −R
R2 = + R
Plano-concav e

R1 = ∞ −R
f= f = −2R
R2 = R (µ − 1)

Magnification
The ratio of the size of the image to the size of object is called magnification.
f −v
(1) Transverse magnification : m = I = v = f
= (use sign convention while solving the problem)
O u f +u f
2
Ai  f 
(2) Areal magnification : ms = = m 2 =   , (Ai = Area of image, Ao = Area of object)
Ao  f +u

F
f 2 = x1 x 2
x1 x2

Lens Immersed in a Liquid - If a lens (made of glass) of refractive index µg is immersed in a liquid of refractive index
1  1 1 
µl, then its focal length in liquid, fl is given by = ( l µ g − 1)  − 
 ......(i)
fl  R1 R2 

 1 1  fl (a μ g − 1)
If fa is the focal length of lens in air, then
1
= ( aµ g − 1)  −  ......(ii) ⇒ =
 fa (l μ g − 1)
fa  R1 R2 

(1) If µ g > µl , then fl and fa are of same sign and fl > fa .

That is the nature of lens remains unchanged, but it’s focal length increases and hence power of lens decreases.
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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

(2) If µ g = µl , then fl = ∞ . It means lens behaves as a plane glass plate and becomes invisible in the medium.

(3) If µ g < µl , then fl and fa have opposite signs and the nature of lens changes i.e. a convex lens diverges the
light rays and concave lens converges the light rays.

Combination of Lens- (1) For a system of lenses, the net power, net focal length and magnification are given as
1 1 1 1
follows : P = P1 + P2 + P3 .......... , = + + + .......... . , m = m1 × m2 × m3 × .......... ..
F f1 f2 f3

(2) In case when two thin lens are in contact : Combination will behave as a lens, which have more power or lesser focal
1 1 1 f1 f2
length. = + ⇒ F= and P = P1 + P2
F f1 f2 f1 + f2
(3) If two lens of equal focal length but of opposite nature are in contact then combination will behave as a plane

glass plate and Fcombinatio n = ∞

Effective focal length in Combination of Lenses: when two thin lens are in contact

1. If both lenses are converging, combination will behave like converging lens,
2. If both lenses are diverging, combination will behave like diverging lens,
3. If lens 1 is converging and lens 2 is diverging and f1> f2→1/ f2 > 1/ f1→ 1/f is negative, hence combination is
behave like diverging lens.
4. Similarly for f1 < f2→1/ f2 < 1/ f1→ 1/f is positive, hence combination is behave like converging lens.
Hence for combination of two lenses of different nature, the combination is behaving like
lens of smaller focal length.Here Power of combined lenses P= P1+P2 where P1 =1/f1, and
P21 =1/f2
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Refraction through a prism

Q . Draw a graph to show the variation of the angle of deviation ‘𝛿𝛿’ with
that of angle o incidence ‘i’ for a monochromatic ray of light passing through a glass
prism of refracting angle A. hence deduce the expression for the refractive index of the
material of the prism in terms of the angle of prism and the angle of minimum
deviation.
Ans)

A (1)
i – Angle of incidence,
A = r1 + r2 and i + e = A + δ A
δ e – Angle of emergence,
e
i r1 r2 A – Angle of prism or
sin i 1 sin r2
For surface AC µ = ; For surface AB = refracting angle of prism,
sin r1 µ sin e µ r1 and r2 – Angle of
C B refraction,
δmax
(2) Deviation through a prism : e
o r2
i = 90
r1 = C

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(i) Maximum deviation : Condition of maximum deviation is ∠ i = 90 ⇒ r1

o
= C, r2 = A − C and from Snell’s law on
emergent surface
 sin( A − C)  π −1  sin( A − C) 
e = sin −1   δ max = + sin  −A
 sin C  , 2  sin C 

(ii) Minimum deviation : It is observed if ∠i = ∠e and ∠r1 = ∠r2 = r , deviation produced is minimum.

i r e
r
δm

i A
(3) Condition of no emergence : For no emergence of light, TIR i
r1 r
must takes place at the second surface 2

For TIR at second surface r2 > C TIR

So A > r1 + C (From A = r1 + r2)

A > C + C , As maximum value of r1 = C
δV
(4) For thin prism δ = (µ − 1) A . Also deviation is different δR δY Screen
Incident
for different colour of light e.g. µ R < µ V so δ R < δ V . R
θ
Y
V
Microscope
It is an optical instrument used to see very small objects. It’s magnifying power is given by m= I/O= hi/ho
And angular magnification is givan as
Angle at eye formrd by image ( β )
m=
angle at eye when object is placed at least distance of distinct vision and viewed directly(α )
(1) Simple microscope
A′
(i) It is a single convex lens of lesser focal length.
Vi rtual and
(ii) Also called magnifying glass or reading lens. enla rged image
A
(iii) Magnification’s, when image is formed (a) at Least distance
of distinct vision. (i.e. m D ) B′ F B

As m=v/u = v (1/v – 1/f) = 1- v/f ve=D to ∞

 D  D
1 +  forV = − D
 f  m D = 1 + 
 f  max
(b) Magnification’s, when image is formed normal adjustment or for relaxed eye i.e.at ∞ i.e m∞
Angle at eye formrd by image ( β )
m=
angle at eye when object is placed at least distance of distinct vision and viewed directly(α )
To ∞

F 2F
2F F
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 h/ f 
m∞ =  
h/D h= size of object for angle β)
D
and m∞ =  
 f  min

for angle α
D

( α − angle at eye when object is placed at least distance of distinct vision and viewed directly )

(2) Compound microscope uo vo ue

A

O- objective piece(LENS) Q
B′
B E
E- eye piece(LENS)
O A′

ve=D
(i) Consist of two converging lenses called objective and eye piece( lens)both of small focal length.

(ii) feye lens > fobjective and (diameter) eye lens > (diameter )objective
(iii) Intermediate image is real and enlarged.
(iv) Final image is magnified, virtual and inverted.
(v) uo = Distance of object from objective (o), vo = Distance of image ( A′B′) formed by objective from objective,
ue = Distance of A′B′ from eye lens, ve = Distance of final image from eye lens, fo = Focal length of objective, fe = Focal
length of eye lens.
v  D
(vi) Final image is formed at D : Magnification mD = mo x me = mD = − uo 1 +  and length of the microscope tube
o  fe 

(distance between two lenses) is L D = vo + ue .

For Maximum possible mD

Generally object is placed very near to the principal focus of the objective hence uo ~= fo . The eye piece is also of small

focal length and the image formed by the objective is also very near to the eye piece. So vo ~= L D , the length of the
−L  D
tube. Hence, we can write mD = 1 + 
 fe 
fo 

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v0 D
(vii) Final image is formed at ∞ : Magnification m∞ = − . and length of tube L∞ = v0 + fe
u0 fe

(viii) For large magnification of the compound microscope, both fo and fe should be small.
(ix) If the length of the tube(vo +Fe) of microscope increases, then its magnifying power increases.

(x) The magnifying power of the compound microscope may be expressed as M = mo × me ; where mo is the
magnification of the objective and me is magnifying power of eye piece.
Astronomical Telescope It is also a combination of two lenses, called objective lens and eye piece, separated by a
distance. It is used for observing distinct images of heavenly bodies like stars, planets etc.
(Refracting Type)

fo ue

Obj. at ∞

B′
O Q E

A′

P
ve=D to ∞

Fig.2- For final image at D

Fig -1For final image at infinity

(1) fobjective > feyelens and d objective > d eye lens .

Magnifying Power:The magnifying power m is the ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the final image(β)
to the angle which the object subtends at the lens or the eye ( α ) .

(i) When final image is formed at least distance of distinct vision (D),

then m = β/α= tan β/tanα = fo/ue fo/fe {1+ (D/fe)} where fo and fe are focal lengths of objective and
eyepiece respectively. Length of the telescope (L) = (fo + ue) where, ue = distance of object from the eyepiece.

(ii) When final image is formed at infinity, then m = β/α= tan β/tanα = fo/fe
Length of the telescope (L) = fo + fe

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For large magnifying power of a telescope fo should be large and fe should be small. For large magnifying power of a
microscope; fo < fe both should be small.
(2) Intermediate image is real, inverted and small. (3) Final image is virtual, inverted and small.
f0  fe  fo
(4) Magnification : m D = −  1 +  and m∞ = − (5) Length : LD = f0 + ue and L ∞ = f0 + fe
fe  D fe
ve = D to ∞
P
A
Terrestrial Telescope A''
B Q B'
It is used to see far off object on the earth. O B''

(1) It consists of three converging lens : objective, A' Erecting lens

fo 2f 2f Ue
eye lens and erecting lens.
(2) It’s final image is virtual, erect and smaller.
f0  f  f
(3) Magnification : m D =  1 + e  and m∞ = 0
fe  D fe

(4) Length : LD = f0 + 4 f + ue and L ∞ = f0 + 4 f + fe

Reflecting Telescope - Reflecting telescopes are based upon the same principle except that the formation of images
takes place by reflection instead of by refraction.
If fo is focal length of the concave spherical mirror used as objective and fe, the focal length of the eye-piece, the
fo
magnifying power of the reflecting telescope is given by m =
fe

Advantages: It is free from chromatic and spherical aberrations, lighter, portable, easy to handle, support can be
given from whole back, cheaper, Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger aperture of
mirror.

Limitations of re fracting te lescope over reflecting type te lescope:

(i) Refracting telescope suffers from chromatic aberration as it uses large sized lenses.
(ii) The requirements of big lenses tend to be very heavy and therefore difficult to make and support by their
edges.
(iii) It is also difficult and expensive to make such large sized lenses.
Resolving Limit and Resolving Power
(1) Microscope : In reference to a microscope, the minimum distance between two lines at which they are just
distinct is called Resolving limit ( LOR) and it’s reciprocal is called Resolving power (RP)

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λ 2µ sinθ 1
LOR – Limit of resolution, LOR = and R.P. = ⇒ R.P. ∝
2 µ sin θ λ λ θ
O
λ = Wavelength of light used to illuminate the object, Objective

µ = Refractive index of the medium between object and objective,

θ = Half angle of the cone of light from the point object, µ sinθ = Numerical aperture.
(2) Telescope : Smallest angular separations (dθ) between two distant objects, whose images are separated in the
1.22λ
telescope is called resolving limit. So resolving limit dθ =
a

1 a 1
and resolving power (RP) = = ⇒ R.P. ∝
dθ 1.22λ λ where a = aperture of objective.

Q/A
Q1. What are optical fibers? Give their one use?
Ans. Optical fibers consist of thin and long strands of fine quality glass or quartz coated with a thin layer of material of
refractive index less than the refractive index of strands. They work on the principle of total internal reflection so they
do not suffer any loss.
Uses
The optical fibers are used in medical investigations i.e. one can examine the inside view of
stomach and intestine by a method called endoscopy.
Q2. By stating sign conventions and assumptions used derive the relation between u,u and f in case of a
concave mirror?
Ans. Sign conventions:-
(1) All distances are measured from the pole of the mirror.
(2) Distance measured in the direction of incident light is positive and those measured
in the direction opposite to the incident light are negative.
(3) Height measured upwards is positive and height measured downwards is negative.
Assumptions
(1) Aperture of the spherical mirror is considered to be very small.

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Q3. A giant refracting telescope at an observatory has an objective lens of focal

length 15 m. If an eyepiece lens of focal length 1.0 cm is used, find the angular
magnification of the telescope.
Ans) Refracting telescope:

Q4. Define total infernal reflection of light? Hence write two advantages of total reflecting prisms ov er a
plane mirror?

Ans. The phenomenon of reflection of light when a ray of light traveling f rom a denser medium is sent
back to the same denser medium provided the angle of incidence is greater than the angle called critical
angle is called total internal reflection.

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Q5. With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a point object by refraction of light at a
convex spherical (convex) surface separating two media of refractive indices n1 and n2 (n2> n1 ) respectively. Using
this diagram, derive the relation.

Also write the sign conventions used and assumptions

Ans) Sign Convention used:-

a) All the distances are measured from the pole.

b) The distances measured in the direction of incident light are taken as positive.
c) The distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of light are taken as negative.

Assumptions:-

a) The aperture of the spherical refracting surface is small.

b) The object is a point object and lies on the principal axis.

c) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the spherical surface make small angles with the
principal axis.
Let O = point object in rarer medium
I = real image in denser medium

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Q6. A point object is placed in front of a double convex lens(of refractive in

n=n2/n1 with respect to air) with its spherical faces of radii of curvature R1 and R2.
Show the path of rays due to refraction at first and subsequently at the second surface
to obtain the formation of the real image of the object. Hence obtain the lens- maker’s
formula for a thin lens. Write the assumptions and sign convention used.

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Similarly relation for the surface ADC

Here, OB = -u DI = + υ

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Finally the ray diagram for lens

7.Draw a ray diagram to show the working of a compound microscope. Deduce an

expression forthe total magnification when the final image is formed at the near point.
In a compound microscope, an object is placed at a distance of 1.5 cm from the
objective of focal length 1.25 cm. If the eye piece has a focal length of 5 cm and the
final image is formed at thenear point, estimate the magnifying power of the
microscope.

Ans.

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 SHORTS NOTES OF RAY OPTICS BY DR ALKA GUPTA

Few more questions (1 mark)

DIVERGING
DIVERGING

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