DT Unit2
DT Unit2
41
UNIT 2
ThumbnailSketching
2.1.2.1. The Six Thinking Hats helps people look at problems from different
design thinking exercise because it
This is a popular into six different personalities, each of which is represented
allows people to tap
perspectives. It
colored hat. "It is a powerful decision-checking technique in group scenarios, as
by a symbolic
from each perspective," shares Andrew Saley, design thinking
everyone explores the situation
team lead at Kromtech.
developed by Dr. Edward de Bono,and who is
problem-solving technique the
SixThinking Hats is a proven authority in the field of creative thinking, innovation,
regarded as the leading international
skill.
direct teaching of thinking as a
Semester (Design
MBA First
42
The de Bono methods are based on an understanding of how the brain handles information
professions.
Thinkiyetng)AiyI
ages and
are very simple, practical, and are used by people of all for all
control of life once andgive un
take
Edward de Bono's Six Thinking Hat system helps to it never feels the need to
practice and a systematic implementation of this process,
Thsearcrhoiungg
for an ideal solution to the problem or circumstances.
of thinking, which is
th,iodreonutgmaifhilneyadge
direction or type
Each of the Six Thinking Hats represents a different allows examining a problem
The
by aprocess reduces confusion and keeps
colour. Using the hats in a sequence,thinking
one on
after another,
track. The Six Hats techniques heip to clarify the
understanding of the problem, which will help to
focus of our thinking so we have athorough
the time as efficiently as possible.
Types of Thinking Hats
The six thinking hats are as follows:
Information
Overview
Facts
Control
Data
Decision
White Creativity
Process Blue
Growth
Critic
New ideas
Risks
SixHats Options
Obstacles
Black Green Benefits
Caution
Emotions Logic
Positive
Feelings Vision
Hunches
Yellow Feasibility
Intuition Red
4) Creative Thinking Mind Map Technique: Creative thinking mind map utilises all the creative
thinking skills. They generate ever-increasing mental energy as the mind mapper moves towards
his/her goal. They allow the mind mapper to view a great many elements all at once, thus
increasing the probability of creative association and integration. They enable people's brains to
track out ideas which normally lie inobscurity on the edge of their thinking.
5) Mind Map Organic Study Technique (MMOST): Mind Map Organic Study
Technique (MMOST) was devised by Tony Buzan. the renowned inventor of the Mind Map. It
includes following steps:
book or article to
i) Browse: First and foremost, before you take any notes. flip through the entire
get a general feel of the information.
amount of
i1) Time or Amount: Decide on the time you are going to spend studying or the
material youare going to cover in that time.
five
iii) Knowledge Mind Map: If you already know information about the subject, spend about
minutes quickly mind mapping what you know.
session and
iv) Goals Mind Map: Create a separate mind map to define your goals for the study
include questions you want answered from the article or book you are about to study.
V) Take an Overview of the Material: To do so, look at results, illustrations, summaries,
conclusions, table of contents, capitalised words and other important elements rather than read
the content word for word. This will help you determine the structure of your mind map and
provide you with relevant information to create the Basic Ordering Ideas (BOIs) or the main
branchesof your mind map.
vi) Preview: In this step, concentrate on the beginning and ends of paragraphs, chapters and
sections.
vii) Inview: In this step, fill the in rest of the information that was not covered in the previous
steps.
viii) Review: In this stage, go back over areas that you skipped and review the text to add
important information that youhave not already included your mind map.
2.1.2.3. Deconstruction
This design thinking exercise asksdesigners to revisit their understanding of the core problem for
the purpose of clarifying it. According to Shannon Lue Chee Lip, an independent consultant
whouses design thinking frameworks to help social good organizations create strategic plans for
success, this exercisehelps ensure designers are solving the core issue rather than just treating
the symptoms.
Thinking) AKTU
44 MBA First Semester (Design
2) Computer Mind Map Technique: With the introduction of computer based mind mapping in
such
the last couple of years, mind mapping has become even easier. Mind mapping software
as Tony Buzan's iMindMap utilises the true principles of mind mapping and duplicate the non
linear thinking process of the brain, creating an explosion in creativity, innovation and
knowledge sharing. Computer based mind mapping software enables to arrange information in
expandable and collapsible topic trees. It enables to emnbed documents, links, notes and other
data within the structure of map. transforming it into the equivalent of a powerful visual
database.
3) Hierarchy-Based Mind Map Technique: Ahierarchy-based mind map is similar to a flow chart,
though in function it acts as a dynamic, graphical outline that helps the user organise his thoughts.
Ineffect. it takes the old hierarchical outline, makes it into agraphic and adds a free-flow aspect to
it as one idea branches off from another.
4) Creative Thinking Mind Map Technique: Creative thinking mind map utilises all the creative
mapper moves towards
thinking sklls. They generate ever-increasing mental energy as the mind
many elements all at once, thus
his/her goal. They allow the mind mapper to view a great brains to
of creative association and integration. They enable people's
increasing the probability
track out ideas which normally lie in obscurity on the edge of their thinking.
5) Mind Map Organic Study Technique (MMOST): Mind Map Organic. Study
Technique (MMOST) was devised by Tony Buzan, the renowned inventor of the Mind Map. It
includes following steps:
1) Browse: First and foremnost, before you take any notes, flip through the entire bOok or article to
get ageneral feel of the information.
ii) Time or Amount: Decide on the time you are going to spend studying or the amount of
material you are going to cover in that time.
ii) Knowledge Mind Map: If you already know information about the subject, spend about five
minutes quickly mind mapping what you know.
iv) Goals Mind Map: Create a separate mind map to define your goals for the study session and
include questions you want answered from the article or book you are about to study.
V) Take an Overview of the Material: To do so, look at results, illustrations,
summaries,
conclusions, table of contents, capitalised words and other important elements rather than read
the content word for word. This will help you determine the structure of your
provide you with relevant information to create the Basic Ordering Ideas (BOls) mind map and
or the main
branches of your mind map.
vi) Preview: In this step, concentrate on the
sections. beginning and ends of paragraphs, chapters and
vii)Inview: In this step, fill the in rest of
the information that was not covered in
steps. the previous
viii) Review: In this stage, go back
important information that you haveover areas that you skipped and review
not already included your mind the text to adc
2.1.2.3. Deconstruction
map.
This design thinking exercise asks
the purpose of clarifying it. designers to revisit their understanding of the
who uses design thinking According to Shannon Lue Chee Lip, an core problem to
success, this exercise helpsframeworks
ensure
to help social good
organizations independent consultan
create
designers are solving the core issue
rather strategic
the symptoms. plans Te
than just trea
Design Thinking Exercises and Workshop (Unit-2) 45
"Take for example if youwere tasked with designing a new phone for the elderly. It might be tempting
to jump straight into ideating features like large buttons or speech-to-text capabilities, but if we step
back and decompose the problemif we ask ourselves, what's the purpose of a phone, anyway? We
open up awhole new world of design possibilities. Rather than designing just another accessible
phone concepl. we might find ourselves creating entirely new ways for older people to relay their
thoughts to another person physically distant from them," Lip explains.
This kind of decomposition challenges designers to reframe their understanding of the challenge at
hand, acknowledging any biases they might bring to the design process and opening themselves up to
new ideas that might never have surfaced otherwise.
2.1.2.4. The Five Whys or "Nine Whys'" Exercise
Another of Lip's favorite design thinking activities is the Five Whys. It uses recursive questioning to
help designers better understand the root cause of a problem, rather than immediately attempting to
address the more obvious symptoms.
Lip shares, "The process begins by identifving the most obvious problem to be addressed and
gradually working backwards by repeatedly asking "Why?" and empathising with the user to trace
the root cause of an issue. The beauty of this exercise lies in its simplicity, as it can very quickly
lead us from a simple presenting problem like
There's apuddle of water on the floor' to reveal key insights like 'No one can figure out the user
interface of the maintenance request system, so the control valves have not been serviced in
years. That can be invaluable in informing the design process."
That exercise focuses on asking questions that start with why. These questions will eventually lead to
a better understanding of a certain thing. Designers use that exercise to clearly understand the root
cause of the user's problem.
Like the previous exercise, this one is also conducted in pairs and takes almost 15 minutes. One
designer is interviewing another designer for 5 minutes, and then switching roles. Start with "What do
you do when working on
1) Designer 1: *What do you do when working on that search page design? Please make a short list
of activities."
2) Designer 2: "Makes the list of activities before designing".
3) Designer 1: "Why is that task important to you?"
Continue asking these questions five times, nine times or until another person can't go any deeper
because they have reached the underlying purpose. When that person gets stuck, ask "Does a story
come to mind?". Later, share insights.
Because of the simplicity, the exercise is also helping designers to reveal when a strong purpose is
missing in a meeting. Once the meeting identifies the main purpose that is unambiguous, everyone has
more freedom and opportunities.
2.1.2.5. Thumbnail Sketching
Peter Donahue, who works as a full-time freelance designer, prefers "good, old-fashioned thumbnail
sketching" as a design thinking exercise. Donahue usually creates twenty or more quick, small
sketches of a design to help identify and solve key visual problems. He explains, this is my go-to
ideation method. There's a lot of talk about rapid prototyping in the maker comnunity, and I see
thumbnail sketching as the purest, most rapid form of that method."
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MBA First Semester (Design Thinking) AKTU
The activities of adesign thinking workshop are organised according to the three phases of the design
thinking process: empathy, ideation, and prototyping.
) Empathy: Getting to grips with a real user problem and building empathy for the target users /
customners.
2) Ideation, Innovation, and Problem-Solving: Generating as many ideas and potential solutions as
possible.
3) Prototyping and Testing: Building low-fidelity prototypes of the ideas generated, ready for
testing on realor representative users.
Design thinking workshops are all about collaboration and problem-solving. As a designer. one might
hold aDesign Thinking workshop with his direct team in order to tackle a tough design chalenge he
has been stn1ggling with. However, Design Thinking workshops are not just for designers; they are
also increasingly used to teach professionals how to innovate and problem-Solve.
Throughout the design career, one might find himself running Design Thinking workshops for
clients-going into different organisations and showing them how they can apply Design Thinking to
their own business challenges.
Indeed, Design Thinking can be applied to all areas of business, and a Design Thinking workshop can
therefore be useful for everyonefrom marketing, product, and sales, right through to the C-level.
2.2.2. Goals of Design Thinking Workshops
Design thinking workshops help design teams to create feasible and user-focused solutions to design
problems. This helps the team to design better products faster, reduce costs, and increase profits. Other
goals include:
1) Improving the problem-solving skills of the team. These skills are transferable to other design
prob1ems within the team.
2) Creating a sense of community in the design team because workshop participants have to
collaborate in order to get a solution.
3) Giving the team a competitive edge by producing innovative and industry-leading ideas.
2.2.3. Reason of Design Thinking Workshop
As a designer, incorporating Design Thinking into the process will help him to quickly come up with
viable, user-centric solutions-ultimately resulting in a quicker time-to-market, improved customer
retention, significant cost savings,and agreat ROI.
Design thinking workshops enable designer to spread this value across the
of the reasons to conduct a design thinking workshop: organisation. Here are some
1) Teach People how to
Problem-Solve: Problem solving is a key skill that evervone should master.
ADesign Thinking workshop teaches problem solving in action, giving the workshop participants
an approach they can apply to almost any challenge in any area of their lives.
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Design Thinking Exercises and Workshop (Unit-2)
2) Foster Innovation and Teamwork: The very essence of Design Thinking lies in collaboration
and thinking outside the box. AS a designer. these things are second nature to you; for others, t
mignt not come so easily. A Design Thinking worksbop breaks down silos and shows participants
how to challenge their assumptions that will lead to innovation!
3) Secure a Competitive Advantage: ADesign Thinking workshop may result in ground breakiny
solutions that ultimately set the company apart-but competitive products aren't the only
takeaway. Design Thinking workshops teach creative thinking, which is increasingly seen as a
conipetitive advantage when applied at a strategic level.
"Most companies today have innovation envy. They yearn to come up with a game-changng
innovation like ApPple's iPod, or create an entirely newcategory like Facebook. Many make genuine
efforts to be innovative-they spend on R&D, bring in creative designers, and hire innovation
consultants. But they get disappointing results.
2.2.4. Warm-Ups to Ignite Design Thinking Workshopcollaboration, and innovation.
Design thinking workshops inspire an atmosphere of teamwork,
They are designed to reframe the way collective teams approach product innovation through a
everyone's voice is
focused lens on the end-user. These workshops involve activities that ensure
heard, challenge participants to think outside the box, and are, quite frankly, fun team-building
feeling of the afternoon
processes. Even with the most anticipated workshops, everyone hits thechallenging at best. Below
crash and maintaining energy levels when 3 o'clock rolls around can be
and get them primed for various
are five warm-ups to help the team beat the afternoon slump
workshop activities:
Warm-Ups to Ignite Design Thinking
Workshop
Draw a Vase
<) Zombie Cats: A Smashing original, created by our own UX and Creative leaders, starts with
breaking the room up into equal sized groups. For round one, challenge the groups to find two
things they all have in common with one another. For round two, let the room know that the two
things their group has in common is now their team name (i.e. Zombie Cats - one group found out
that everyone liked zombie movies and cats).Give the groups five minutes to figure out how they
willact out their team name.
When time is up. have each group act out their team name to the entire room and have others guess
the team's name. The purpose this war-up includes introductions, getting people to open up to each
other, finding common ground
3) Yes, BUT Vs. Yes, AND: Have the room pair up and assign the group a task (e.g-. to plan a party).
For round one, have everyone start each sentence of their conversation with Yes, BUT". After the
first round, ask the participants how the conversation went? How was the party they planned? For
round twO have participants start their conversation with *Yes, AND". After the second round, ask
the group how the round went and compare the two conversations. The differences between the
two will be striking. The purpose of this warm-up includes collaboration, showing the difference
between an open and closed mindset.
4) 1000 Uses: Divide participants out into equal sized groups, pick a random object (i.e. a
paperciiP). and challenge each group to come up with 1.000uses for the object. No repeats! In
each group, each participant will take turns in a circle coming up with new ideas. Make sure
that cach group has a volunteer note taker to capture how many ideas their group comes up
with. Time the challenge for 4 minutes. When time is up, have each group share how many
ideas they generated. The group with the most ideas wins. Its purpose is to thinking outside the
box, encouraging wild ideas.
5) Draw a Vase: For the first rounds of this exercise have everyone take out a piece of
ask them to draw vase. Once they are finished have them post
paper and
what they drew on the board.
For the second round have everyone design a way for people to enjoy flowers in their homes
and post it on the board. Compare the two drawings and discuss how
reframing the question
affected the proposed solutions. Its purpose is learning how to reframe
thinking outside the box. brainstorming triggers,
2.2.5. Implementing Design
The design thinking process is made up Thinking through a Workshop
of activities that are done before the workshop and
workshop. The figure 2.2 shows the steps involved in implementing design during the
Step 1: Planning and Preparation: Before you can thinking through workshop.
a
things that need to be in place first, they include: run a design thinking workshop, there are some
1) Workshop Objectives: This is a clear
it to generate new ideas or to definition of the goals that the workshop should achieve. ls
improve
define the challenge or question that theon an existing design product? This is also a good time to
the user experience of our website users?"workshop will answer. It might be "how can we
improve
2) Workshop Location: ChoOse a suitable location for
workshop is happening physically, choose a your design thinking
If the workshop is happening location that has enough space for yourworkshop. If ne
going to use. online, decide on the meeting and design teant
presentation tools that you a
3) Workshop Agenda: This is a
plan of
Do not overschedule
the workshop and how and when the
be sure to different activities are going to happen.
workshop agenda. include alot of activities in your design thinking
Design Thinking
Exercises and Workshop
(Unit-2)
4) Workshop
design thinkingMaterials: Ensure that all the necessary
49
marker
in place.pens,
workshop
sticky materials such as paper,
notes, whiteboards,
Planning and Preparation
After
as outlined making all the and props are
above, the next stepsnecessary
of your workshop agenda. preparations
will be the
Introduction
execution Kick off the Meeting Using an lcebreaker
2:
Step Irntroduction:
the workshop and brief Welcome all the participants to
them on what they should
Introduce Design Thinking
Auring the workshop. Share expect
The main objective of thethe following information: Empathising with the User
that it is
going to solve. workshop and the problem Get more Specific on the Problem
) Aschedule of the
workshop activities. Come up with ldeas and Possible Solutions
Step 3: Kick off the Meeting
IIse fun Using an Icebreaker: Create a User Journey Map
icebreaker activities to help your team loosen
up before the workshop
begins. This will make it easy
for them to collaborate and Prototyping and Testing
share their ideas.
Describe the Next Steps and Close the Workshop
Step 4: Introduce Design
Make a brief presentationThinking
on what design thinking is,
Figure 2.2: Implementing Design Thinking through a
the Workshop
phases of design thinking, and its benefits. This
presentation is useful even for designers who are already familiar with the design
philosophy because it brings everyone up to speed and ensures that you are all on the thinking
same page.
Step 5: Empathising with the User: This is the first step in the design
encourage the workshop participants to put themselves in the shoes of the thinking process where you
user. This will help them to
start generating ideas on what the user needs from the product. One can use activities such as
role
playing and creating an empathy map to help the participants really understand the needs, wants,
feelings, and language of the user. After these activities, give the participants a chance to share their
findings and ask questions, if any.
Step 6: Get more Specific on the Problem: After the empathy exercise, participants are better placed
to really narrow downon the problem that the user faces. Ask the team to create a problem statement
that will guide the rest of the design thinking workshop.
Step 7:Come up with Ideas and Possible Solutions: The next design thinking step is ideation where
the team suggests possible solutions to the problem that they identified in step 6. Use techniques such
as brainstorming to come up with a list of potential solutions. Give the participants a chance to discuss
their solutions and then come up with one refined solution.
Step 8: Create a User Journey Map: After settling on one solution, get the team to map out the steps
that users will take so that they can solve the problem. These steps can be downloading an application,
setting up an account, adding their bank details, and then sending money. Give them enough space
and sticky notes to create a step by step representation of the user journey.
Step 9: Prototyping and Testing: This is the final step in the design thinking process where
screens for
participants will create low fidelity prototypes of thei solution. Ask the users to create
ach step of the user journey and then ask them to add functionality to their screens in the form of
buttons. Once again, give the team some time tocompare their prototypes and then ask them to vote
for the best prototype.
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MBA First Semester (Design Thinking) AKTU
Step 10: Describe the Next Steps and Close the Workshop: Close the workshop by explaining to
fidelity prototypes, and
the team the next steps such as turning their prototypes into wireframes, high learned from the design
actual user testing. This is also agood time to ask your design team what they
thinking workshop. Don't forget to ask for feedback so that you can improve your design thinking
workshop facilitation skills.