BHRUGESH SIR' PHYSICS ACADEMY

Contents
Sr. No. Chapters Page No.

1. Force 1 - 46

2. Work, Energy and Power part A 47 - 84

3. Work, Energy and Power part B 85 - 136

4. Work, Energy and Power part C 137 - 156

5. Machines part A 157 - 190

6. Machines part B 191 - 214

7. Retraction Of Light at Plane Surface 215 - 232

8. Refraction Through A Lens 233 - 256

9. Spectrum 257 - 266

10. Sound 267 - 292

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STD : - 10th PHYSICS
FORCE

(1) A body is pivoted at a point. A force of 10 N is applied at a distance of 30 cm the pivot.

Calculate the Moment of force about the pivot. Ans:- 3 N m

(2) The moment of a force of 5 N about a point P is 2 N m. calculate the distance of point of

application Of the force from the point P. Ans:- 0.4 m

(3) A mechanic can open a nut by applying a force of 150 N while using a level handle of

length 40 cm. How long a handle is required if he wants to open it by applying a force

of only 50 N? Ans:- 1.2 m

(4) The iron door of a building is 3 m broad. It can be opened by applying a force of 100 N

normally at the Middle of the door.

Calculate: (a) the torque needed to open the door,

(b) the least force and its point of Application to open the door.

Ans:- (a) 150 N m,

(b) 50 N

(5) In fig. 1.17, a roller of diameter 0.4 m is raised on the pavement XY by force F1 and F2

each of magnitude 10 N. compare the torques produced by the two forces.

Ans:- 2:1

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 (6) The wheel shown in the diagram (Fig 1.18) has a fixed rate passing through O. the wheel

is kept Stationary under the action of (i) a horizontal force F1 at A and ii) a vertical

force F2 at B.

(a) show the direction of force, F2 at B

(b) which of the force, F1 or F2, is greater?

(c) find the ratio between the forces F1 and F2. Given: AO = 2.5 cm, BO’ = 1.5 cm and

O’O = 2.0 cm

Ans:- 4:5

(7) The following diagram (fig 1.20) shows two parallel and opposite forces F1 and F2 each

of magnitude 5 N, with their lines of action separated by a distance of 2 m. A point X is

pivoted midway between F1 And F2 while point Y is pivoted on F2.

(a) calculate the total moment of the two forces about the point (i) X, and (ii) Y.

(b) state the effect produced by two forces about the point (i) X, and (ii) Y.

Ans:- 10 N m, 10 N m

(8) Two forces each of magnitude 2 N act vertically upwards and downwards respectively at

the two ends Of a uniform rod of length 1 m which is pivoted at its centre. Draw a diagram

of the arrangement and Determine the resultant moment of forces about the mid-point of the rod.

Ans:- 2.0 N m

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 (9) A uniform metre rule rests horizontally on a knife edge at the 60 cm mark when a mass

of 10 g is Suspended from the end. Draw a diagram of the arrangement.

(a) at which end must this mass be suspended?

(b) what is the mass of the rule?

(c) the 10 g mass is now shifted to the 90 cm mark. In which direction must be knife edge

be shifted to Make the rule horizontal again?

Ans:- 40 g

(10) On a see-saw two children of masses 30 kg and 50 kg are sitting on one side of it at distances

2 m and 2.5 m respectively from its middle. Where should a man of mass 74 kg sit to balance it?

Ans:- 2.5 m

(11) Fig. 1.23 below shows a uniform metre rule AB pivoted at its end A at the zero mark and

supported At the other and B by a spring balance when a weight of 40 kgf is suspended

at its 40 cm mark. This rule Stays horizontal. Find the reading of the spring balance when

the rule is of (i) negligible mass, (ii) mass 20 kg.

Ans:- (i) 16 kgf, (ii) 26 kgf

(12) The moment of a force of 10 N about a fixed point O is 5 N m. calculate the distance of

the point O from The line of action of the force Ans:- 0.5 m

(13) A nut is opened by a wrench of length 10 cm. if the least force required is 5.0 N, find the

moment of force Needed to turn the nut.

Ans:- 0.5 N m

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(14) A wheel of diameter 2 m is shown in fig. 1.28 with axle at O. a force F = 2 N is applied at

B in the Direction shown in figure.

Calculate the moment of force about (i) the centre O, and

(ii) the point A.

Ans:- (i) 2 N m clockwise,

(ii) 4 N m clockwise

(15) The diagram in fig 1.29 shows two forces F1 = 5 N and F2 = 3 N acting at points A and

B respectively of A rod pivoted at a point O, such that OA = 2 m and OB = 4 m.

Calculate:

(i) the moment of force F1 about O.

(ii) the moment of force F2 about O.

(iii) total moment of the two forces about O.

Ans:- (i) 10 N m clockwise,

(ii) 12 N m clockwise,

(iii) 2 N m clockwise

(16) Two forces each of magnitude 10 N act vertically upwards and downwards respectively

at the two ends A And B of a uniform rod of length 4 m which is pivoted at its mid point

O as shown in fig 1.30. determine The magnitude of the resultant moment of forces about

the pivot O.

Ans:- 40 N m (clockwise)
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 (17) Fig. 1.31 shows two forces each of magnitude 10 N acting at points A and B at a

separation of 50 cm, in Opposite directions, calculate the resultant moment of the

two forces about the point (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) O situated exactly at the middle of the two

forces.

Ans:- (i) 5 N m clockwise,

(ii) 5 N m clockwise,

5 N m clockwise

(18) A steering wheel of diameter 0.5 m is rotated anticlockwise by applying two forces each

of magnitude 5 N. draw a diagram to show the application of forces and calculate the

moment of the forces applied. Ans:- 2.50 N m

(19)A uniform metre rule is pivoted at its midpoint. A weight of 50 gf is suspended at one

end of it. Where Should a weight of 100 gf be suspended to keep the rule horizontal?

Ans:- at distance 25 cm from the other end

(20) A uniform metre rule balances horizontally on a knife edge placed at the 58 cm mark

when a weight of 20 gf is suspended from the end.

(i) Draw a diagram of the arrangement.

(ii) what is the wight of rule? Ans:- (ii) 105 gf

(21) The diagram below (fig 1.32) shows a uniform bar supported at the middle point O. a

weight of 40 gf is Placed at a distance 40 cm to the left of point O. how can you balance

the bar with a weight of 80 gf?

Ans:- By placing the weight of 80

gf at a distance 20 cm to the

right of point O.
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 (22) Fig 1.33 shows a uniform metre rule placed on a fulcrum at its mid-point O and having a

weight 40 gf At the 10 cm mark and weight of 20 gf at the 90 cm mark.

(i) is the matre rule in equilibrium? If not, how Will the rule tun?

(ii) how can the rule be brought in equilibrium by using an additional weight of 40 gf?

Ans:- (i) metre rule is not in equilibrium,

Rule will turn anticlockwise,

(ii) 40 gf should be place at 70 cm mark.

(23)When a boy weighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4 m long see-saw, it gets depressed at

this end. How Can it be brought to the horizontal position by a man weighing 40 kgf.

Ans:- man should sit at a distance of 1 m from centre on the side opposite to boy.

(24) A physical balance has its arms of length 60 cm and 40 cm. what weight kept on the pan

of the longer Arm will balance an object of weight 100 gf kept on the other pan?

Ans:- 66.67 gf

(25) The diagram in Fig 1.34 shows a uniform metre rule weighing 100 gf, pivoted at its centre.

Two weights 150 gf and 250 gf hang from the points A and B respectively of the metre

rule such that OA = 40 cm and OB = 20 cm.

calculate: (i) the total anticlockwise moment about O,

(ii) the total clockwise moment about O,

(iii) the difference of anticlockwise and clockwise moments, and

(iv) the distance from O where a 100 gf weight should be placed to balance the metre rule.

Ans:- (i) 6000 gf cm, (ii) 5000 gf cm,

(iii) 1000 gf (iv) 10 cm on

right side of O
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 (26) A uniform metre rule of weight 10 gf is pivoted at its O mark.

(i) what moment of force depresses the rule?

(ii) How can it be made horizontal by applying a least force?

Ans:- (i) 500 gf cm, (ii) force of 5 gf must be

applied in upward direction at 100 cm mark.

(27) A uniform half metre rule can be balanced at the 29.0 cm mark when a mass 20 g is hung

from its One end.

(a) draw a diagram of the arrangement.

(b) find the mass of the half metre rule.

(c) in which direction would the balancing point shift if 20 g mass is shifted inside from

its one end?

Ans:- (b) 105 g, (c) balance will shift towards 25 cm mark

(28) A uniform metre rule of mass 100 g is balanced on a fulcrum at mark 40 cm by suspending

an unknown Mass m at the mark 20 cm.

(i) find the value of m

(ii) to which side the rule will lilt if the mass m is moved to the mark 10 cm?

(iii) what is the resultant moment now?

(iv) how can it be balanced by another mass of 50 g?

Ans:- (i) 50 gf, (ii) rule will till toward side m,

(iii) 500 gf cm anticlockwise,

(iv) rule can be balanced by suspending mass of 50 g at 50 cm

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER – PART A

(1) A crane pulls up a car of mass 500 kg to a vertical height of 4 m. calculate the work done by

the crane. Ans:- 19600 J

(2) A force of 10 N displaces a body by a distance of 2 m at angle 60o to its own direction. Find

the amount Of work done. Ans:- 10 J

(3) A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up a flight of 30 steps each 20 cm high in 2 min and a girl of

mass 30 kg does The same in 1.5 min.

compare: (i) the work done, and

(ii) the power developed by them (g = 1.0 m s-2) Ans:- (i) 4:3, (ii) 1:1

(4) A force of 15 N required to pull up a body of mass 2 kg through a distance 5 m along an

inclined plane Making an angle of 30o with the horizontal as shown in Fig 2.11 calculate:

(i) the work done by the force in pulling the body.

(ii) the force due to gravity on the body,

(iii) the work done against the force due to gravity. Take: g = 9.8 m s-2.

(iv) Account for the difference in answers of part (i) and part (ii).

Ans:- (i) 75 J, (ii) 19.6 J, (iii) 49 J,

work done against force of friction

between body and inclined plane

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 (5) Calculate the power of an engine required to lift 105 kg of coal per hour from a mine 360 m

deep. (take g = 10 m s-2). Ans:- 105 kW

(6) An electric motor of power 100 W is used to drive the stirrer in a water bath. If 50% of the

energy Supplied to the motor is spent in stirring the water, calculate the work done on water

in one minute.

Ans:- 3000 J

(7) A man exerts a force of 200 N in pulling a cart at a constant speed of 16 m s-1. Calculate the

power spent By the man. Ans:- 3200 J

(8) The work done by the heart is 1 J per beat. Calculate the power of the heart if it heats 72 times

in 1 minute. Ans:- 1.2 W

(9) Express 5 kWh into joule. Ans:- 1.8 × 107 J

(10) The energy of an electron is 4.0 × 10-19 J. express it in eV.

Ans:- 2.5 eV

(11) A body, when acted upon by a force of 10 kgf, gets displaced by 0.5 m. calculate the work

done by the Force, when the displacement is

(i) in the direction o force,

(ii) at an angle of 60o with the force, and

(iii) normal to the force. (g = 10 N kg-1). Ans:- (i) 50 J, (ii) 25 J,

(iii) 0 J

(12) A boy of mass 40 kg climbs up the stairs and reaches the roof at a height 8 m in 5 s.

calculate: (i) the force of gravity acting on the boy,

(ii) the work done by him against the force of gravity,

(iii) the power spent by the boy. Ans:- (i) 400 N, (ii) 3200 J,

(iii) 40 W

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 (13) A man spends 6.4 kJ energy in displacing a body by 64 m in the direction in which he

applies force, in 2.5 s.

calculate: (i) the force applied, and

(ii) the power spent (in H.P.) by the man. Ans:- (i) 100 N, (ii) 3.43 H.P.

(14) A weight lifter lifted a load of 200 kgf to a height of 2.5 m in 5 s.

calculate: (i) the work done,

(ii) the Power developed by him. Take g = 10 N kg-1.

Ans:- (i) 5000 J, (ii) 1000 W

(15) A machine raises a load of 750 N through a height of 16 m in 5 s.

calculate: (i) the energy spent by the Machine,

(ii) the power of the machine if it is 100% efficient.

Ans:- (i) 12000 J, (ii) 2400 W

(16) An electric heater of power 3 kW is used for 10 h. how much energy does it consume?

Express your Answer in (i) kWh, (ii) joule.

Ans:- (i) 30 kWh, (ii) 1.08 × 108 J

(17) A water pump raises 50 litre of water through a height of 25 m in 5 s. calculate the power

of the pump Used (assuming 100% efficiency).

(take g = 10 N kg-1 and density of water = 1000 kg m-3.) Ans:- 2500 W

(18) A pump is used to lift 500 kg of water from a depth of 80 m in 10 s.

calculate: (a) the work done by the pump.,

(b) the power at which the pump work, and

(c) the power rating of the pump if its efficiency is 40% (take g = 10 m s-2).

useful power
[Hint: ] Ans:- (a) 4 × 105 J, (b) 40 kW,
power input

(c) 100 kW

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 (19) An ox can apply a maximum force of 1000 N. it is taking part in a cart race and is able

to pull the cart At a constant speed of 30 m s-1 while making its best effort. Calculate the

power developed by the ox. Ans:- 30 kW

(20) The power of a motor is 40 kW. At what speed can the motor raise a load of 20,000 N?

Ans:- 2 m s-1

(21) Rajan exerts a force of 150 N in pulling a cart at a constant speed of 10 m s-1. Calculate

the power Exerted. Ans:- 1500 W

(22) A boy weighing 350 N climbs up 30 steps, each 20 cm high in 1 minute.

Calculate: (i) the work done, and

(ii) the power spent. Ans:- (i) 2100 J, (ii) 35 W

(23) It takes 20 s for a person A of mass 50 kg to climb up the stairs, while another person B

of same mass Does the same in 15 s. compare the

(i) work done, and

(ii) power developed by the persons A and B Ans:- (i) 1:1, (ii) 3:4

(24) A boy weighing 40 kgf climbs up a stair of 30 steps each 20 cm high in 4 minute and a

girl weighing 30 kgf does the same in 3 minutes.

Compare: (i) the work done by them, and

(ii) the power developed by them Ans:- (i) 4:3, (ii) 1:1

(25) A man raises a box of mass 50 kg to a height of 2 m in 20 s. while another man raises

the same box to The same height in 50 s.

(a) compare: (i) the work done, and (ii) the power developed by them.

(b) calculate: (i) the work done, and (ii) the power developed by each man. Take g = 10 N kg-1.

Ans:- (a) (i) 1:1, (ii) 5:2,

(b) (i) 1000 J, 1000 J, (ii) 50 W, 20 W

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 (26) A boy takes 3 minutes to lift a 20 litre water bucket from a 20 m deep well, while his

father does it in 2 Minutes.

(a) compare: (i) the work and (ii) power developed by them.

(b) how much work each does? Take density of water = 103 kg m-3 and g = 98 N kg-1.

Ans:- (a) (i) work 1:1, (ii) power 2:3,

(b) work done by each = 3.92 kJ

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER – PART B

(1) A body of mass 5 kg is taken from a height 5 m to 10 m. Find the increase in its potential
energy (g = 10 ms 2 ). Ans: 250 J

(2) A body of mass 1 kg falls from a height of 5 m. How much energy does it possess at any
instant? (take g = 9.8 ms 2 ) Ans: 49 J
(3) 500 litre of water is raised from the first floor of a house at height 4 m to its third floor at
height 12 m. State whether the potential energy of water will decrease or increase. Find
the decrease / increase in potential energy of water

Take g = 10 N kg 1 , density of water = 1 kg litre Ans: 40000 J

(4) A block of mass 30 kg is pulled up a slope as shown with a constant speed by applying a
force of 200 N parallel to the slope from the initial position A to the final position B.
(a) Calculate: (i) The work done by the force in moving the block from A to B, and

(ii) The potential energy gained by the block Take : g  10 ms 2

(b) Account for the difference in answer to parts (i) and (ii)

Ans: (a) (i) 600 N (ii) 450 N

(b) 150 J is spent against
the force of friction
between block and slope

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 (5) In a dam, waterfalls at a rate of 1000kg 5 from a height of 100 m

(a) Calculate the initial potential energy of the water

(b) Assuming that 60% of the energy of the falling water is converted to electrical energy.

Calculate the power generated (take g = 9.8 ms 2 )

Ans: (a) 9.8 x 105 J
(b)5.88 x 105 N
(6) A truck driver loads some oil drums into a truck by lifting them directly. Each drum has
a mass of 80 kg and the platform of the truck is at a height of 0.8 m above the ground
(a) What force is needed to lifted a drum into the truck
(b) How much energy is used up in lifting a drum?
(c) After the truck is loaded, the driver drives off list the major energy changes that take
place in moving the truck?
(d) The driver stops the truck at the factory gate. What happens to the kinetic energy of
2
the truck? (Take g = 10 ms ) Ans: (a) 800 N (b) 640 J

(c) mechanical energy

(d)convert to heat and
sound energy.
1
(7) Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg moving with a speed of 10 ms

Ans: 100 J
(8) How fast should a man weighing 600 N run so that his kinetic energy is 750 J?

 g  10 ms 2
Ans: 5 m s-1

(9) How is the kinetic energy of a moving cart affected is

(a) its mass is doubled

1
(b) its velocity is reduced to rd of the initial velocity? ANS: (a) 2k1 , 1k1
3
8
(b) 9 k1

(10) A truck weighing 5  103 kgf and a cart weighing 500 kgf are moving with the same
speed. Compare their kinetic energies. Ans: 10 : 1
(11) For the same kinetic energy of a body, what should be the change in its velocity is its mass
1
is increased four times? Ans: 2 v1

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 (12) A bullet of mass 5 g travels with a speed of 500 ms 1 . If it penetrates a fixed target which
offers a constant resistive force of 1000 N to the motion of the bullet, find:
(a) The initial kinetic energy of the bullet
(b) The distance through which the bullet has penetrated before coming to rest and
(c) The speed with which the bullet emerges out of the tangent is of thickness 0.5 m
Ans: (a) 625 J (b) 0.625 m
(c)223.6 m s-1
(13) Calculate the kinetic energy of a body of mass 0.1 kg and momentum 20 kg ms 1 .
Ans: 2000 J
(14) A ball of mass 10 g falls from a height of 5 m it rebounds from the ground to a height of
4 m find.
(a) The initial potential energy of a ball
(b) The kinetic energy of the ball just before striking the ground
(c) The kinetic energy of a ball after striking the ground and
(d) The loss in kinetic energy on striking the ground ,take g = 9.8 m s-2.
Ans: (a) 0.49 J (b) 0.49 J
(c)0.392 J (d) 0.098 J
(15) A spring is kept compressed by a toy cart of mass 150 g. On releasing the cart, it moves

with a speed of 0.2 ms 1 . Calculate the potential energy (elastic) of the spring.
Ans: 3 x 10-3 J
(16) Two bodies of equal masses are placed at height h and 2h. Find the ratio of their
gravitational potential energies. Ans: 1 : 2
(17) Find the gravitational potential energy of 1 kg mass kept at a height of 5 m above the
2
ground if g = 10 ms . Ans: 50 J, 50 J

(18) A box of mass 150 kgf has gravitational potential energy stored in at equal to 14700. Find

the height o0f the box above the ground. (take g = 9.8 N kg 1 )
Ans: 10 m
(19) A body of mass 5 kg falls from a height of 10 m to 4 m. Calculate
(i) The loss in potential energy of the body, and
2
(ii) The total energy possessed by the body at any instant? (take g = 10 ms )

Ans: (i) 300 J (ii) 500 J

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 (20) Calculate the height through which a body of mass 0.5 kg is lifted if the energy spent in
doing so is 1.0 J .Take g = 10 ms 2 . Ans: 0.2 m
(21) A boy weighing 25 kgf climbs up from the first floor at a height of 3 m above the ground
to the third floor at a height of 9 m above the ground. What will be the increase in his

gravitational potential energy? (take g = 10 N kg 1 ). Ans: 1500 J

(22) A vessel containing 50 kg of water is placed at a height of 15 m above the ground.

Assuming the gravitational potential energy at ground to be zero, what will be the
2
gravitational potential energy of water in the vessel? (g = 10 ms ) .

Ans: 7500 J
(23) A man of mass 50 kg climbs up a ladder of height 10 m. Calculate
(i) The work done by the man, and

(ii) The increase in his potential energy (g = 9.8 m s 2 ).

Ans: (i) 4900 J
(ii) 4900 J
(24) A block A, weighing 100 N, is pulled of slope of length 5 m by means of a constant force

F   100N  as shown in the figure

(a) What is the work done by the force F in moving the block A, 5 m along the slope
(b) What is the increase in potential energy of the block a?
(c) Account for the difference in the work done by the force and the increase in potential
energy of the block.
Ans: (a) 500 N (b) 300 J
(c) difference is doing to
work done against force
of fiction between block
and slope

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 1
(25) Find the kinetic energy of a body of mass 1 kg moving with a velocity of 10ms .

Ans: 50 J
(26) If the speed of a car is halved. How does its kinetic energy change?
1
Ans: k1
4

(27) Two bodies of equal masses are moving with uniform velocities v and 2v. Find the ratio
of their kinetic energy. Ans: 1 : 4
(28) Two bodies have masses in the ratio 5 : 1 and kinetic energies in the ratio 125 : 9.
Calculate the ratio of their velocities. Ans: 5 : 3

(29) A car is running at a speed of 15 km h–1 while another similar car is moving at a speed of
45 km h–1. Find the ratio of their kinetic energies. Ans: 1 : 9

(30) A ball of mass 0.5 kg slows down from a speed of 5ms 1 to that of 3ms 1 . Calculate the
change in kinetic energy of the ball. Ans: 4 J (decrease)
1
(31) A cannon ball of mass 500 g is fired with a speed of 15ms . Find

(i) Its kinetic energy

(ii) Its momentum Ans: (i) 56.25 J
(ii) 7.5 kg m s-1

(32) A body of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity 20 ms 1 . If the mass of the body is
doubled and its velocity is halved find
(i) The initial kinetic energy
(ii) To the final kinetic energy. Ans: (i) 2000 J (ii) 1000 J

(33) A truck weighing 1000 kgf changes its speed from 36 km h 1 to 72 km h 1 in 2 minutes.
Calculate:
(i) The work done by the engine, and

(ii) Its power  g  10ms2  Ans: (i) 150000 J

(ii) 1250 W

(34) A body of mass 60 kg has the momentum 3000 kg ms 1 . Calculate:

(i) The kinetic energy and
(ii) The speed of the body. Ans: (i) 7.5 x 104 J (ii) 50 m s-1

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 (35) How much work is needed to be done or a ball of mass 50 g to give it a momentum of
5 kg ms 1 ? Ans: 250 J

(36) How much energy is gained by a box of mass 20 kg when a man

(a) Carrying the box waits for 5 minutes for a bus?

(b) Runs carrying the box with a speed of 3ms 1 to catch the bus?
(c) Raises the box by 0.5 m in order to place it inside the bus?(g = 10, ms 2 )
Ans: (a) 0 (b) 90 J
(c) 100 J

(37) A bullet of mass 50 g is moving with a velocity of 500 ms 1 . If penetrates 10 cm into a

still target and comes to rest.
Calculate :
(a) The kinetic energy possessed by the bullet
(b) The average retarding force offered by the target. Ans: (a) 6250 J
(b) 62500 N
(38) A spring is kept compressed by a small trolley of mass 0.5 kg lying on a smooth horizontal

surface as shown when the trolley is released it is found to more at a speed of v  2ms 1 .
What potential energy did the spring passes when compressed?

Ans: 1 J

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER - PART C

(1) A ball of mass 50 g is thrown vertical upwards with an initial velocity 20 ms 1 .

Calculate
(i) The initial kinetic energy imparted to the ball
(ii) The maximum height reached if air friction is neglected and
(iii) The maximum height reached if 40% of the initial energy is lost against the air friction
2
(Take g = 10 ms ). Ans:- (i)10 J

(ii) 20 m
(iii) 12 m
(2) A ball of mass 20 g falls from a height of 10 m and after striking the ground, it rebounds from the
ground to a height of 8 m. Calculate
(a) (i) The kinetic energy of ball just before striking the ground, and
(ii) The loss in kinetic energy of ball on striking the ground
(b) what happens to the loss in kinetic energy part (ii)?
1
Take g = 10ms neglect air friction

Ans:- (i) 2 J, 1.6J, 0.4 j

(3) A simple pendulum, while oscillating rises to a maximum vertical height of 5 cm from
its rest position when it reaches to its extreme position on one side. If mass of the bob

of simple pendulum is 500 g and g = 10 ms 2 , find:

(i) The total energy of simple pendulum at any instant while oscillating, and
(ii) The velocity of bob at its mean position state the assumption made in your calculation.
Ans:- (i) 0.25 J (ii) 1 m s-1

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 (4) A ball of mass 0.20 kg is thrown vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 20ms 1 .
Calculate the maximum potential energy it gains at is goes up. Ans:- 40 J
1
(5) A stone of mass 500 g is thrown vertical upwards with a velocity of 15ms .

Calculate (a) the potential energy at the greater height

(b) The kinetic energy on reaching the ground
(c) The total energy at its halfway point.
Ans:- (a) 56.25 J,
(b) 56.25 J,
(c) 56.25 J
(6) A metal ball of mass 2 kg is allowed to fall freely from rest from a height of 5 m above the ground

(Take g = 10 ms 2 )
(a) Calculate the potential energy possessed by the ball when initially at rest
(b) What is the kinetic energy of the ball just before it hits the ground?
(c) What happens to the ground and comes after the ball hits the ground and comes to rest?
[Mechanical energy converts into heat & and sound energy]
Ans:- (a) (i) 100 J,
(ii) 100 J
(b) mechanical energy
(7) The diagram given shows a SKP jump A skier weighing 60 kgf stands at A at the top of
the ski jump He moves from A and takes off for his jump at B
(a) Calculate the change in the gravitational potential energy of the skier between A and B

75m
15m

(b) If 75% of the energy in part as becomes kinetic energy at B, Calculate the speed at which the
skier arrives at B. Ans:- (a)3.6 × 104 J
(b) 30 m s-1

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 (8) A hydroelectric power station takes its water from a take whose water level is at a height
of 50 m above the turbine assuming an overall efficiency of 40%. Calculate the mass of
water which must flow through the turbine each second to produce power output of 1 mw.
2
(g = 10 ms ). Ans:- 5000 kg

(9) The bob of a simple pendulum is impacted a velocity of 5ms 1 when it is at its mean
position. To what maximum vertical height will it rise on reaching at its extreme position
if 60% of its energy is lost in ] overcoming the friction of air?
2
(Take g = 10 ms ) Ans:- 0.5 m

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
MACHINES - PART A

(1) A machine is driven by a 100 kg mass that falls 8.0 m in 4.0 s. It lifts a load of mass 500
2
kg vertically upwards. Taking g = 10 ms , calculate :
(a) The force exerted by the falling mass,
(b) The work done by the falling mass in its displacement by 8.0 m,
(c) The power input to the machine,
(d) The power output of the machine if its efficiency is 60%, and
(e) The work done by the machine in 4.0 s.
Ans: (a)1000N (b) 8000 J
(c) 2000 W (d) 1200 W
(e)4800 J
(2) Calculate the ideal mechanical advantage of a lever in which the effort arm is 60 cm and
the load arm is 4 cm. Ans: 15
(3) Draw a simple diagram of a fire tongs and mark on it the fulcrum F and the points of
application of load L and effort E.
(a) Name the class of lever.
(b) If load arm is 15 cm and effort arm is 5 cm, what is its mechanical advantage?
1
Ans: (b) 3

(4) A crowbar 2 m long is pivoted about a point 10 cm from its tip.

(i) Calculate the mechanical advantage of the crowbar
(ii) What is the least force which must be applied at the other end to displace a load of
100 kgf? Ans: (i) 19 (ii) 5.26 kgf

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 (5) A uniform seesaw, 5 m long, is supported at its centre. A boy weighing 40 kgf sits at a
distance of 1 m from the centre of the seesaw.
(i) To which class of lever does it belong ?
(ii) Find where a girl of weight 20 kgf must sit on the seesaw so as to balance the
weight of the boy. Ans: (i) class 1 (ii) 2 m
(6) A cook uses the fire tongs of length 28 cm to lift a piece of burning coal of muss 250 g.
If he applies tile effort at a distance of 7 cm from the fulcrum, find the effort.
2
Take g = 10 m s Ans: 10

(7) The diagram below shows a lever in use.

(a) To which class of lever does it belong ? Give one example of this class.
(b) (i) State the principle of moments as applied to the above lever, and
(ii) calculate its mechanical advantage if AB = 2.0 m and FA = 20 cm.
Ans: (i) class 1 (ii) mechanical
advantage of the lever would
increase

(8) (a) (i) State the principle of moments as applied to the lever shown in figure. And

(ii) Calculate its mechanical advantage if AB  2.0m and FA  20cm .

(b) Calculate the effort needed to lift the load.
Ans: (a) (i) Load x FA = Effort x FB (ii) 9
(b) 2 kgf
(9) A nut which can he broken by applying a force of 40 kgf, is broken by using a nut cracker
having its handle 20 cm long, by placing it at a distance 2 cm from the hinge. Calculate
the minimum force needed to break the nut. Ans: 4 kgf
(10) A man opens a nut by applying a force of 150 N by using a lever handle of length 0.4 m.
What should be the length of the handle if he wants to open it by applying a force of 60 N?
Ans: 1 m

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 (11) A crowbar of length 120 cm has its fulcrum situated at a distance of 20 cm from the load.
Calculate the mechanical advantage of the crowbar. Ans: 5
(12) A pair of scissors has its blades 15 cm long, while its handle are 7.5 long. What is its
mechanical advantage ? Ans: 0.5
(13) A force of 5 kgf is required to cut a metal sheet. A shears used for Cutting the metal sheet
has its blades 5 cm lone, while its handles are 10 cm long. What effort is needed to cut the sheet?
Ans: 2.5 kgf
(14) Fig. 3.16 below shows a lever in use.

(a) To which class of lever does it belong ?

(b) If AB = 1 m, AF = 0.4 m, find its mechanical advantage.
3
(c) Calculate the value of E. Ans: (i) class 1 (ii) 2

(iii) 10 kgf
(15) A man uses a crowbar of length 1.5 m to raise a load of 75 kgf by putting a sharp edge
below the bar at a distance of 1 m from his hand.
(a) Draw a diagram of the arrangement showing the fulcrum (F), load (L) and effort (E)
with their directions.
(b)State the kind of lever.
(c) Calculate : (i) load arm, (ii) effort arm, (iii) mechanical advantage, and (iv) the effort needed.
Ans:(b)Class 1
(c) (i) 0.5 m (ii)1.0 m
(iii) 2 (iv) 37.5 kgf
(16) A pair of scissors is used to cut a piece of a cloth by keeping it at a distance of 8.0 cm from
its rivet and applying an effort of 10 kgf by fingers at a distance of 2.0 cm from the rivet.
(a) Find: (i) the mechanical advantage of scissors, and
(ii) the load offered by the cloth.
(b) How does the pair of scissors act : as a force multiplier or as a speed multiplier ?
Ans: (a) (i) 2.5 (ii) 2.5 kgf
(b) speed multiplier

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(17) A 4 m long rod of negligible weight is supported at a Point 125 cm from its one end and a
load of 18 kgf is suspended at a point 60 cm from the Support on the shorter Arm.
(a) If a weight W is placed at a distance of 250 cm from the support on the longer arm,
find W.
(b) If a weight 5 kgf is kept to balance the rod, find its position
(c) To which class of lever does it belong ?
Ans: (a) 4.32 kgf (b) at distance
2.16 m from the support on
longer arm
(c) class I

(18) A lever of length 9 cm has its load arm 5 cm long and the effort arm is 9 cm long.
(a) To which class does it belong?
(b) Draw diagram of the lever showing the position of fulcrum F and directions of both
the load L and effort E.
(c) What is the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the efficiency is 100%?
(d) What will be the mechanical advantage and velocity ratio if the efficiency becomes 50%?
Ans: (a) class II
(c) 1.8, 1.8 (d) 0.9, 1.8

(19) figure shows a lever in use:

(a) To which class of levers does it belongs?

(b) Without changing the dimensions of the lever, if the load is shifted towards the fulcrum
what happens to the mechanical advantage of the lever?
Ans: (a) II class lever
(b) lever will increase

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 (20) Fig. 3.18 below shows a wheel barrow of mass 15 kg carrying a load of 30 kgf with its
centre of gravity at A. The points B and C are the centre of wheel and tip of the handle
such that the horizontal distance AB = 20 cm and AC = 40 cm.

Find : (a) the load arm, (b) the effort arm,

(c) the mechanical advantage, and
(d) the minimum effort required to keep the leg just off the ground.
Ans: (a) 20 cm (b) 60 cm
(c) 3 (d) 15 kgf
(21) Fig. 3.19 below shows the use of a lever.

(a) State the principle of moments as applied to the above lever.

(b) To which class of lever does it belong? Give an example of this class of lever.
(c)If FA = 10 cm, AB = 490 cm,
calculate : (i) the mechanical advantage,
(ii) the minimum effort required to lift the load ( = 50 N) .
Ans: (a) load x FB = effort x FA
(b) class III, sugar tones
1
(c) (i) 50 (ii) 2500 N

(22) A fire tongs has its arms 20 cm long. It is used to lift a coal of weight 1.5 kgf by applying
an effort at a distance of 15 cm from the fulcrum.
Find : (i) The mechanical advantage of the fire tings, and
(ii) The effort needed. Ans: (i) 0.75 (ii) 2.0 kgf

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
MACHINES - PART B

(1) The adjacent Fig. 3.27 shows a fixed pulley used by a boy to lift a load of 400N through
a vertical height of 5m in 10s. The effort applied by the boy on the other end of the rope is 480 N.
(A) What is the velocity ratio of the pulley?
(B) What is the mechanical advantage?
(C) Calculate the efficiency of the pulley.
(D) Why is the efficiency of the pulley not 100%
(E) What is the energy gained by the load in 10s?
(F) How much power was developed by the boy in raising the load?
(G) The boy has to apply an effort which is greater than the load he is lifting. What is
the justification for using the pulley?

Ans: (i) 1 (ii) 0.833 (iii) 83.3% (iv) some energy is wasted
in overcoming the friction of the pulley bearings.
(v)2000 J (vi) 240 W (vii) Use of pulley helps in
direction of the applied force to a convenient direction.

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 (2) The diagram in Fig. 3.28 shows the combination of two pulleys P1 and P2 used to lift up a
load W.
(A) State the kind of pulleys P1 and P2.
(B) State the function of the pulley P2.
(C) If the free end C of the string moves through a distance x, by what distance is the
load W raised?
(D) What effort E has to be applied at C to just raise the load W = 20 kgf?
Neglect both the weight of the pulley P1 and the friction.

Ans: (i) P1 → movable pulley P2 → fixed pulley

(ii) Fixed pulley P2 is used to change the
direction of effort to be applied, from
upward direction to downward direction.
𝑥
(iii) (iv) 10 kgf
2

(3) A pulley system with a velocity ratio of 4 is used to lift a load of 150 kgf through a vertical
height of 20 m. The effort required is 50 kgf in the downward direction. Calculate:
(A) The distance moved by the effort, (B) The work done by the effort,
(C) The mechanical advantage, (D) The efficiency of the pulley system, and
(E) The total number of pulleys and the number of pulleys in each block.
(g = 10 N kg–1)
Ans: (i) 80 m (ii) 40000 J (iii) 3 (iv) 75% (v) 4,2
(4) A block and tackle has two pulleys in each block, with the tackle tied to the hook of the
lower block and the effort being applied upwards.
(A) Draw a neat diagram to show this arrangement and calculate its mechanical advantage.
(B) If the load moves up a distance x, by what distance will the free end of the string move up?
ANS: (i) 5 (ii) 5x
(5) A woman draws water from a well using a fixed pulley. The mass of bucket and water together
is 6 kg. The force applied by the woman is 70N. Calculate the mechanical advantage.
(Take g = 10 ms–2) Ans: 0.857
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 (6) A fixed pulley is driven by a 100 kg mass pulling at a rate of 8.0 m in 4.0 s. It lifts a load of
75.0 kgf. Calculate:
(a) The power input to the pulley taking the force of gravity on 1 kg as 10 N.
(b) The efficiency of the pulley, and
(c) the height to which the load is raised in 4.0 s.
Ans: (i) 2000 W (ii) 0.75 (iii) 8 m
(7) A single fixed pulley and a movable pulley both are separately used to lift a load of 50 kgf
to the same height. Compare the efforts applied.
Ans: 2 : 1
(8) In a block and tackle system consisting of 3 pulleys, a load of 75 kgf is raised with an effort
of 25 kgf. Find :
(i) The mechanical advantage,
(ii) The velocity ratio and
(iii) The efficiency.
Ans: (i) 3 (ii) 3 (iii) 1 or 100%
(9) A block and tackle system has 5 pulleys. If an effort of 1000 N is needed in the downward
direction to raise a load of 4500 N, calculate:
(a) The mechanical advantage,
(b) The velocity ratio, and
(C) The efficiency of the system. Ans: (i) 4.5 (ii) 5 (iii) 90%
(10) In figure draw a tackle to lift the load by applying the force in the downward direction.
(A) Mark in the diagram the direction of load L and effort E.
(B) If the load is raised by 1 m, through what distance will the effort move?
(C) State the numbers of strands of tackle supporting the load?
(D) What is the mechanical advantage of the system?

Load
Ans: (i) (ii) 5m (iii) 5 (iv) 5

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 (11)A pulley system has a velocity ratio 3. Draw a diagram showing the point of application and
direction of load (L), effort (E) and tension (T). If it’s a load of 150 N by an effort of 60 N.
calculate its mechanical advantages. Is the pulley system ideal? Give reason.
Ans: 2.5
(12) In Figure given below shows a system of four pulleys. The upper two pulleys are fixed and
the lower two are movable.
(A) Draw a string around the pulleys. Also show the point of application and direction in
which the effort E is applied.
(B) What is the velocity ratio of the system?
(C) How are load and effort of the pulley system related?
(D) What assumption do you make in arriving at your answer in part (C)?
Ans: (i) (ii) 4 (iii) L= 4E
(iv) (a) there is no fraction in pulley bearings
(b) weight of lower block of pulleys is negligible
(c)the effort is applied downwards.

(13) In figure shows a block and tackle system of pulleys used to lift a load.
(A) How many strands of tackle are supporting the load?
(B) Draw arrows to represent tension T in each strand.
(C) What is the mechanical advantage of the system?
(D) When load is pulley up by a distance 1 m, how far does the effort end move?
(E) How much effort is needed to lift a load of 100 N?
Ans: (i) 4 (iii) 4 (iv) 4 m (v) 25 N

(14) A block and tackle system has the velocity ratio 3. Draw a labelled diagram of the system
indicating the points of application and the directions of load L and effort E. A man can
exert a pull of 200 kgf.
(A) What is the maximum load he can raise with this pulley system if its efficiency is 60%
(B) If the effort end moves a distance 60 cm, what distance does the load move?
Ans: M.A.= 1.8 , L = 360 kgf, 20 cm

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
Refraction of Light at Plane Surface

(1) Refractive index of water is 4/3. Calculate the speed of light in water. Speed of light to
Vacuum, is 3 x 108 m s-1. Ans: 2.25 x 108 m s-1
4 3
(2) The refractive index of water is and of glass is 2 , What is the refractive index of glass
3

with respect to water? Ans: 1.125

o
(3)Orange light of wavelength 6600A travelling in air gets refracted in water. IF the speed of

light of light in air is 3 x 108 m s-1 and refractive index of water is 4/3, find :
(i) The frequency of light in air,
(ii) The speed of light in water, and
(iii) The wavelength of light in water Ans: (i) 4.54 x 1014 Hz.
(ii) 2.25 x 108 m s-1
(iii) 4950 Å
o
(4) A ray of light strikes a glass slab 5 cm thick. Making an angle of incidence equal is 30 .
(a) Draw a ray diagram showing the emergent ray and the retracted ray through the
glass block. The refractive index of glass is 1.5.
(b) Measure the insular displacement of the ray. ANS: (ii) 1 cm
1
(5) The speed of light in air is 3 10 ms . Calculate the speed of light in glass. The
8

refractive index of glass is 1.5. Ans: 2 x 108 m s-1

(6) The speed of light in diamond is 125, 000 kms–1. What is its refractive index? (Speed of
1
light in air is 3 10 ms )
8
Ans: 2.4
(7) The refractive index of water with respect to air is 4/3. What is the refractive index of air
with respect to water? Ans: 0.75

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 3
(8) A ray of light of wavelength 6600 Å suffers refraction from air to glass. Taking a g  ,
2
find the wavelength of light in glass. Ans: 4400Å
(9) A ray of light incident at an angle of incidence 48° on a prism of refracting angle 60°

suffers minimum deviation. Calculate the angle of minimum deviation.

Ans: 36°

(10) What should be the angle of incidence for a ray of light which suffers minimum deviation

of 36° through an equilateral prism? Ans: 48°

(11) A coin kept inside water    4 3 when viewed from air in a vertical direction, appears

to be raised by 2.0 mm. Find the depth of coin in water. Ans: 8.0 mm
(12) A water pond appears to be 3 m deep. If the refractive index of water is 4/3, find the
actual depth of the pond. Ans: 4 m
(13) A coin is placed at the bottom of a beaker containing water (refractive index = 4/3) to a
depth of 16 cm. By what height the coin appears to be raised when seen from vertically
above? Ans: 3 cm
(14) A postage stamp kept below a rectangular glass slab of refractive index 1.5 when viewed
from vertically above it, appears to be raised by 7.0 mm. Calculate the thickness of the
glass slab. Ans: 2.1 cm

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
Refraction Through A Lens

(1) (a) At what position a candle of length 3 cm be placed in front of a convex lens so that its
image of length 6 cm be obtained on a screen placed at distance 30 cm behind the lens?
(b) What is the focal length of lens in part (a) ?
ANS: -15 cm, 10 cm
(2) A concave lens forms the image of an object kept at a distance 20 cm in from of it, at a
distance 10 cm on the side of the object
(a)What is the mature of the image?
(b)Find the focal length of the lens?
Ans: virtual, erect, diminished
-20 cm
(3) The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm at what distance from the optical centre of the
lens an object to the placed to obtain a virtual image of twice the size?
ANS: -12.5 cm or 12.5 cm
(4) Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens of focal length 0.12 m to obtain a
real image of size there times the size of the object on the screen?
Ans: -16 cm or 0.16 cm
(5) An illuminated object lies at a distance 1.0 m from a screen. A convex lens is used to form
the image of object on a screen placed at distance 75 cm from the lens find.
(i)The focal length of lens and
(ii)The magnification
ANS: 18.75 cm, -3

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(6) A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance 15 cm from it, at a distance 60 cm
in front of it find:
(i)The focal length
(ii)The magnification and
(iii)The mature of image
Ans: (i) 20 cm (ii) 4 ,
(iii)erect, virtual and magnified
(7) A lens forms the image of an object placed at a distance of 45 cm from it on a screen placed
at a distance 90 cm on other side of it.
(a) Name the kind of lens.
(b) Find : (i) The focal length of lens, and (ii) The magnification of image.
ANS: (a) convex lens,
(b) -2 , 30 cm
(8) An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm in front of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm. find
(i)The position of image, and
(ii)The magnification of image
Ans: (i) -10 cm, (ii) 0.5 cm
(9) A convex lens forms an inverted image of size same as that of the object which is placed at a
distance 60 cm in front of the lens.
Find:
(a) The position of image, and
(b)The focal length of the lens Ans: (a) 60 cm (b) 30 cm
1
(10) A concave lens forms an erect image of 3 rd size in front of the lens. Find:

(a) The position of image, and

(b) The focal length of the lens.
Ans: (a) 10 cm (b) 15 cm
(11) The power of a lens is 2.0 D . Find its focal length and state the kind of the lens.
Ans: 50 cm, convex lens
(12) Express the power (with sign) of a concave lens of focal length 20 cm
Ans; - 5.0D
(13) The focal length of a convex lens is 25 cm express its power with sign
Ans: +4.0 D , convex lens

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 (14) The power of a lens is 2.0D . Find its focal length and its kind,
Ans: 50 cm negative ,
concave lens
(15) The magnification by a lens is –3. Name the lens and state how are u and v related?
Ans: -3 u , convex lens
(16) The magnification by a lens is +0.5. Name the lens and state how are u and v related?
Ans: 0.5 u , concave lens
(17) A concave lens has a focal length of 30 cm. find the position and magnification (m) of
the image for an object placed in front of it at a distance of 30 cm. State whether the
image is real or virtual?
Ans: -15 cm, +0.5
(18) Find the position and magnification of the image of an object placed at a distance of 8.0 cm
in front of a convex lens of focal length 10.0 cm. Is the image erect or inverted?
Ans: -40 cm, +5

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
SPECTRUM

(1) The frequency of violet light is 7.5  10 Hz . Find its wavelength in

14

(ii) Å speed of light c  3  10 ms

8 1
(i) nm, Ans: (i) 400 nm

(ii) 4000Å

(2) The wavelength of red light is 800 nm. Find its frequency. Speed of light  3  10 ms .
8 1

Ans: 3.75 x 1014 Hz.

(3) Calculate the frequency of yellow light of wavelength 550 nm. The speed of light is
3 108 ms1 . Ans: 5.4 x 1014 Hz.
(4) The frequency range of visible light is from 3.75 1014 Hz to 7.5 1014 Hz . Calculate
its wavelength range. Take speed of light  3 108 ms1 . Ans: 4000 Å to 8000 Å
(5) An electromagnetic wave has a frequency of 500 MHz and a wavelength of 60 cm.
(a) Calculate the velocity of the wave.
(b) Name the medium through which it is travelling. Ans: (a) 3 x 108 m s-1
(b) air
o
(6) The wavelength of X–rays in 0.01A . Calculate its frequency. State the assumption made,

if any. Ans: 3 x 108 Hz.

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STD: - 10TH PHYSICS
SOUND

(1) The human ear can detect sound in the frequency range 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz. If speed of
sound is 330 m–1, find the wavelength, corresponding to the audible range of frequencies.
Ans: 16.5 m, 16.5 mm
(2) The diagram below shows (a) displacement – time, and (b) displacement – distance, graph
of a wave travelling in a string with velocity 20 ms–1. In each case, use graph to calculate
the frequency and wavelength of the wave.

Ans: (a) 10 Hz, 2 m

(b) 10 Hz, 2 m
(3) A sound produced on the surface of a lake takes 4.5 s to reach a boatman. How much time
will it take to reach a diver inside water at the same distance if speed of sound in water is
4.5 times the speed of sound in air?
Ans: 1 s
(4) A boy hears an echo of his own voice from a distance hill after one second. The speed of
sound in air is 350 ms–1. What is the distance of hill from the boy?
Ans: 175 m
(5) A ‘RADAR’ is able to detect the reflected waves from an enemy’s aeroplane after a time

interval of 0.02 milli-second. If the velocity of the waves is 3  10 ms , calculate the

8 1

distance of aeroplane from the radar.

Ans: 3 x 103 m(or 3 km)

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 (6) A boy standing in front of a wall at a distance of 85 m produces 2 claps per second. He
notices that the sound of his clapping coincides with the echo. The echo is heard only once
when clapping is stopped. Calculate the speed of sound.
Ans: 340 m s-1
(7) A boy stands 60 m in front of a tall wall and claps. The boy continues to clap every time
an echo is heard. Another boy finds that the time taken between the first and fifty–first
clap is 18s. Calculate the speed of sound.
Ans: 333.33 m s-1
(8) A man standing in front of a vertical cliff fires a gun. He hears the echo after 3s. On moving
closer to the cliff by 82.5m, he fires again and hears the echo after 2.5 s.
Find: (a) the distance of cliff from the initial position of man, and
(b) the speed of sound.
ANS: (a) 495 m
(b) 330 m s-1
(9) A person standing between the two vertical cliffs and 640 m away from the nearest cliff,
produces sound. He hears the first echo after 4s and the second echo 3s later.
Calculate: (a) the speed of sound in air, and
(b) the distance between the cliffs.
Ans: (a) 320 m s-1
(b) 1120 m, 1760 m
(10) In a SONAR, ultrasonic waves are sent into the sea are received after 2.0 s. If the velocity
of waves in sea water is 1450 ms–1, find the depth of the sunken ship.
Ans: 1450 m
(11) The wavelength of waves produced on the surface of water is 20 cm. If the wave velocity
is 24 ms–1,
calculate: (i) The number of waves produced is one second, and
(ii) the time in which one wave is produced.
Ans: (i) 120 Hz
(ii) 8.33 ms
(12) Calculate the minimum distance in air required between the source of sound and the
obstacle to hear an echo. Take speed of sound in air = 350ms–1.
Ans: 17.5 m

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 (13) What should be the minimum distance between the source and reflector in water so that
the echo is heard distinctly? (The speed of sound in water = 1400 ms–1).
Ans: 70 m
(14) A man standing 25 m away from a wall produces a sound and receives the reflected
sound.
(a) Calculate the time after which he receives the reflected sound if the speed of sound in
air is 350 ms–1.
(b) Will the man be able to hear a distinct echo? Explain the answer.
Ans: (a) 0.143 second
(b)yes. he will able to hear an
eco distinctly, as it should the
ears atleast 0.1 s after original
sound.
(15) A RADAR sends a signal to an aeroplane at a distance 300 km away, with a speed of

3  108 ms 1 After how much time is the signal received back after reflecting from the
aeroplane?
Ans: 2 ms
(16) A man standing 48m away from a wall fires a gun. Calculate the time after which an echo
is heard. (The speed of sound in air is 320 ms–1).
Ans: 0.3 sec
(17) A ship on the surface of water sends a signal and receives it back from a submarine inside
the water after 4s. Calculate the distance of the submarine from the ship. (the speed of
sound in water is 1450 ms–1)
Ans: 2.9 km
(18) A pendulum has a frequency of 5 vibrations per second. An observer starts the pendulum
and fires a gun simultaneously. He hears echo from the cliff after 8 vibrations of the
pendulum. If the velocity of sound in air is 340 ms–1, what is the distance between the
cliff and the observer?
Ans: 272 m
(19) A person standing between two vertical cliffs produces a sound. Two successive echoes
are heard at 4s and 6s. Calculate the distance between the cliffs.
(Speed of sound in air = 320 ms–1) ANS: 1600 m

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 (20) A person standing at a distance x in front of a cliff fires a gun. Another person B standing
behind the person A at distance y from the cliff hears two sounds of the fired shot after
2s and 3s res. Calculate x and y (take speed of sound 320 m s-1) Ans: x = 160 m, y = 800 m
(21) On sending an ultrasonic wave from a ship towards the bottom of a sea, the time
interval between sending the wave and receiving it back is found to be 1.5 s. If the
velocity of wave in sea water is 1400 ms–1, find the depth of the sea.
Ans: 1050 m
(22)Figure below shows the distance-displacement graph of two waves A and B. Compare
(i) the amplitude, (ii) the wavelength of the two waves.

Ans: (i) 2 : 1 , (ii) 1 : 2

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