Mind map : learning made simple Chapter - 6

If a quantity if ‘y’ varies with another quantity x so that y = f(x), then

Let y=f (x) x be a small increment in 'x' and y be the small dy
f ’(x) represents the rate of change of y w.r.t x and dy f ’(xo )
increment in y corresponding to the increment in 'x', i.e. dx dx x=xo
dy represents the rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = xo
y f x x x Then, ∆y is given by dy=f'(x)dx or dy x
dx
is a good approximation of ∆y when dx=∆x is relatively small and
denote by dy ≈∆y. For eg: Let us approximate To do this, we take If 'x' and 'y' varies with another variable 't' i.e., if x = f (t)
dy dy dx , dx
y x,x x then y x dx – x and y = g (t), then by chain rule if 0
– dx dt dt dt
–
– dy
– For eg: if the radius of a circle, r = 5 cm, then the rate
Now, dy is approximately ∆y and is given by dy
of change of the area of a circle per second w.r.t 'r' is –
x . So, da d
x x r r rr=5
dr r dr
A point C in the domain of 'f ' at which
g and A function f is said to be (i) increasing on (a,b) if x1 <x2 in
either f’(c)=0 or is not differentiable is sin a,b x1 x2 a,b and (ii) decreasing on
rea
called a critical point of f. nc (a, b) if x1 <x2 in a,b x1 x2 x1 x2 a,b

I
Ifx x a,b then f is increasing in (a,b) and if f' (x)
x a,b then f is decreasing in (a,b) For eg: Let f (x)=
Application
tes

x – 3x +4x,x∈R, then
t

3 2
x – x x– x
tes

of Derivatives So, the function f is strictly increasing on R.

Let f be continuous at a critical

Let f be a function defined
point C in open I. Then (i) if f '
on I and CC–I, f is twice The equation of the tangent at (x0,y0), to the curve y = f (x) is given by
(x)> 0 at every point left of C dy dy
differentiable at C. Then
and f' (x) <0 at every point right
(y–y0) ]
dx ( x 0 ,y0 )
(x – x0) if dx does not exists at (x0 ,y0), then the tangent at
(i) x=C is a point of local max. (x0 ,y0) is parallel to the y–axis and its equation is x = x0. If tangent to
of C, then 'C' is a point of local
If f' (C)=0 and f" (C) <0, f(C) is dy
maxima. (ii) If f' (x) <0 at every a curve y = f (x) at x = x0 is parallel to x–axis, then |x = x = 0.
local max. of f. dx 0
point left of C and f' (x) >0 at
(ii) x=C is a point of local min
every point right of C, then 'C' is y = f (x) at ( x 0 ,y0) is y – y0 = – 1 ( x – x0 ) if=
dy
at ( x0 ,y0) is zero,then equation
if f' (C)=0 and f" (C)>0. f (C) is
a point of local minima.
dy
dx |
( x0 ,y0)
dx
local min of f. (iii) The test fails dy
(iii) If f' (x) does not change sign of the normal is x = x0. If dx at ( x0 ,y0) does not exist, then the normal is parallel
if f' (C)=0 and f" (C)=0
as 'x' increases through C, then 'C' to x-axis and its equation is y=y0 For eg: Let y=x3–x be a curve, then the slope of
is called the point of inflection. dy
3
the tangent to y=x –x at x=2 is
dx |x=2 = 3x 2 –1 =3.22–1=11