Chapter 1

Database Management System (DBMS)

Database Management Systems (DBMS) is Software used to:
 Store
 Retrieve
 Run Queries on Data

A DBMS Serves as an interface between an End-User and a Database and allows users to:
 Create a table
 Insert, Update, and Delete records in a Database.

1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS

MERIT DEMERIT
 Storing and Retrieval of Data  Expensive Hardware
 Sharing of data  Scale and complexities
 Integrity is Maintained  High Storage
 Data Security  Significant impact on failure
 Reducing Redundancy  Frequent Updating required
 Consistency  Massive Dimensions

1.2 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

An RDBMS consists of rows& column based Table Structure includes Functions.

Paid RDBMS Open-Source RDBMS

1.Microsoft Server 1.MySQL
2.IBM DB2 2.PostgreSQL
3.IBM Informix 3. SQLite
4.Sap Sybase
5.Teradata

TERM USED IN RDBMS

 Domain-is a unique set of values permitted for an attribute in a table.

 Tuple- refers to as a row or record in a table.
 Attributes- refers to as a field or a column in a table.
 Degree-represents the number of attributes in a table.
 Cardinality-represents the number of tuples in a table.

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 Views- is a virtual table that doesn’t exist its own.

1.3 Keys And Constraints in RDBMS

 Primary Key –It is an attribute of a table or a set of columns that helps to identify every record
present in that table uniquely. There can be only one primary key (i.e., the values in its domain will
be ATOMIC).
 Candidate Key - Candidate keys are those attributes that uniquely identify rows of a table (There
are more than one Primary key).
 Alternate Key - A table can have multiple choices for a primary key; however, it can choose only
one. So, all the keys which did not become the Primary Key are called Alternate keys.
 Foreign Key - Foreign Key is used to establish relationships between two tables. A Foreign key
will require each value in a column or set of columns to match the Primary Key of the referential
table. Foreign keys help to maintain data and referential integrity.

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 Chapter 2

Structured Query Language (SQL)

The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language that enables us to create relational Databases
and Manipulate upon it using various processing capabilities.

CREATE, SHOW and USE a DATABASE:

a) Command to Create a Database.

b) Command to Show a Database

Output:

c) Command to Use a Database.

2.1 Types of Query Languages

The SQL statements have been classified into its various forms but we shall discuss and use only
DDL and DML commands:

Data Definition Language (DDL): DDL commands allow us to define a table and perform tasks
such as
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 DESC

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1. Write a command to create and display a Table Employee inMYSQL.

2. Write a DDL command to describe (DESC) the table Employee.

Output:

3. Write a Command to add Columns Age and Hire Date in the Table
Employee.

4. Write a command to replace the data type of ECODE into Varcharwith

size 10.

Data Manipulation Language (DML): DML commands allow us to manipulate a table and perform
tasks such as
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE record(s) in a table.
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1. Write a command to insert a record with data into the table Employee

2. Write a command to select all rows from table Employee and table Department

Table: EMPLOYEE

Table: DEPARTMENT

3. Write a command to select distinct designation.

Output:

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4. Write a command to select names of employees that do not earn between 20000 and 50000.

Output:

5. Write a command to select entire row where name starts from letter ‘a’.

Output:

6. Write a

Output:

7. Write a command

Output

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8. Write a command to update the table employee, set designation as CEO where Ename is ‘Kuldeep’
and then display the table.

Output:

9. Write a command to count the numbers of employees in every designation having less than 3
employees in each designation using group by command.

Output:

10. Write a command to delete all records and then uses select all command.

Transaction Control Language (TCL):Itis a subset of SQL used to manage database transactions.

2.2 Data Dictionary:is a file that contains “Metadata” i.e., “Data about Data”.

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2.3 Scripting
There are two types of Scripting:

 Server side Scripting: Where databases are processed and respond to the browser.
 Client-side Scripting: Where browser can request server.

2.4 Data Types and Operators

MySQL provide various data types:

 int: It is a normal-sized integer data type that can be signed or unsigned.

 float (n, d):A floating-point number is unsigned where n is the length and d representing the
number of decimals precision.
 char (n): It is used to store character strings of fixed length.
 varchar (n): It is used to store character strings of variable length.
 Date: Specifies the date in a program with format YYYY-MM-DD.

MySQL provide various Operators:

Relational Operator: Arithmetic Operator: Membership Operator:

1. <(Less than) 1. + (Add) 1. IN

2. > (Greater than) 2. – (Subtract) 2. NOT IN
3. = (Equals to) 3. * (Multiply) 3. BETWEEN
4. <= (Less than equal to) 4. / (Divide) 4. NOT BETWEEN
5. >= (Greater than equal to)
5. % (Mod) 5. LIKE
6. <> (Not equal to)
6. NOT LIKE

Logical Operator:
1. AND

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 2. OR
3. NOT

Chapter 3

Functions in MySQL
Functions are Sub-Programs that can be re-used throughout SQL database applications for
processing or manipulating of data.

3.1 Single Row Functions:return one output per row.

a)String Functions
1. LENGTH ( ) 2. CONCAT ( )

Output: Output:

3. LOWER ( ) 4. LCASE ( )

Output: Output:

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5. UPPER ( ) 6. UCASE ( )

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 Output:
Output:

7. INSTR ( ) 8. LEFT ( )

Output: Output:

9. RIGHT ( ) 10. LTRIM ( )

Output: Output:

11. RTRIM ( )

Output:

b) Mathematical/ Numeric Functions:

1. POWER ( ) / POW ( ) 2. ROUND ( )

Output: Output:

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 3. TRUNCATE ( ) 4. SQRT ( )

Output: Output:

5. FLOOR ( ) 6. MOD ( )

Output: Output:

c) Date/Week/Month/Year/Time Functions:

1. CURDATE ( ) 2. NOW ()

Output: Output:

3. SYSDATE ( ) 4. DATE ( )
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Output: Output:

5. WEEK ( ) 6. DAY ( )

Output: Output:

7. MONTH ( ) 8. YEAR ( )

Output: Output:

9. DAYOFWEEK ( ) 10. DAYOFMONTH ( )

Output: Output:

11. DAYOFYEAR ( ) 12. DAYNAME ( )

Output: Output:
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13. MONTHNAME ( )

Output:

3.2 Multiple Row Functions

Multiple Row Functions Work upon Group of Rows and Return One Result for the Complete Set of
Rows.

3.3 Aggregate Functions

 MAX( )
 MIN( )
 AVG( )
 SUM( )
 COUNT( )

Table Employee:

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Commands and Aggregate Functions:

1. MAX( ): 2. MIN( ):

Output: Output:

3. AVG ( ): 4. SUM ( ):

Output: Output:

5. COUNT (*): 6. COUNT DISTINCT ( ):

Output: Output:

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Join Functions

a) Natural Join: in which only one of the identical columns exist.

Output:

b) Equi-Join: in which columns are compared for equality.

Output:

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c) Cartesian Product: Cartesian Product generates all possible combinations of
records from two given sets of data.

Output:

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 Chapter 4

Programming in Python

4.1 WAP to create and traverse a 2D list.

Output:

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4.2 WAP to print elements of a tuple in separate lines.

Output:

4.3 WAP to create dictionary containing names.

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Output:

4.4 WAP in python where you can use call by value(immutable) & call by reference(mutable).
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Output:

4.5 WAP to display the Scope of Variables.

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Output:

4.6 WAP to get roll numbers, names and marks of the students.

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Output:

4.7 WAP to read a text files line by line.

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Output:

4.8 WAP to read a text file and display the count of vowels& consonants.

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Output:

4.9 WAP to write onto a binary file available in the form of dictionary.

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Output:

4.10 WAP to append student records.

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Output:

4.11 WAP to open read and display a binary file.

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Output:

4.12 WAP to create a binary file, write on it and display the string until letter ‘o’ is encountered.
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Output:

4.13 WAP to open file stu.dat and search with roll numbers as 14.

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Output:

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4.14 WAP to update the records of file and display the modified records.

Output:

4.15 WAP to create a CSV file and write 6 records onto it.
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Output:

4.16 WAP to create a CSV file by suppressing the EOL translation and display the content.

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Output:

4.17 WAP to read a text file and count the number of lower and upper-case letters.

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Output:

4.18 WAP to read the given details of sports performance and store into CSV file delimited with tab
character.
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Output:

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4.19 WAP that defines and calls user defined functions ADD ( ) and COUNTR ( ) the records
respectively.

Output:

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4.20 WAP to accept string till the user enters “END” and displays only those sentences which begin
with an uppercase alphabet.

Output:

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4.21 WAP to manage interface between MySQL & python using fetchone ( ).

Output:

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4.22 WAP to manage interface between MySQL & python using fetchmany ( ).

Output:

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4.23 WAP to manage interface between MySQL & python using fetchall ( ).

Output:

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