Chapter 7

Work and Kinetic Energy

 Goals for Chapter 7
• To understand and calculate work done by a
force
• To study and apply kinetic energy
• To learn and use the work-energy theorem
• To add time to the calculation and determine
the power in a physical situation
 Work Done by a Constant Force
Definition of work: Is transfer of energy through motion.
Mathematically:
The work done by a constant force acting on an object is equal
to the product of the magnitudes of the displacement and the
component of the force parallel to that displacement.
 Work, a force through a distance
• As in the illustration, pushing in the same direction that the
object moves
• Shown in Figures 6.1 and 6.2
Work Done by a Constant Force
In (a), there is a force but no displacement: no work is done.
In (b), the force is parallel to the displacement, and in (c) the
force is at an angle to the displacement.
Use the parallel component if the force acts at an angle
 Work Done by a Constant Force

If the force is at an angle to the displacement, as in (c), a

more general form for the work must be used:

!!
W = F • d = Fd cos θ
(dot product of force and displacement)

Unit of work: Newton • meter (N • m)

1 N • m is called 1 joule.
Work Done by a Constant Force

If the force (or a component) is in the

direction of motion, the work done is
positive.
If the force (or a component) is
opposite to the direction of motion, the
work done is negative.
NB. Work can also be analyzed using
graph, which is equal to the area
under the curve for a F versus x
graph.
 How can it be such a great “workout” with no work?
• When positive and negative work cancel, the net work
is zero even though muscles are exercising.
 Work Done by a Constant Force
If there is more than one force acting on an object, it is
useful to define the net work:
The total, or net, work is defined as the work done by all the
forces acting on the object, or the scalar sum of all those
quantities of work.
Stepwise solution of work done by several
forces
 Kinetic Energy and the work-energy theorem
• Work done on an object can change its motion and energy.
Kinetic energy and the Work–Energy Theorem
The net force acting on an object causes the object to
accelerate, changing its velocity:

We can use this relation to calculate the work done

Kinetic energy is therefore defined:

The net work on an object changes its kinetic energy.

 The Work–Energy Theorem: Kinetic Energy
The work done by the net force on a particle equals the
change in the particles kinetic energy.
This relationship is called the work–energy theorem.
 We can compare the kinetic energy (scalar) of different bodies

• Changes in the energy

of a moving body
under the influence of
an applied force
change differently
depending on the
direction of
application.
How fast?—Example
 Exercise work-energy theorem
(1) An out-of-control truck with a mass of 5000kg is
traveling at 35.0 m/s when it starts descending a
steep (15degree) incline. The incline is icy, so the
coefficient of friction is only 0.30. Use work-energy
theorem to determine how far the truck will skid
(assuming it locks its brakes and skids the whole
way) before it comes to rest.
 Example 2
• In a pile driver, a steel hammerhead with a mass 200 kg is
lifted 3.00 m above the top of a vertical I - beam being driven
into the ground). The hammer is then dropped, driving the I -
beam 7.4 cm farther into the ground. The vertical rails that guide
the hammerhead exert a constant of 60 N friction force on the
hammerhead. Use the work energy theorem to find:
• The speed of the hammerhead just as it hits the I -beam and
• The average force the hammerhead exerts on the I - beam.
Ignore the effect of the air.
Example 3
A 380-kg piano slides 3.9m down a 27° frictionless
incline and is kept from accelerating by a man who is
pushing back on it parallel to the incline. Determine:
the force exerted by the man,
the work done by the man on the piano, Ans -6595
the work done by the force of gravity, and Ans
6594~6595
the net work done on the piano. Ignore friction. Ans
Since the piano is not accelerating, the
net
force on the piano is 0, and so the net
work
done on the piano is also 0. This can
also
 Example 4
• How much work is done by the horizontal force FP =
150 N on the18-kg block when the force pushes the
block 5.0 m up along the 32° frictionless incline?
• How much work is done by the gravitational force on
the block during this displacement?
• How much work is done by the normal force?
• What is the speed of the block (assume that it is zero
initially) after this displacement?
 solution
• The angle between the pushing force and the
displacement is 32°. W = F dcosθ = 150N
5.0m cos32° = 636.0J
• The angle between the force of gravity and
the displacement is 122°.
W = F dSinθ
=mgdsinθ
= 18kg 9.80m
s 5.0m Sin32° = −467.4J
• Because the normal force is perpendicular
to the displacement, the work done by the
normal force is 0.
 Different objects, different kinetic
energies

• Conceptual Example
demonstrates the
effect of mass.
• The two iceboats show
how velocities are
different as masses are
different.
 Work and energy with varying forces

• Perhaps the best

example is driving
a car, alternating
your attention
between the gas
and the brake.
• The effect is a
variable positive or
negative force of
various magnitude
along a straight
line.
 The stretch of a spring and the force that caused it

• The force applied to an

ideal spring will be
proportional to its
stretch.
• The graph of force on the
y axis versus stretch on
the x axis will yield a
slope of k, the spring
constant.
The work done for spring which is already stretched a distance x
 Stepping on a scale—Example -1
• A woman weighing 600N steps on a bathroom scale
containing a stiff spring. In equilibrium the spring
compressed 1.0 cm under her weight. Find the force
constant of the spring and the total work done on it
during compression.

The work energy theorem is valid for varying and constant force.
1 1
Wtot = mv22 − mv12 = Δk
2 2
Motion with a varying force—Example-2
An air-track glider of mass 0.100 kg is attached to the
end of a horizontal air track by a spring with force
constant 20.0 N/m. Initially the spring is unstretched
and the glider is moving at 1.50 m/s to the right. Find
the maximum distance d that the glider moves to the
right a) if the air track is turned on so that there is no
friction, and b) if the air is turned off so that there is
kinetic friction with coefficient equal to 0.47.
use work energy theorem
1 2 1 2
Wtot = mv2 − mv1 = Δk
2 2
a) d = 10.6 cm and
b) d = 0.086 m = 8.6 cm
 Example-3
• A 5.00 kg block is moving at v0 = 6.00 m/s along a
frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with
force constant k = 500 N/m that is attached to a wall
(fig below). The spring has a negligible mass.
• Find the maximum distance the spring will be
compressed.
• If the spring is to compress by no more than 0.150
m, what should be the maximum value of v0 ?
 Solution
• Apply Wtot = K 2 − K1 to the block
• If X is the distance the spring is compressed, the
work done by the spring is -1/2 KX2 . At maximum
compression, the spring and the block are not
moving, so the block has no kinetic energy and x2 =
0.:
• The work done by the block is equal to its initial
kinetic energy, and
1
2
kX 2 the
= 12 mv0
2
maximum compression is
foundXfrom
=
m
v=
5.00 kg
(6.00 m/s) = 0.600 m.
k 500 N/m

b) Solving for v0 in terms of a known X

k 500 N/m
v0 = X= (0.150 m) = 1.50 m/s.
m 5.00 kg
 Example -4
• A 10-kg block on a horizontal frictionless surface is
attached to a light spring (force constant = 0.80
kN/m). The block is initially at rest at its equilibrium
position when a force (magnitude P = 80 N) acting
parallel to the surface is applied to the block, as
shown. What is the speed of the block when it is 13
cm from its equilibrium position? Ans. 0.85 m/s.
 Example - 5c
• A 2.0-kg block situated on a frictionless incline plane
(inclined at 370 ) is connected to a light spring
(k = 100 N/m), as shown. The block is released from rest
when the spring is unstretched. The pulley is frictionless
and has negligible mass. What is the speed of the block
when it has moved 0.20 m down the plane?
a.76 cm/s b.68 cm/s c.60 cm/s d.82 cm/s e.57 cm/s
 Example - 6
• The ball launcher in pinball machine has a spring
that has a force constant of 1.20 N/cm (fig). The
surface on which the ball moves is inclined 10.00
with respect to the horizontal. If the spring is initially
compressed 5.00 cm, find the launcher speed of 100-
g ball when the plunger is released. Friction and the
mass of the plunger are negligible. Answer. V =
1.68 m/s ~1.7m/s
Power
Power is the time rate at which work is done.
The average power is the total amount of work done
divided by the time taken to do the work.

ΔW dW
p = lim = (instantaneous power)
Δt →0 Δt dt
If the force is constant and parallel to the displacement,

!!
p = F ⋅v (instantaneous rate at which force
F does work)
 Force and power you depend upon—Example 6.10
• Each of the two jet engines
in Boeing 767 develops a
thrust (a forward force on
the airplane) of 197000 N.
when the airplane is flying
at 250 m/s, what
horsepower does each
engine develop?
 An example you might do if the elevator is out
• A 50 kg marathon runner runs up the stairs to the top of
Chicago’s 443 m tall Sears Tower. To lift herself to the top in
15 minutes, what must be her average power output in
watts? In kilowatts? In horsepower?
 Example -1
• An elevator has a mass of 1000 kg and carries a
maximum load of 800 kg. A constant frictional force
of 4000 N retards its motion upward, as in the figure.
• what must be the minimum power delivered by the
motor to lift the elevator at a constant speed of 3.00
m/s?
• b) what power (in terms of v) must the motor
deliver at any instant if it is designed to provide an
upward acceleration of 1.00 m/s2 ?