Assignment No.

1
Title: Setup a wired LAN using switch
Problem Statement: Part A: Setup a wired LAN using Layer 2 Switch and then IP switch of
minimum four computers. It includes preparation of cable, testing of cable using line tester,
configuration machine using IP addresses, testing using PING utility and demonstrate the PING
packets captured traces using Wireshark Packet Analyzer Tool.
Part B: Extend the same Assignment for Wireless using Access Point

Prerequisites:
Hardware: Computer, LAN Cards, RJ-45 Connectors, Switch, CAT-5 Cable, Cable Tester,
Crimping tool, Access Point etc.
Software: 64 bit Opens Source Operating System, Wireshark and PING utility
Objectives: To develop and demonstrate a wired and wireless LAN for four computers.
Theory:

Introduction:-
A computer network is a set of connected computers. The connection between computers can be
done via cabling, most commonly the Ethernet cable, or wirelessly through radio waves.
Connected computers can share resources like access to the Internet, printers, file servers, and
others. Example of Computer network is LAN, MAN and WAN.
 .
Networks are connections between groups of computers and associated devices that allow users to
transfer information electronically. The local area network shown on the left is representative of
the setup used in many offices and companies. Individual computers, called work stations (WS),
communicate to each other via cable or telephone line linking to servers. Servers are computers
exactly like the WS, except that they have an administrative function and are devoted entirely to
monitoring and controlling WS access to part or all of the network and to any shared resources
(such as printers). The red line represents the larger network connection between servers, called
the backbone; the blue line shows local connections. A modem (modulator/demodulator) allows
computers to transfer information across standard telephone lines. Modems convert digital signals
into analogue signals and back again, making it possible for computers to communicate, or
network, across thousands of miles.
Study of Network Devices:
NIC (Network Interface Card):-

Each computer includes the File server or a Network will have a card plugged in the PCI
Expunction slot or will have on-board NIC (Network Interface Card), which will provide
connectivity among the workstation in the network through cables.
Type’s of Card:-
1. Arc net card (2.5 mbps)
2. Ethernet card (10/100 mbps)
3. Token Ring card (4-16 mbps)
Hub/Switch:-

These devices are used for Re-directing traffic, i.e.

in a Star Topology the central device is used to ECHO/Re-Direct the packets coming from one
workstation/node to the Destination workstation/node. This is done by using the devices like
Hub/Switch, during the present situation Hub’s are absolute due to their disadvantages of Echoing
a packet from one node to all, which leads to increasing N/W traffic and packet Collision.

Type of Hub:-
1. Passive Hub:-
It is a device which do not require any type of power supply and does not boost incoming signal,
it just echo the incoming signal to all nodes.
2. Active Hub :-
It is a device which requires power supply and boosts the incoming signal and echoes the signal
to all nodes.
Hub where absolute due to use of an intelligent device called Switch which reads the destination
adders and sends the incoming packet to it.
Paring Rules and Color Code:-
The CAT 5 Cable consist of 8 wires which comes pares of White/Blue, Blue, White/Orange,
Orange, White/Green, Green, White/Brown, Brown and they are coded for Straight and Cross
combinations respectively.

Straight Cable:-
 Pin
Pair # Wire
#
White/Blue 5
1-White/Blue
Blue 4
2- White/Orange 1
Wht./Orange Orange 2
3- White/Green 3
White/Green Green 6
4- White/Brown 7
White/Brown Brown 8
Cross Cable:-

Pair # Wire Pin #

White/Blue 5
1-White/Blue
Blue 4
White/Green 1
2-White/Green
Green 2
3- White/Orange 3
White/Orange Orange 6
4- White/Brown 7
White/Brown Brown 8
Connections among devices:-
Node to Node - Straight – Cross,
Switch to Node - Straight – Straight,
Switch to Switch - Straight – Cross.

How to Crimp a Cat 5 cable with RJ 45 Connector:-

1. Skin off the cable jacket approximately 1" or slightly more.
2. Un-twist each pair, and straighten each wire between the fingers.
3. Place the wires in the order of one of the two diagrams shown
above .Bring all of the wires together, until they touch.
4. At this point, recheck the wiring sequence with the diagram.
5. Optional: Make a mark on the wires at 1/2" from the end of the
cable jacket.
6. Hold the grouped (and sorted) wires together tightly, between the
thumb, and the forefinger.
7. Cut all of the wires at a perfect 90 degree angle from the cable at
1/2" from the end of the cable jacket. This is a very critical step. If the
wires are not cut straight, they may not all make contact. We suggest
using a pair of scissors for this purpose.
8. Conductors should be at a straight 90 degree angle, and be 1/2"
long, prior to insertion into the connector.
9. Insert the wires into the connector (pins facing up).
10. Push moderately hard to assure that all of the wires have
reached the end of the connector. Be sure that the cable jacket goes
into the back of the connector by about 3/16".
11. Place the connector into a crimp tool, and squeeze hard so that
the handle reaches its full swing.
12. Repeat the process on the other end. For a straight through
cable, use the same wiring.
13. Use a cable tester to test for proper continuity.
ex
Cable Testing Tool:-
It is a tool used for testing weather there is no cut in between two
terminals and to identify the type of pair crimp with.
Study of Topologies:-

What is a Topology?
The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and other
peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology which is the method
used to pass information between workstations.

1. Bus Topologies:-

In a bus network configuration, each node is connected to

one main communications line. With this arrangement,
even if one of the nodes goes down, the rest of the network
can continue to function normally.

2. Star Topologies:- A star network consists of several nodes connected to a central

hub/switch in a star-shaped configuration. Messages from individual nodes pass directly to the
hub/switch, which determines any further routing.

3. Ring Topology:-

Token Ring Network, in computer science, a LAN formed in a ring (closed loop) topology
that uses token passing as a means of regulating traffic. On a token ring network, a token governing
the right to transmit is passed from one station to the next in a physical circle. If a station has
information to transmit, it “seizes” the token, marks it as being in use, and inserts the information.
The “busy” token, plus message, is then passed around the circle, copied when it arrives at its
destination, and eventually returned to the sender. The sender removes the attached message and
then passes the freed token to the next station in
line. Token ring networks are defined in the IEEE
802.5 standards.
4. Mesh Topology:-

The type
of network
topology
in which
each of the
nodes of
the network is connected to each of the other nodes in the
network with a point-to-point link – this makes it possible
for data to be simultaneously transmitted from any single
node to all of the other nodes.

Note: The physical fully connected mesh topology is generally too costly and complex for
practical networks, although the topology is used when there are only a small number of nodes to
be interconnected

5. Hybrid/Tree Topology:-
A tree topology combines characteristics of
linear bus and star topologies. It consists of
groups of star-configured workstations
connected to a linear bus backbone cable.

These topologies can also be mixed. For

example, a bus-star network consists of a high-
bandwidth bus, called the backbone, which
connects a collection of slower-bandwidth star
segments.

How Routers Work

Routers are the traffic cops of intranets. They make sure that all data gets sent to where it's
supposed to go and that it gets sent via the most efficient route. Routers are also useful tools to
make the most efficient use of the intranet. Routers are used to segment traffic and provide
redundancy of routes. Routers use encapsulation to permit different protocols to be sent across
otherwise incompatible networks. Just as routers direct traffic on the Internet, sending information
to its proper destination, routers on an intranet perform the same function. Routers-equipment that
is a combination of hardware and software-can send the data to a computer on the same sub
network inside the intranet, to another network on the intranet, or outside to the Internet. They do
this by examining header information in IP packets, and then sending the data on its way.
Typically, a router will send the packet to the next router closest to the final destination, which in
turn sends it to an even closer router, and so on, until the data reaches its intended recipient. A
router has input ports for receiving IP packets, and output ports for sending those packets toward
their destination. When a packet comes to the input port, the router examines the packet header,
and checks the destination in it against a routing table-a database that tells the router how to send
packets to various destinations.

Based on the information in the routing table, the packet is sent to a particular output port, which
sends the packet to the next closest router to the packet's destination.

If packets come to the input port more quickly than the router can process them, they are sent to a
holding area called an input queue. The router then processes packets from the queue in the order
they were received. If the number of packets received exceeds the capacity of the queue (called
the length of the queue), packets may be lost.

In a simple intranet that is a single, completely self-contained network, and in which there are no
connections to any other network or the intranet, only minimal routing need be done, and so the
routing table in the router is exceedingly simple with very few entries, and is constructed
automatically by a program called ifconfig.
Testing Basic Connectivity
The ping command tests whether a remote host can be reached from your computer. This simple
function is extremely useful for testing the network connection, independent of the application in
which the original problem was detected.
The ping Command
Ping [option] Remote host name/ Address
Example: ping –c 5 192.168.4.1
Conclusion: Hence, we have demonstrated a wired LAN for four computers.