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Engineering Mathematics Formulas

The document outlines various trigonometric formulas including: 1) Pythagorean identities relating trig functions of the same angle, 2) even-odd identities showing trig functions have the same value for opposite angles, 3) sum and difference formulas for trig functions of sums and differences of angles, and 4) double angle formulas expressing trig functions of double angles in terms of single angles. It also covers power-reducing formulas, product-to-sum formulas, sum-to-product formulas, and formulas for solving oblique triangles using laws of sines and cosines.

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venkata sridhar Dhulipala
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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76 views

Engineering Mathematics Formulas

The document outlines various trigonometric formulas including: 1) Pythagorean identities relating trig functions of the same angle, 2) even-odd identities showing trig functions have the same value for opposite angles, 3) sum and difference formulas for trig functions of sums and differences of angles, and 4) double angle formulas expressing trig functions of double angles in terms of single angles. It also covers power-reducing formulas, product-to-sum formulas, sum-to-product formulas, and formulas for solving oblique triangles using laws of sines and cosines.

Uploaded by

venkata sridhar Dhulipala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRIGONOMETRY FORMULAS

1) Pythagorean Identities

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x

2) Even-Odd Identities

sin(−x) = sin x cos(−x) = cos x tan(−x) = tan x

3) Sum-Difference Formulas

sin(x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y

cos(x ±y) = cos x cos y ∓sin x sin y

tan (x )±tan( y )
tan( x± y )=
1∓tan (x )tan( y )
4) Double Angle Formulas

sin 2x = 2 sin xcos x


cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1
= 1 − 2sin2 x
2 tan (x )
tan(2 x )=
1−tan 2 ( x )
2 tan( x )
sin(2 x )=
1+tan2 ( x )
1−tan 2 ( x )
cos(2 x )=
1+tan 2 ( x )
5) Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

1−cos(2 x )
sin2 ( x )=
2
1+cos(2 x )
cos 2 ( x )=
2
1−cos(2 x )
tan 2 ( x )=
1+cos(2 x )

6) Product-to-Sum Formulas

1
sin( x )sin ( y )= 2 [ cos ( x− y )−cos ( x + y )]
cos ( x )cos( y )= 12 [cos ( x − y )+ cos( x + y )]
sin( x )cos ( y )= 12 [ sin ( x+ y )+ sin( x− y )]
cos ( x )sin( y )= 12 [ sin ( x+ y )−sin( x− y )]

7) Sum-to-Product Formulas

sin( x )+ sin( y )=2sin ( ) ( )


x+ y
2
cos
x− y
2
sin( x )−sin( y )=2 sin ( ) ( )
x− y
2
cos
x+ y
2

cos ( x )+cos ( y )=2 cos (


2 ) ( 2 )
x+ y x− y
cos

cos ( x )−cos( y )=−2 sin (


2 ) ( 2 )
x+ y x− y
sin

8) Solving Oblique Triangles

Oblique triangles are triangles that do not contain a right angle; they have either 3 acute angles
or 1 obtuse and 2 acute angles. Solving a triangle means to find the length of all sides and the
measure of all angles. To do this we need to have one of the following four sets of information:

Case 1: ASA or SAA (one side & 2 angles are known) Case 2: SSA (2 sides and opposite angle are
known.

Case 3: SAS: (2 sides & the included angle are known) Case 4: SSS (the three sides are
known)
In cases 1 and 2 for a triangle with sides a, b, c and opposite angles , , , respectively, use Law
of Sines. In cases 3 and 4, use law of cosines.

Law of sines:

Law of Cosines:
In the complex plane, the x-axis becomes the real axis (z = x + oi = x) and the y-axis becomes the
imaginary axis (z = 0 + yi = yi).

The magnitude or modulus of z is the distance from the origin to the point (x, y); .

If z = x + yi is multiplied by its conjugate = x – yi, the product is x2 + y2 and


An equation z = x + yi in rectangular form can be converted to polar coordinates
z = r cos  + i r sin = r(cos + i sin), r > 0 and 0 <  < 2.
In polar form, the angle  is called the argument of z and r is the magnitude of z.

Product of complex numbers: .

Quotient of complex numbers: .

De Moivre’s Theorem: If z = r(cos + i sin) is a complex number, then


zn = rn(cos(n)+ sin(n), where n > 1 is a positive integer.

Complex Roots: Let w = r(cos +i sin) be a complex number and let n > 2 be an integer. If w  0,

there are n distinct complex roots of w given by , where k = 0, 1, 2,


… n-1.

Cauchy’s Integral Formula:

If f(Z) is analytic inside and on a simple closed curve ‘C’ and ‘a’ is any point inside ‘C’
1
the f(a)¿
2 πi
Cauchy’s Residue Theorem:
If f(Z) is analytic within and on a simple closed curve ‘C’ except at a finite number of
poles inside ‘C’ then

∫ f ( z)dZ
C = 2 π i x [sum of the residues at the poles inside ‘C’]

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