DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING

REQUIREMENTS

EXPERIMENT 3
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM

Arş. Gör. Yunus Emre Gönülaçar

Lucía Tricas Arbesú
Nº 23115052903
 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Fluid mechanics I

Objetive
The aim of this experiment was to validate and explore the principles of Bernoulli’s Theorem,
which describes the relationship between fluid velocity, pressure, and elevation in a flowing
fluid. The goal was to observe and measure the changes in velocity and pressure in a tapering
circular duct to verify Bernoulli’s Theorem.

Ilustration 1: Installation for the experiment

Equipment
This experiment can be performed by using the service module and the Bernoulli apparatus in
our laboratory

Measuring tank

Flow control valve Measuring tank indicator

Gate valve
Overflow
Storage tank with pump

Figure 1: Hydraulic Bench Service Module

2
 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Fluid mechanics I

Tube manometers for the static

pressures
Pitot tuve for measuring the total
pressure
Venturi nozzle with measuring points

Figure 2: Bernoulli Apparatus

Procedure
1. Connect the apparatus to the bench, having injected a small quantity of wetting agent
into the test section. Ensure that the test section is oriented with the duct converging
in the direction of flow.
2. Close control valve, and switch on the pump by operating the starter, ID. Open valve
6K slightly and then carefully open valve 1C to fill the apparatus manometer tubes with
water. The manometer tubes should be allowed to fill to discharge all pockets of air
from the system. Ensure that all connecting pipes are free from air. Manometer bank
6D is fitted with a Schrader valve, 6E, to enable levels to be raised or lowered as
required. In the latter case, hand pump 6M is connected to the valve to raise the air
pressure above the liquid columns.
3. Carefully open the two valves and adjust them to provide that combination of flow
rate and system pressure which will give the largest convenient difference between
the highest and lowest manometer levels. Note the scale reading of each manometer
level. Take at least three sets of readings of volume and time to find the flow rate
using volumetric tank, 1V.
4. Insert the total head probe as far as the end of the parallel portion of the duct and
then advance it into the tapered portion 1cm at a time. For each position of the probe
tip, note the distance from the end of the parallel portion and record the scale reading
of its manometer level.
5. Repeat c and d for different combinations of valve openings to give high and low flow
rates at both high and low static pressures.
6. Close the valve, 1C, allow the apparatus to drain, and withdraw the total head probe,
6F, to the end of its travel. Undo the couplings, 6C, reverse the test section, 6A, and
replace the couplings.

Repeat 2, 3, 4 and 5

3
 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Fluid mechanics I

DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS

According to the data taken in class, shown in the following table, we can determine the
theoretical velocity head at each tapping position.

A B C D E F Measured
Total
Head
Diameter 10.0 10.6 11.3 12.4 14.6 25
(mm)
Static head 45 55 70 80 90 110 115
(mmSS)
Area 78.54 88.25 100.29 120.76 167.42 490.87
(mm2)
Velocity 1171.92 1084.99 939.63 828.67 700.36 313.21
(mm/s)
Velocity 70.00 60.00 45.00 35.00 25.00 5.00
head
(mmSS)
Theoretical 115 115 115 115 115 115
Total Head
(mmSS)
Table 1: Readings from laboratory

CALCULATIONS
During the experiment, reading of the static head are recorded.

There are a few things need to be calculated in order to determine the difference value
between Velocity and Velocity head:

 The área of each cross section of the tuve are calculated usisng this equation

 To calculate the velocity, using the Bernoulli’s equation

For this apparatus z1=z2 and P= ρ gh so, one can write

Where the h1 is the static head, H is the total head and can be define as

4
 Bernoulli’s Theorem
Fluid mechanics I

 Thus the velocity head

CONCLUSION
As Bernoulli state high velocity of fluid flow result in low pressure and based on continuity
equation, smaller area result in high velocity. Thus, the result proved both equation could be
used to determine the velocity of fluid flow in manometer. Even the value is not exactly the
same, but the pattern of increasing and decreasing at the converging and diverging portion is
same. So that, as the velocity increases, the total head also increases for both convergent and
divergent flow.

Errors in experiments can arise from various sources, and identifying them is crucial for
accurate results. In a experiement using a Hydraulic service module and the Bernoulli
apparatus we may have some errors and potential sources:

 Instrumentation Calibration: incorrect calibration of pressure or flow meters.

 Leaks in the System: undetected leaks in pipes, valves or fittings.
 Inaccuarate Measurement of Fluid Properties: incorrect measurement of fluid density
or viscosity.
 Human Errors: mistakes in reading instruments or recording data.
 Air Bubbles: presence of air bubles in the fluid.
 Mechanical Issues: wear or tear of malfunctions in the apparatus.
 Recording Timing: recording data at the wrong time in the experiment.

Additionally, repeating the experiment with careful attention to these factors can help validate
the results.