BUILDING CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS-II AR110

NOTES PROVIDED BY:

Ar.Mohd. Fahad Khan & Ar. Safa Seraj

TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Following are different types of foundations used in construction:

1. Shallow foundation
o Individual footing or isolated footing
o Combined footing
o Strip foundation
o Raft or mat foundation
2. Deep Foundation
o Pile foundation
o Drilled Shafts or caissons

Types of Shallow Foundations

1. Individual Footing or Isolated Footing

Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation used for
building construction. This foundation is constructed for a single column and also called a
pad foundation.

The shape of individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads from the
structure is carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on the column and
the safe bearing capacity of soil.

Rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences moments due to
the eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces.

For example, Consider a column with a vertical load of 200 kN and a safe bearing capacity of
100 kN/m2 then the area of the footing required will be 200/100 = 2m2. So, for a square
footing, the length and width of the footing will be 1.414 m x 1.414 m.
2. Combined Footing
Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close enough and their
isolated footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but their
structural design differs.

The shape of this footing is a rectangle and is used when loads from the structure is carried
by the columns.

3. Spread footings or Strip footings and Wall footings

Spread footings are those whose base is wider than a typical load-bearing wall foundations.
The wider base of this footing type spreads the weight from the building structure over
more area and provides better stability.

Spread footings

Spread footings and wall footings are used for individual columns, walls and bridge piers
where the bearing soil layer is within 3m (10 feet) from the ground surface. Soil bearing
capacity must be sufficient to support the weight of the structure over the base area of the
structure.

These should not be used on soils where there is any possibility of a ground flow of water
above bearing layer of soil which may result in scour or liquefaction.

4. Raft or Mat Foundations

Raft or mat foundations are the types of foundation which are spread across the entire area
of the building to support heavy structural loads from columns and walls.
 Raft or Mat
Foundation

The use of mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations where the loads from the
structure on columns and walls are very high. This is used to prevent differential settlement
of individual footings, thus designed as a single mat (or combined footing) of all the load-
bearing elements of the structure.

It is suitable for expansive soils whose bearing capacity is less for the suitability of spread
footings and wall footings. Raft foundation is economical when one-half area of the
structure is covered with individual footings and wall footings are provided.

These foundations should not be used where the groundwater table is above the bearing
surface of the soil. The use of foundation in such conditions may lead to scour and
liquefaction.

Types of Deep Foundation

5. Pile Foundations
Pile foundation is a type of deep foundation which is used to transfer heavy loads from the
structure to a hard rock strata much deep below the ground level.
 Pile Foundation

Pile foundations are used to transfer heavy loads of structures through columns to hard soil
strata which is much below ground level where shallow foundations such as spread footings
and mat footings cannot be used. This is also used to prevent uplift of the structure due to
lateral loads such as earthquake and wind forces.

Read More on Deep Foundations

Pile foundations are generally used for soils where soil conditions near the ground surface is
not suitable for heavy loads. The depth of hard rock strata may be 5m to 50m (15 feet to
150 feet) deep from the ground surface.

Pile foundation resists the loads from the structure by skin friction and by end bearing. The
use of pile foundations also prevents differential settlement of foundations.

Read More on Pile Foundation

6. Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation

Drilled shafts, also called as caissons, is a type of deep foundation and has an action similar
to pile foundations discussed above, but are high capacity cast-in-situ foundations. It resists
loads from structure through shaft resistance, toe resistance and/or combination of both of
these. The construction of drilled shafts or caissons are done using an auger.
 Fig: Drilled Shafts or Caisson Foundation (Source:
Hayward Baker)

Drilled shafts can transfer column loads larger than pile foundations. It is used where the
depth of hard strata below ground level is located within 10m to 100m (25 feet to 300 feet).

Drilled shafts or caisson foundation is not suitable when deep deposits of soft clays and
loose, water-bearing granular soils exist. It is also not suitable for soils where caving
formations are difficult to stabilize, soils made up of boulders, artesian aquifer exists.

Drilled shafts has an action similar to pile foundations but are high capacity cast-in-situ
foundations. It can transfer column loads larger than pile foundations. It is used where the
depth of hard strata below ground level is located within 10m to 100m (25 feet to 300 feet).
What are difference between isolated and combined footing?

Combined footing is constructed when two or more columns are close enough and their
isolated footings overlap each other. It is a combination of isolated footings, but their
structural design differs.
When is Raft or Mat Foundations used?

The use of raft or mat foundation is for columns and walls foundations where the loads from
the structure on columns and walls are very high. Rafts are used to prevent differential
settlement of individual footings, thus designed as combined footing of all the load-bearing
elements of the structure.

My experience says, it’s always a challenge to design foundation in black cotton and sandy
soils, there are some places where you wont get any friction or end bearing to rest the
footing, there we have to first strengthen the soil before designing for foundation, by
strengthening means increasing the soil SBC so that the soil is suitable for the footing

The type of foundation of any structure depends upon the soil type. It's always a challenge
for Geo technical Engineers to investigate the soil type and suggest the optimum design for
foundation. As we all know the strength of the building depends upon the foundation and
which again depends upon the soil strata on which they are resting, so soil play's a vital role
in deciding the type of foundation for the structure.
My experience says, it's always a challenge to design foundation in black cotton and sandy
soils, there are some places where you wont get any friction or end bearing to rest the
footing, there we have to first strengthen the soil before designing for foundation, by
strengthening means increasing the soil SBC so that the soil is suitable for the footing.
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