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Physics LN 1

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Physics LN 1

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Important Questions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 2 - Units and Measurements \Very Short Answer Questions 1 Mark, ‘LWhatis the difference between A and AU? ‘Ars: Angstrom () and astronomical unit (A.U.) are both the units of distance. However, their valies are very different. Their values in SI unit of cistance are- 4A) =10°m andi. =1.496:<10°'m. 2. Define $1 unitof solid angle. ‘Ara: The Sl unit of solid ang is eteradian, One stradien is defined as the angle ‘made by aspherical plane of unit square meter area atthe cenire of a sphere with raclus of unit length, 2, Name physical quantities whose units are electron vet and pascal, ‘Ars: The physical quantities whose units are electron vot and pascal are energy and presure respectively. 4. Fill ups 4) 3.0m/s!= ‘Ars: 80m We have, 1m=10°km thy = 36005 30m /s? ~2.910°km hr by 6467x10-"Nm? ag? = ‘Ars: We have, AN=Akgms* akg -10%9 ce rae usec 1 am? =10%en? = 66710 Nm'kg® = 6.67 «10 x (tkgms*)(Im* is") = 6.67 «10 x(tkg 10"*s to coss the given nucleus ce rae usec 4 7. Expres the dimension of energy iff, A and T are considered asthe base {Guantiis. (Where, F stancs for force, A for acceleration an T for time) ‘Ars: Wo know the, dimension of acceleration, [A] =[ LT} oun (D) By, Newton's seccnd law of motion, A SM=FAS ou) Now, we know that cimension of energy is generally given by [E]=[ML°T*] ‘Sutstituting (2) and (2) inthe above expression, (el-[Fata'r'T?] -[E|-[Far] “Therefore, we found the dimension of energy in powers of F, A and T tobe, [rar?], 8. If velocity, time and forse were chosen as the base quantities, find the dimensions of mass. ‘Aas: From Newton's second law ef mation, fote0 ~ mass» acceleration force = mass Vet Time Timex toree Velocity => [mas m]=[Ftv"] “Therefor, we found he dimension of ass in tems of veocy, te and fre tobe (M]-[ETV"] 9. A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and is equivalent to 42 3 where = tkgn’s Suppose ne employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equalsa kg, the unit of length equals B m, the unit of time is ys. Show that a calorie hasa megnitude 42a*fy" in tenms ofthe new units ‘Ars: Given tat, ‘Calorie = 42(2hg)(tm? (ts) ce rae usec 5 Nev unit of mass =a. ky Hence, one kilogram in terms ofthe new unit 1 i (One meter interms ofthe new unitof length, 1m Ard one second in terms of he new unit af time, pe 7 as-7 ist=y 1 Caleie=4.2(a0")(ub*)(ay” 1s 20? 10, Explain this statement clearly: “To call a dimensional quantity large’ or ‘small’ is meaningless without specifying a standard for comparison”. In view of this, reframe the following, statements wherever necessary: ‘Ars: The given statement is true because a dimensiontess quantity may be large for small, but there should te some siandard reference to compare that. For ‘example, the coefficient of friction is dimensionless but we could say that the coefficient of sliding friction is grester than the coeficient of rolling fiction, but loss than static fiction, a)Atoms are very small objects ‘Ars: An atom is very small compared to a sozcer ball YA jet plane moves with great speed. ‘Ars. At plane moves witha speed greater han Wat ofa bicycle. ‘The mass of Jupiter s very large. ‘Ars: Mass of Jupiter is very large compared to the mass of a cricket ball {)The air inside this room contains a large number of molecules. ‘Ars: The air inside this oom contains alarge number of molecules as compared to that contained by a geomety box. 9A proton is much mare massive than an electron. ‘Ars: A proton is more massive than an electron, ce rae usec 6 ‘The speed of sound is much smaller than the saeed of light. ‘Ars: Spied of sound is less than the speed of light 111. Which ofthe following is the most precise device for measuring length: ‘Ars: A device which has the minkmum least count is considered wo be the rast precise device to measure length, aA vernier caliper with 20 divisions on the sliding scale, ‘As: Least count ofa verniorcalipar 1 standard oivision(SD)~2 vernierdivsion( VD) gt =1c=1-3- 4 -o0%m ‘yA screw gauge of pitzh 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scele Pit ‘Ars: Leas count of screw gauge = PR — stcet 09. i000 ©)An optical instrument thet can measure length to within a wavelength of Fight? ‘Ars; Least count of an optical device = Wavelength of ight ~10-cm, =LC=0,00001em Hance, among the given three options, it can be inferred that the optical insrument with the minimum least count that can measure length to within a ‘wavelength of igh e the moet suitable devios to measire length 112. Answer te following: a)You are given a thread and a meter scale. How will you estimate the diameter of the thread? ‘Ars: Wrap the thread on a uniform smooth rod insuch a way thatthe coils thus formed are very clase to each other. Measure the length that is wounded by the ‘thread using « meve scale. The diameter ofthe thread isgiven by te relation, Lengthof thro Number of tans Diameter ce rae usec 7 ‘A screw gauge has a pitchof 1.0 mm and 200 divisions onthe circular scale Do you think itis possible to increase the accuracy of the screw gauge arbitrarily by increasing the number of divisiors onthe circular scale? ‘Ars: Increasing the umber divisions of the circular scale will inxease its ‘accuracy to aneghigibteextert only, The mean diameter of a thin brass rod is 1o be measured by Verrier calipers. Why isa set of 100 measurements of the diameter expected to yield amore reliable estimate then a set of S measurements only? ‘Ars: A set of 100 measurements fs more refable than a set of 5 measurements ‘because random erors involved will ke reduced on increasing the number of measurement 413, The mass of abox measured oy a grocer's balance Is 2300 kg, Two gold pieces of masses 20.15 g and 20.17 gare added to the box. Wht is: a)the total mass ofthe 00%? ‘Ars: We are giver: “Mass of grocers box =2:300kg ‘Mass of gold piece | ~ 20.159 —0,02015kg Mass of gold piece ll =20.17g =002017kg “Total mass of the box =2.3.0,02015:+0.02017 30032kg Inaddition, te firal result stould retain as many decimal places as there are in ‘the number with te Teast decimal places. Hence, the total mass of the box is. 29 029 During subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as there aren the number with the least decimal places. abt eee reererert ecg queen follows: 1% 3%6,4% and 2% respectively. Whats the percentage error in the quantity 2 Ifthe value ofP calculated using the above relation tums out to be 3.763, ‘to whatvalue should you round off the result? ‘Ars: We are given the relation, ce Pras usec a ay (ve) “The error could be calculate using te following expresion, ap. daa Patcentage enor in Veluo of igivon ae 8763. By rounding ff the given value tothe fist decimal place, we get P=38 15, The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is denoted by A and we know that (24 10%] The size of ‘a hydrogen atom is ahout aA. What is the total atomic volume in m of a ‘hate othyarogen atoms? Ars: Rats of hydrogen atom, r-0.5A ~05%10%m ‘Value of hydrogen at 42 av. (o5-a0")? 20 =V=0824.20% mn? :L mole of hydrogen contains 6 023310" hycrogen atoms. Volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms V'= 6.02310" «082410 =V'=316x10" mn? 16 Explain this common observation clearly: M you look oust of the wincow Of a fast moving train, the nearby trees, houses etc. seem to move rapidly in {a direction cpposite to the train’s motion, but the distant objects (hill tops, the Moon, the stars etc) seem tobe stationary. (In fet, since you are aware ‘that you are moving, these dstant objects seem to move wth you) ‘Ars: Line-ofsight is defined as an imaginary line joining an object and an ‘observer's eye, Wen we observe rearby stationary objects such as trees, houses, ce Pras usec 9 etc. while siting in a moving train, they appear to move rapidly inthe opposite direction because te lre-of sight changes vey rapidly. (On the other hang, distant ebjecte such ae tees, stare, ete. appear stationary because ofthe large distance. As a result, the line-of-sight does not change its rection rap. 17. Precise measurements of physical quantities are a need of science. For ‘example, to ascertain the speed of an aircraft, one must have an accurate methodtto tind its positions at closely separated instants of time, Thiswas the ‘actual motivation behind the discovery of radar in World War M. Think of different examples in modern science where precise measurements of length, time, mass etc. arp needed. Also, wherever you can, give 2 quantitative idea of the precision needed, ‘Ars: Itis indeed very tue that precise measurements of physical quasties are eseontial for the development of science, Some examples are: {Ultrashort laser pulses (Lime interval --10°s) are used to measure time limorvae in several physical and chemical processes. 2.X-ray specrroscapy is used to determine the interatemic separation or inter planar spacing. '3-The development of a mass spectometer makes it possible to measure the ass of atoms precisely. 38. When the planet Jupiter is at distance of 824.7 million kilometers from the earty, itsangular diameter 1s measured to be 35.72" of aro, Calculate the diameter of Jupiter. ‘Ars: Distance of Jupiter from the earth, D =824.710°m =824,710'm ‘Angular diameter =35.72"=35.72% 4874 x10"'rad Diameter of upiter =d Using the relation, d D d= 0 = 24-7 10" «99.72% 487410 © =143520.76 x10 421.4350 419. A LASER is a source of a very intense, monochromatic, and tuniirectional beam flight These properties ofa laser light canbe exploited to measure lang distances. The distance ofthe Miaon from the Earth has been ce rae usec » already determined very precisely using a laser as a source of light A laser light beamedat the Moon takes 256 s to return after reflection atthe Moon's surface, How much isthe radius of the lunar orbit around the Earth? ‘Ars: We are given the time taken by the laser beam to return to Earth ater reflection from themoon = 2565, ‘We know that speed of light = 3<10%m/s Tine ent amo aon =2s256-1 2 Radius of the lunar orbit = Distance between the Earh and the Moon 228x310 =38410'm=3.84%10 kM 20. SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) uses ultrasonicwaveso detect and locate objects underwater. In submarine equipped with a SONAR the time delay between generation ofa probe wave and the reception ofits echo after reflection from an enemy submarine is found tc be 72.0. What is the +77 =38.5 2 ‘Therefore, the distance between the ship and the submarine is given by $=1450385 =55825 m=85.8 kn Short Answer Question 3 Marks Just a5 precise messurements are necessary in Science; it is equally important to be able to make rough estimates of quantities using rudimentary ideas and common observations. Think of ways by which you ean estimate the following (where an estimate is difficult to obtain, try to get ‘an upper bound en the quantity): a)tne total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India during the Monscon, ‘Ars: For estimating the total mass of rin-bearing clouds over India during the Monsoon: ce rae usec a Tota surface area __A “Areaof one hair «the number of zr molecules in your classroom ‘Ars: Esimaton of the numberof ar molecules inyour lassioom Let the volume of he rom be V We kno tha (Oe mol of sr atNTP occupies 2.4 te, 224=30°%n? volume Number of molecules in one mole N, =6.023>10° (Avogacro number) ‘Number of molecules in room of volume) could be found a, 023.10 24x10" =0=194.915=10°V n=135a°V Number of stands of hair = 2, The unit of lenath convenient on the nuclear scale is a fermi: 1f=10-*m. Nuclear sizes obey roughly the fllowing empirical relation: rama’, where the radius ofthe nucleus, its mass number, and a constant equal to about, 12¢. Show tht ths rule implies that nuclear mass density sneerly constant for different muck. Estimate the mass dersity of sodium nucleus ‘and compare it with the average mass density of asedium atom obtaines in Evercst. 2.27. ‘Ars: Letrbethe radiusof the nucleus given by te relation, ral fy-22t 2.2010 m “Then the volume of nucleus wouldbe, V= na!) fora 0d 3 Now, the mass of the nuclei M is equal to its mass number that is, MaA amu = A 1.68107g Deasity of nucleus could be given by, ‘Mass of nucleus Volume of nucleus ce rae usec 2 Tota surface area __A “Areaof one hair «the number of zr molecules in your classroom ‘Ars: Esimaton of the numberof ar molecules inyour lassioom Let the volume of he rom be V We kno tha (Oe mol of sr atNTP occupies 2.4 te, 224=30°%n? volume Number of molecules in one mole N, =6.023>10° (Avogacro number) ‘Number of molecules in room of volume) could be found a, 023.10 24x10" =0=194.915=10°V n=135a°V Number of stands of hair = 2, The unit of lenath convenient on the nuclear scale is a fermi: 1f=10-*m. Nuclear sizes obey roughly the fllowing empirical relation: rama’, where the radius ofthe nucleus, its mass number, and a constant equal to about, 12¢. Show tht ths rule implies that nuclear mass density sneerly constant for different muck. Estimate the mass dersity of sodium nucleus ‘and compare it with the average mass density of asedium atom obtaines in Evercst. 2.27. ‘Ars: Letrbethe radiusof the nucleus given by te relation, ral fy-22t 2.2010 m “Then the volume of nucleus wouldbe, V= na!) fora 0d 3 Now, the mass of the nuclei M is equal to its mass number that is, MaA amu = A 1.68107g Deasity of nucleus could be given by, ‘Mass of nucleus Volume of nucleus ce rae usec 2 BX16B 510" a ge re “This relation shows that nuclear mass depends only on constant‘. Hence, we ‘could conclude thatthe nuclear mass densities of all nuclei are nearly the same. Dansity of sodium nucleus ceuld now be given by, . 3.655107 faut (2d0") 498 age p= $8 a0" 9=229%30" kg" 3. PAM. Dirac, a great physicist of this century, loved playing with Funeria values of fundamental constants of nature. This ted hie 9 an interesting observation that roth basic constants of atomicphysits (ce ms afelectron, mass of proton) and the gravitational constant , on coald frrive st a number withthe dimenein of me Further, k was a very lrge ‘number whose magnitude was close tothe present estimate onthe ae ofthe Uverse(~25 Dillon years) From te table oF fundamental constant bis book, ry tose if you tb can constr this number (or any otter interesting ‘umber you can think of. If Is coincidence with the age ofthe universe were significant. what would ths imply far the constancy of fundamental constants? ‘Ars On reliion hat consis of some fundamen conta to give the age of the Universe could be gen by et . (Shakes Where, t= Ageot universe €~ Charge of elecrons 16-10% 1, = Absolute permittivity 1m, = Mass of protons =1.67%10""kg 1m, = Mass of electrons =9.1.10°"kg c= Speed of light =3:10'm/s ce rae usec u Universal gravitational constant =8,67 10" Nm’kg * We alsohave, 1 Swat 2910's Faas ‘Substuing ll these values into th abeve equation, we woul ge ‘ (15:10")'(9.a0")! 67507 (@xd0) x6.67.20" (1.6) x81 TxA BT 27 «657% 965% 245600 °° peo t= 6410% 10" years 16 billion years ‘Short Answer Questions. 4 Marks 1. book with many printing errors contains four diferent formulas for the displacement y of a particle undergoing a certain periodic motion ‘maximum displacement ofthe particle, v= speed of the particle. T= time period of motion) Rule out the wrong formulas.on dimensional grounds a) co Dimensions of Dimensions of yer Dimensions sin 2) ner ‘Srce te aimensicn on te RHS Isequal fo tat of he LHS, te glen Formula Is ‘imensionally cont. b) ymasinvt ‘Ars: Incorrect. y-asinyt ce rae usec s Dimensions of Dimensions ot SMUT = MILT? Since the dimensicn onthe RHS isnt equal otha of LHS, the given formula is 4imensionally incorrect. ova (}snt ars re aint Bane Gan Dimensions ot BB ier Dimensions ot # = wer T Dimensions of £ = MPT! a ‘Since the dimension onthe RHS isnot equal to thatof the LHS, the given formula is dimersionally incor 6) y= (o2){ sn? +e?) Ars: Coret at gg 2at ¥=(002){ sn 2-00.28) Dimensions of y=M°LT® Dimensions of a=M'LT! t Dimensions of £-MeUT® tom ‘Since the dimension onthe RHS isequal to that ofthe LHS, te given formula is dimensionally correct. 2, One mole of an ideal gas at standard temmpercture and pressure occupies 22aL (molar volume). What i the ratio of molar volume tothe atomic ‘volume ofa mole of hydrogen? (Take the Sze af hydrogen molecule to be about 28). Wy bs this ratio so large? ee yes sosaconucam Pa Ae Ra yon som, 1-54 05210%m \etmeot em atm. var 4,2 =v. 524x10-* ms? (os10")) a7 [Now 1 mole of hydogen contains 6.02310" hydrogen atoms ‘Volume of 1 mele of hydrogen atoms, V, = 6102310" «0.52410 =316 10 'm? ‘Molar volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms et STP, \y ‘80 the required ratio would be, Vy _ 224x10° V, 816-40 Hence, we found thatthe molar volume is 7.08%10" times higher than the ‘temic volume. For this reason, the interatomic separation in hydrogen gas is ‘much lager than the size of ahydrogen atom. 224L =22.4%10°m* 08x10" '3, The nearest star to our sola systems 4.29 light years away. How much is tis distance in terms of parsecs? How much parallaxwould this star (named. ‘Alpha Centauri) show when viewed from two locations of the Earth six ‘months apart in is orbit around the Sun? ‘Ars; Distance ofthe star from the solarsystem =4.23ly 4 Tight year i the distance travelted by tight in one year. ‘light year =speed of light « 4 year Ly =3x10" x365 24 x60 60 =94608%10°m = 4.29ly = 405868,32510"m But we have, $parsec =3.0810%m 4058682210" “4. 2oly = M0SB68 9210" 2 op. We have another relation, d 41. 32parsec D where, ce ras usec ” Diameter of Earth's orbit, d =310"m Distance of sar from the Earth, ‘Substituting tese values, 3x10 = 405868 108m o- 739-10 rad 45868-2210" But tsee~ 405%10"%rad 35:10 4, Estimate the average mass density of a sadium atom assuming itssize to beabout 2A. (Use the known values of Avogadra'snumber and the atomic mass of sodium). Compare it with the density of scdium in its Crystalline phase: 970g m™. Arethe two densites of the same order of magnitude? Iso, why? ‘of sodium atom = 254, 25x10", ‘Volume of sodium atom, V 4$3314x(125:10") ‘According tothe Avogadro hypothesis, one mole of sodium contains 6.02310" atomsand has a mass of 23g of 2310"kg. 2,407 Mass fore atom = 228207 asso on atom = 2 kg Dessity of sodiumatom, 23.10% sea a 7 Seta (1.25«10") =p = 467 x10°kg m {tis given thet the density of sodium in crystalline phase is 970kg m*, Hence, te density of soatum atom and ine density ot sodium in its crysialine ‘phase ae notin the same order. This fs because in solid phase, atoms are ce rae usec u ‘lesely packed and hence the interatomic separation is very small inthe ceystalline phase 5. It is awell-known fact that during a total solar eclipse the disc ofthe moon almost complately covers the dige of tho Sun. From thie fact and from the information you can gather from examples 23 and 24, determine the approximate diameter of the moon, Ars: sun a moon ‘The position of the Sun, Mcon, and Earth during a lunar eclipse would be as shown inthe given figure. ‘We know that, Distance ofthe Meon from the Earth = 3.84.10? m Distance ofthe sun from the Earth =1.496><10!'m Diameter of ve sun =1.39>10'm You could see that ATRS and ATPQ ere similar. So, 13910" _ 149610" RS 384.10" 1393.84 sop “1496 .RS~357~10%m Hence, te diameter of the Moon is found to be 3.57 0m. rs~ Long Answer Questions. 5 Marks 4. Just as precise measurements are necessary in science: it is equally Important tobe able to make rough estimates of quantities using ‘rudimentary ideas and common observations. Think of ways by which you can estimate the following (where an estimate is dificult t abtain, try to {get an upper bound on the quantity): a)the total mass of rain-bearing clouds over India during the Monscon, ‘Ars: During monsoons, a meteorologist records about 15 cm of rainfall in Iria ie, the height of water colunin, h= 215 em=2.15 m. cae ris souseran. s We know, ‘Area of county, A=3<10%m? Horee, volume of rainwater, V = Axch =7.00%<10%m? Dersityof water, p=1>10°kg m Hence, mass of rainwater M=pxV =7.0810"g Honco, to toil mass of rain-dearing clouds over India is approximately found to be7. 09 105%Kg bythe mass ofan elephant, ‘Ars: Consider a ship of known base area floating inthe ea, Measure its depth in se (say d) ‘Volume of water csplaced by the ship, V, =Ad,. Now, move an elephant on the shinand measure the depth of te ship (d,) in his Volume of water displaced by the ship with he elephant on board, V,.= Ad, ‘Volume of water displaced by the elephant = Ad, ~ Ad, Density of water =D Mass ofelephant = AD\d, 4) ithe wind speed during a siorm. ‘Ars: Wind speed duringa storm can be measured by an anemameter. Asthe wind ‘bows, it rotates. The rotation made by the anemometer in one second gives the vvalue of wind speed. <)the number of strands of hair on your head. ‘Ars: Area of the head surface carrying nai ‘Wit the help of ascrew gauge, the diameter and hence, the radius ofa hale can bbe determined. Letitbe r. ‘area of one alt strand= ar® Total surface area ‘Areaof one hair ar" Number of stands of heir = {ejthe number of air molecules in your classroom, ‘Ars: Let te volume of te room be V. (Ore mole of ar at NTP occupies 22.4 | Le. 22.4x10 °n? volume ce rae usec » ‘Number of molecules in one mole N,, 6.02310" (Avogatro number) [Number of molecules in room of volumeCV), 2, The unit of length convenient on the nuclear scale is a fermi: 1f=10m, ‘Nuclear sizes obey roughly the following empirical relation: rar,a', whore + isthe radius of the nucleus, a its mass number, and r, i @ constant equal ‘to about, L2f_ Show that the rule implies that nuclear mass density is nearly Constant for different nuctel, Estimate the mass dersity of sodium nucleus and compare it with the average mass density ofa scdium atom obtained in Exercise. 227. ‘Are: We know thet the radiue of the nucleus ie given ay the relation, rena 2f=1.2«10%m Veieot nes V= 4 fy 4. (8) ft nat 3 Now, the mass of the nucl MA amu 41.65.10" ke Mis equal to its mass number ie Density of nucleus, Mass of nucleus “This relation shows thal nuclear mass depends only on constant r,. Hence, the ‘nuclear mass densities of all nucle are nearly the same, ce rae usec a Deity of sodium nucleus cculd be given by, 3.654107 @G44x(.2000 498 ag A989" an )=2.20%10" kon 3. PAM. Dirac, a great physicist of this century, loved playing with humerical values of fundamental constants of nature. This led him to an interesting observation that from the basic constants of atomic physics («e, mass ofelectron, mass of proton) and the gravitational constant & , ne could arrive at a number with the dimension of time. Further, itwas a very large ‘number whose magnitude was close tothe present estimate on the age of the Universe (~2 billion years), From the table of fundamental constants in this ‘book, try to see if you tao can construct this number (or any other interesting ‘number you can think of) IF I'S coincidence with the age of the universe ‘were significant, what would this imply for the constancy of fundamental constants? ‘Ars: One relation that is consisting of some fundamertal constants to give the ‘age ofthe Universe could be given by: (4) a an, )*m,m206 where, {= Ageot universe -e= Charge of electrons f= Absolute peritivty 6x10" m, = Mass of protons =1,67%10" kg im, = Mass of electrons =9.250""kg €~ Sposd oftight ~-t0'm/s ‘Universal gravitational constant =6.67 =10"Nm“kg * Ato, 1 $ ao nee ‘Suntituing al hese values inthe above equation, we et, cont ce vases 2 (1510)! «(oa0")? (e1a0*f aera07 (a0) xeersa0™ _ (1.6) <8 DURE BT Aa x657 3652053500 Sot =6010 <0?yeon {= 6 lion years 4190.7 28 yeo 4. Write theS.1. units of luminous intensity and temperatura ‘Ars: The S.J. unit of luminous intensity is candelaand is represented by cd. The ‘5. unitof temperature is Kelvin and is represented by K. 5. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the ‘new unit if ight takes 8 min and 20 s to cover ths distance? ‘Ara: Distanes between the Sun and the Earth ie given by: X= Speed of light x Time taken by lightto caver the distnoe ‘We ae given. inthe new unit, the speed of light, c=1 unt. Time taken, 1=8 min 20 s=500 s «Distance between the Sun and the Earth x'= ¢>t' =1%500=500 units. 6. student measures the thickness of a human hair using a microscope of megnification 100, He makes 20 observations and finds that the average \width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope is 3.5 mm. Estimate the thickness of hair. ‘Ars: We are giver: ‘Magnification of te microscope =100 ‘Average wid of te hair in the field of view of the microscope =3.5 mm. ‘Actual thickness ofthe ha would be, 25...0,035 mm. 00 7. The photograph of ahouse occupies an area of 1.75em* on a'35 mm slide “The slie ts projected onto a screen, and the area ofthe house on the screen is 155m! What is the linear magnification of the projector-screen arrangement? ‘Ars: We are given, ce rae usec a “The aes ofthe house on the 25mm side is found tbe, A =1.75:m* ‘The area of the image of the house that is formed on the scren, A\=1.88m? =1.55x10'Cm". We know that areal magnification is aiven by m= Waa Substitcing the given values, 1.55.10" LTS. Now, we have the expression for linear magnification as, m, = Jim, ‘Therefore, we fourd the linear magnification in the given case fo be, m,=94.11 8, The farthest objects in our Universe discovered by modern astronomers. ‘are so distant that ight emitted by them takes billions of years to reach the Earth. These objects (known as quasars) have many puzzling features, which have not yet been satisfactorily explained. What is the distance (in km) of a ‘quasar from which light takos 3.0 billion years to reach ur? ‘Ars: We are given, time taken by quasar light to reach Earth, ‘Thats, $1310 years 10" 365 2460x605 lion yeas, ‘We know tat, Speed of light, ¢=3:10°m/s Distance between the Earth and quasar, ) x(a" «385 24% 6060) =x =283824-10"'m x-28-10%km “Therefore, we found the distance (in kn) ofa quasar from wich ight akes 3.0 billion years io rea usto be x =2.810"kn ce rae usec a

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