UNIT-I BCA-22 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & RDBMS

VIEWS OF DATA

 The provision given by the database management system to view of data by the people or users of enterprise is
called as views of data.
 The main function of the database management system is to provide users a concrete view of data (actual
existence).
 The concrete view is called as abstract view.

DATA ABSTRACTION

 Hiding the details of data.

 Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including background details.
 Abstraction is one of the main features of database systems.
 The duty of the developer is to provide user friendly environment. So, the DBMS developers hide the complexity
of data in the system.
 Data Abstraction is the procedure of hiding irrelevant details from user and providing abstract view of data to
users, for easy and efficient user-database interaction.
 It is done through several levels of abstraction to simplicity user interaction with the system.
The details of the data are hidden at the three levels namely physical, logical and view level.
1. PHYSICAL LEVEL

This is lowest level of data abstraction. It

describes the actual storage of data. This level
of data view is normally available only to the
database administrator. The details of this level
are hidden normally to the application
programmers and other inexperienced users of
DBMS.

2. LOGICAL VIEW

Next higher level of data abstraction is logical

level. It describes the data stored in the
database. It also describes the relationships or
associations among those data. This data abstraction is used by database administrator who decides what
information is too kept in the database at physical level.

3. VIEW LEVEL

This is the highest level of data abstraction. It provides many views for the same database. The complexity if any
that exists in the logical level can be removed here. This complexity may be due to the large size of the database.
The users at this level view the data without the complexity of physical level as well as logical level.

DATA MODELS

Data model is a collection of conceptual tools for data, data relationships, data semantics and consistency constraints.
Data modeling is used for representing entities of Interest and the relationship in the database. Most of the data represent
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data models provides mechanism to structure data for the entities being modelled and allow set of operations to be defined
on them. The models can also enforce a set of constraints to maintain integrity of the data. DBMS systems based on these
models are available from various software houses and are used to maintain corporate database.

The various data models that have been proposed fall into three different groups –

 Object Based Logical Models

 Record Based Logical Models and
 Physical Model

OBJECT BASED LOGICAL MODELS

These types of models are used for describing data at the Logical and view levels. They are characterized by the fact that
they provide fairly flexible structuring capabilities and allow data constraints to be specified explicitly. There are many
different models and more are likely to come. Several of the more widely known ones are –

 E-R Model
 The object oriented model
 The semantic data model
 The functional data model

E-R MODEL

The E-R data model is based on a perception of a real worker that consists of a collection of basic objects, called entities
and of relationship among these objects.

The overall logical structure of a database can be expressed graphically by an E-R diagram. This is built up by the
following components –

RECTANGLE: it represents entity sets

ELLIPSES: it represents attributes

DIAMONDS: it represents relationship among entity sets.

LINES: it links attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationships.

Example: suppose we have two entity sets like customer and account then these two entities can be modeled as follows.

Features of the E-R Model


The E-R diagram used for representing E-R Model can be easily converted into Relations (tables) in Relational
Model.
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 The E-R Model is used for the purpose of good database design by the database developer so to use that data
model in various DBMS.
 It is helpful as a problem decomposition tool as it shows the entities and the relationship between those entities.
 It is inherently an iterative process. On later modifications, the entities can be inserted into this model.
 It is very simple and easy to understand by various types of users and designers because specific standards are
used for their representation.

THE OBJECT ORIENTED MODEL

Like E-R model the object-oriented model is based on a collection of objects. An object contains values stored in instance
variables within the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are
called methods.

Classes: it is the collection of objects which consists of the same type of values and the same methods.

Example: account number and balance are instance variable; pay-interest is a method that uses the above two variables
and adds interest to the balance.

Object: An object is a unique entity, which contains data /values and functions/methods (characteristics and behavior)
together. An object in the real world can possess the following characteristics –

 It is visible.
 It can be defined and described easily.
 It can be put into thought and actions

Example of an Object:

 A potato which possesses characteristics such as it is brown in color, it is spherical in shape and for the behavior it
is used as a vegetable.
 In payroll system, object may be an employee where characteristics are name, destination, basic pay and behavior
as calculating gross pay, calculating provident fund, printing pay slip etc.

SEMANTIC MODEL

These include the extended relational and the semantic network and the functional models. They are characterized by their
provision of richer facilities for capturing the meaning of data objects and hence of maintaining database integrity systems
based on these models exist in monotype for at the time of writing and will begin to filter through the next decade.

Record based logical model

Record based logical models are also used in describing data at the logical and view levels in contrast to object based data
models they are used both to specify the overall logical structures of the database and to provide a higher level description
of the implementation.

Record based models are so named because the database is structured in fixed format records of several types. Each
record type defines a fixed number of fields, or attributes and each field is usually of a fixed length. The three most widely
accepted record based data models are –

 Relational model
 Network model

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 Hierarchical model

Relational model

The relational model uses a collection of tables to represent both data and the relationships among those data. Each table
has multiple columns and each column has a unique name as follows –

Network model

Data in the network model is represented by collection of records, and relationship among data is represented by links,
which can be viewed as pointers. The record is the database are organized as collection of arbitrary graphs. Such type of
database is shown below –

Hierarchical model

The hierarchical model is similar to the network model in the sense that data and relationships among data are represented
by records and links respectively. It differs from the network model in that records are organized as collection of trees
rather than arbitrary graphs.

Advantage of DBMS

1. Improved data sharing:

 The DBMS helps create an environment in which end users have better access to more and better-managed data.
 Such access makes it possible for end users to respond quickly to changes in their environment.

2. Improved data security:

 The more users access the data, the greater the risks of data security breaches. Corporations invest considerable
amounts of time, effort, and money to ensure that corporate data are used properly.
 A DBMS provides a framework for better enforcement of data privacy and security policies.

3. Better data integration:

 Wider access to well-managed data promotes an integrated view of the organization’s operations and a clearer
view of the big picture.
 It becomes much easier to see how actions in one segment of the company affect other segments.

4. Minimized data inconsistency:

 Data inconsistency exists when different versions of the same data appear in different places.
 For example, data inconsistency exists when a company’s sales department stores a sales representative’s name as
“Bill Brown” and the company’s personnel department stores that same person’s name as “William G. Brown,” or
when the company’s regional sales office shows the price of a product as $45.95 and its national sales office
shows the same product’s price as $43.95.
 The probability of data inconsistency is greatly reduced in a properly designed database.

5. Improved data access:

 The DBMS makes it possible to produce quick answers to ad hoc queries.

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 From a database perspective, a query is a specific request issued to the DBMS for data manipulation—for
example, to read or update the data. Simply put, a query is a question, and an ad hoc query is a spur-of-the-
moment question.
 The DBMS sends back an answer (called the query result set) to the application.
 For example, end users

6. Improved decision making:

 Better-managed data and improved data access make it possible to generate better-quality information, on which
better decisions are based.
 The quality of the information generated depends on the quality of the underlying data.
 Data quality is a comprehensive approach to promoting the accuracy, validity, and timeliness of the data. While
the DBMS does not guarantee data quality, it provides a framework to facilitate data quality initiatives.

7. Increased end-user productivity

 The availability of data, combined with the tools that transform data into usable information, empowers end users
to make quick, informed decisions that can make the difference between success and failure in the global
economy.

Advantages of DBMS

 DBMS helps in efficient organization of data in database which has following advantages over typical file system.
 Minimized redundancy and data consistency: Data is normalized in DBMS to minimize the redundancy which
helps in keeping data consistent. For Example, student information can be kept at one place in DBMS and
accessed by different users.
 Simplified Data Access: A user need only name of the relation not exact location to access data, so the process is
very simple.
 Multiple data views: Different views of same data can be created to cater the needs of different users. For
Example, faculty salary information can be hidden from student view of data but shown in admin view.
 Data Security: Only authorized users are allowed to access the data in DBMS. Also, data can be encrypted by
DBMS which makes it secure.
 Concurrent access to data: Data can be accessed concurrently by different users at same time in DBMS.
 Backup and Recovery mechanism: DBMS backup and recovery mechanism helps to avoid data loss and data
inconsistency in case of catastrophic failures.

Disadvantage of DBMS

1. Increased costs:

 Database systems require sophisticated hardware and software and highly skilled personnel.
 The cost of maintaining the hardware, software, and personnel required to operate and manage a database system
can be substantial. Training, licensing, and regulation compliance costs are often overlooked when database
systems are implemented.

2. Management complexity:

 Database systems interface with many different technologies and have a significant impact on a company’s
resources and culture.

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 The changes introduced by the adoption of a database system must be properly managed to ensure that they help
advance the company’s objectives. Given the fact that database systems hold crucial company data that are
accessed from multiple sources, security issues must be assessed constantly.

3. Maintaining currency:

 To maximize the efficiency of the database system, you must keep your system current.
 Therefore, you must perform frequent updates and apply the latest patches and security measures to all
components.
 Because database technology advances rapidly, personnel training costs tend to be significant. Vendor
dependence.
 Given the heavy investment in technology and personnel training, companies might be reluctant to change
database vendors.

4. Frequent upgrade/replacement cycles:

 DBMS vendors frequently upgrade their products by adding new functionality. Such new features often come
bundled in new upgrade versions of the software.
 Some of these versions require hardware upgrades. Not only do the upgrades themselves cost money, but it also
costs money to train database users and administrators to properly use and manage the new features.

Data Definition Language (DDL)

 Specification notation for defining the database schema

 E.g.
create table account (
account-number char(10),
balance integer)
 DDL compiler generates a set of tables stored in a data dictionary
 Data dictionary contains metadata (i.e., data about data)
 database schema
 Data storage and definition language
 Language in which the storage structure and access methods used by the database system are specified
 Usually an extension of the data definition language

Data Manipulation Language (DML)

 Language for accessing and manipulating the data organized by the appropriate data model
 DML also known as query language
 Two classes of languages
Procedural – user specifies what data is required and how to get those data
Nonprocedural – user specifies what data is required without specifying how to get those data
 SQL is the most widely used query language

Transaction Control Language (TCL)

 A transaction is a collection of operations that performs a single logical function in a database application.
 Each transaction is a unit of both atomicity and consistency.
 Whenever certain transaction is performed over database then it must be performed under the control.

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Structure of DBMS

 DBMS (Database Management System) acts as an interface between the user and the database. The user requests
the DBMS to perform various operations such as insert, delete, update and retrieval on the database.
 The components of DBMS perform these requested operations on the database and provide necessary data to the
users.

Components of a DBMS

The various components of DBMS are described below. The components of DBMS can be divided into two parts:

Function and Services of DBMS

DDL Compiler:

 Data Definition Language compiler processes schema definitions specified in the DDL.
 It includes metadata information such as the name of the files, data items, storage details of each file, mapping
information and constraints etc.

DML Compiler and Query optimizer:

 The DML commands such as insert, update, delete, retrieve from the application program are sent to the DML
compiler for compilation into object code for database access.
 The object code is then optimized in the best way to execute a query by the query optimizer and then send to the
data manager.

Data Manager:

The Data Manager is the central software component of the DBMS also knows as Database Control System.
The Main Functions Of Data Manager Are:
o Convert operations in user's Queries coming from the application programs or combination of DML
Compiler and Query optimizer which is known as Query Processor from user's logical view to physical
file system.
o Controls DBMS information access that is stored on disk.
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o It also controls handling buffers in main memory.
o It also enforces constraints to maintain consistency and integrity of the data.
o It also synchronizes the simultaneous operations performed by the concurrent users.
o It also controls the backup and recovery operations.

Data Dictionary:

 Data Dictionary, which stores metadata about the database, in particular the schema of the database.
 Names of the tables, names of attributes of each table, length of attributes, and number of rows in each table.
 Detailed information on physical database design such as storage structure, access paths, files and record sizes.
 Usage statistics such as frequency of query and transactions.
 Data dictionary is used to actually control the data integrity, database operation and accuracy. It may be used as a
important part of the DBMS

Data Files: Which store the database it-self.

Compiled DML: The DML complier converts the high level Queries into low level file access commands known as
compiled DML.

End Users:

 The second class of users then is end user, who interacts with system from online workstation or terminals.
 Use the interface provided as an integral part of the database system software.
 User can request, in form of query, to access database either directly by using particular language, such as SQL,
or by using some pre-developed application interface.
 Such requests are sent to query evaluation engine via DML pre-compiler and DML compiler.
 The query evaluation engine accepts the query and analyses it.
 It finds the suitable way to execute the compiled SQL statements of the query.
 Finally, the compiled SQL statements are executed to perform the specified operation

Query Processor Units:

 It helps the database system simplify and facilitate access of data.

 Interprets DDL statements into a set of tables containing metadata.
 Translates DML statements into low level instructions that the query evaluation engine understands.
 Converts DML statements embedded in an application program into procedure calls in the host language.
 Executes low level instructions generated by DML compiler.
 DDL Interpreter
 DML Compiler
 Embedded DML Pre-compiler
 Query Evaluation Engine

Storage Manager Units:

 Check the authority of users to access data.

 Check for the satisfaction of the integrity constraints.
 Preserves atomicity and controls concurrency.
 Manages allocation of space on disk.
 Fetches data from disk storage to memory for being used.
 Authorization Manager

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 Integrity Manager
 Transaction Manager
 File manager
 Buffer Manager

Functions of DBMS:

 DBMS free the programmers from the need to worry about the organization and location of the data i.e. it shields
the users from complex hardware level details.
 DBMS can organize process and present data elements from the database. This capability enables decision makers
to search and query database contents in order to extract answers that are not available in regular Reports.
 Programming is speeded up because programmer can concentrate on logic of the application.
 It includes special user friendly query languages which are easy to understand by non-programming users of the
system.

The service provided by the DBMS includes:-

 Authorization services like log on to the DBMS start the database stop the Database etc.
 Transaction supports like Recovery, Rollback etc,
 Import and Export of Data.
 Maintaining data dictionary
 User's Monitoring

Data Administrator (DA) and Database Administrator (DBA)

 Data Administrator and Database Administrator both are responsible for managing database for an organization.
They differ from each other in their required skills and responsibilities.

Data Administrator (DA):

 "Person in the organization who controls the data of the database refers data administrator."
 DA determines what data to be stored in database based on requirement of the organization.
 DA works on such as requirements gathering, analysis, and design phases.
 DA does not to be a technical person, any kind of knowledge about database technology can be more beneficiary
 DA is some senior level person in the organization.
 In short, DA is a business focused person but should understand about the database technology.

Database Administrator (DBA):

 "Person in the organization who controls the design and the use of the database refers database administrator."
 DBA provides necessary technical support for implementing a database.
 DBA works on such as design, development, testing, and operational phases.
 DBA is a technical person having knowledge of database technology.
 DBA does not need to be a business person.
 In short, DBA is a technically focused person but should understand about the business to administrator the
database effectively.

Functions and responsibilities of DBAs

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1. Schema Definition:

 The DBA definition the logical Schema of the database.

 A Schema refers to the overall logical structure of the database.
 According to this schema, database will be developed to store required data for an organization.

2. Storage Structure and Access Method Definition:

 The DBA decides how the data is to be represented in the stored database.

3. Assisting Application Programmers:

 The DBA provides assistance to application programmers to develop application programs.

4. Physical Organization Modification:

 The DBA modifies the physical organization of the database to reflect the changing needs of the organization or
to improve performance.

5. Approving Data Access:

 The DBA determines which user needs access to which part of the database.
 According to this, various types of authorizations are granted to different users.

6. Monitoring Performance:

 The DBA monitors performance of the system.

 The DBA ensures that better performance is maintained by making changes in physical or logical schema if
required.

7. Backup and Recovery:

 Database should not be lost or damaged.

 The DBA ensures this periodically backing up the database on magnetic tapes or remote servers.
 In case of failure, such as virus attack database is recovered from this backup.

DBMS 3-tier Architecture

 DBMS 3-tier architecture divides the complete system into three inter-related but independent modules.

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 Physical Level: At physical level, the information about location of database objects in data store is kept. Various
users are DBMS are unaware about the locations of these objects.
 Conceptual Level: At conceptual level, data is represented in the form of various database tables. For Example,
STUDENT database may contain STUDENT and COURSE tables which will be visible to users but users are
unaware about their storage.
 External Level: An external level specifies a view of the data in terms of conceptual level tables. Each external
level view is used to cater the needs of a particular category of users. For Example, FACULTY of a university is
interested in looking course details of students, STUDENTS are interested in looking all details related to
academics, accounts, courses and hostel details as well. So, different views can be generated for different users.

Data Independence

 Data independence means change of data at one level should not affect another level.

Two types of data independence are required in this architecture:

 Physical Data Independence: Any change in physical location of tables and indexes should not affect conceptual
level or external view of data. This data independence is easy to achieve and implemented by most of the DBMS.
 Conceptual Data Independence: The data at conceptual level schema and external level schema must be
independent. This means, change in conceptual schema should not affect external schema. e.g.; Adding or
deleting attributes of a table should not affect the user’s view of table. But this type of independence is difficult to
achieve as compared to physical data independence because the changes in conceptual schema are reflected in
user’s view.

Phases of database design

Database designing for a real world application starts from capturing the requirements to physical implementation using
DBMS software which consists of following steps –

 Conceptual Design: The requirements of database are captured using high level
conceptual data model. For Example, ER model is used for conceptual design of
database.
 Logical Design: Logical Design represents data in the form of relational model. ER
diagram produced in conceptual design phase is used to convert the data into
Relational Model.
 Physical Design: In physical design, data in relational model is implemented using
commercial DBMS like Oracle, DB2.

Types of Database Management Systems

Database Management Systems: A Database is a collection of records. Database management systems are designed as
the means of managing all the records. Database Management is a software system that uses a standard method and
running queries with some of them designed for the oversight and proper control of databases.

Types of Database Management Systems

There are four structural types of database management systems:

1. Hierarchical databases.
2. Network databases.
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3. Relational databases.
4. Object-oriented databases

Hierarchical Databases (DBMS):

 In a hierarchical database, records contain information about their

groups of parent/child relationships, just like as a tree structure.
 The structure implies that a record can have also repeating

information.
 In this structure Data follows a series of records; it is a set of field
values attached to it.
 It collects all records together as a record type.
 These record types are the equivalent of tables in the relational model,
and with the individual records being the equivalent of rows.
 To create links between these record types, the hierarchical model
uses these type Relationships.

Advantage

 Hierarchical database can be accessed and updated rapidly because in this model structure is like as a tree and the
relationships between records are defined in advance. This feature is a two-edged.

Disadvantage

 This type of database structure is that each child in the tree may have only one parent, and relationships or
linkages between children are not permitted, even if they make sense from a logical standpoint.
 Hierarchical databases are so in their design.
 It can add a new field or record requires that the entire database be redefined.

Network Database

 A network databases are mainly used on a large digital computers.

 It more connections can be made between different types of data, network
databases are considered more efficiency.
 It contains limitations must be considered when we have to use this kind of
database.
 It is Similar to the hierarchical databases, by also having a hierarchical
structure.
 A network database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network of records.
 In network databases, children are called members and parents are called occupier.
 The difference between each child and member can have more than one parent.
 The Approval of the network data model similar with the esteem of the hierarchical data model.
 Some data were more naturally modeled with more than one parent per child.
 The network model authorized the modeling of many-to-many relationships in data.
 The network model is very similar to the hierarchical model really.
 Actually the hierarchical model is a subset of the network model.

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 However, instead of using a single-parent tree hierarchy, the network model uses set theory to provide a tree-like
hierarchy with the exception that child tables were allowed to have more than one parent.
 It supports many-to-many relationships.

Relational Databases

 In relational databases, the relationship between data files is relational.

 Hierarchical and network databases require the user to pass a hierarchy in
order to access needed data.
 These databases connect to the data in different files by using common
data numbers or a key field.
 Data in relational databases is stored in different access control tables, each
having a key field that mainly identifies each row.
 In the relational databases are more reliable than either the hierarchical or
network database structures.
 In relational databases, tables or files filled up with data are called relations
(tuples) designates a row or record, and columns are referred to as attributes or fields.
 Relational databases work on each table has a key field that uniquely indicates each row, and that these key fields
can be used to connect one table of data to another.

The relational database has two major reasons

 Relational databases can be used with little or no training.

 Database entries can be modified without specify the entire body.

Properties of Relational Tables

In the relational database following properties are used.

 It's Values are Atomic

 In Each Row is alone.
 Column Values are of the same thing.
 Columns are undistinguished.
 Sequence of Rows is Insignificant.
 Each Column has a common Name.

Object-Oriented Model

 It takes more than storage of programming language objects.

 Object DBMS's increase the semantics of the C++ and Java.
 It provides full-featured database programming capability,
while containing native language compatibility.
 It adds the database functionality to object programming
languages.
 This approach is the analogical of the application and database
development into a constant data model and language
environment.
 Applications require less code, use more natural data modeling, and code bases are easier to maintain.
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 Object developers can write complete database applications with a decent amount of additional effort.
 The object-oriented database derivation is the integrity of object-oriented programming language systems and
consistent systems.
 The power of the object-oriented databases comes from the cyclical treatment of both consistent data, as found in
databases, and transient data, as found in executing programs.
 Object-oriented databases use small, recyclable separated of software called objects. The objects themselves are
stored in the object-oriented database.
 Each object contains of two elements:
o Piece of data (e.g., sound, video, text, or graphics).
o Instructions or software programs called methods, for what to do with the data.

Disadvantage of Object-oriented databases

 Object-oriented databases have these disadvantages.

 Object-oriented database are more expensive to develop.
 In the Most organizations are unwilling to abandon and convert from those databases.
 They have already invested money in developing and implementing.
 The benefits to object-oriented databases are compelling. The ability to mix and match reusable objects provides
incredible multimedia capability.

Application and Uses of Database Management System (DBMS):

Due the evolution of Database management system, companies are getting more from their work because they can keep
records of everything. Also it makes them faster to search information and records about any people or product that makes
them more effective in work. So some of the applications and uses of database management system (DBMS) are –
Railway Reservation System
Database is required to keep record of ticket booking, train’s departure and arrival status. Also if trains get late then
people get to know it through database update.
Library Management System
There are thousands of books in the library so it is very difficult to keep record of all the books in a copy or register. So
DBMS used to maintain all the information relate to book issue dates, name of the book, author and availability of the
book.
Banking
We make thousands of transactions through banks daily and we can do this without going to the bank. So, how banking
has become so easy that by sitting at home we can send or get money through banks. That is all possible just because of
DBMS that manages all the bank transactions.
Universities and colleges
Examinations are done online today and universities and colleges maintain all these records through DBMS. Student’s
registrations details, results, courses and grades all the information are stored in database.
Credit card transactions
For purchase of credit cards and all the other transactions are made possible only by DBMS. A credit card holder knows
the importance of their information that all are secured through DBMS.
Social Media Sites

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 UNIT-I BCA-22 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & RDBMS
We all are on social media websites to share our views and connect with our friends. Daily millions of users signed up for
these social media accounts like Facebook, twitter, Pinterest and Google plus. But, how all the information of users is
stored? And how we become able to connect to other people? yes this all because DBMS.
Telecommunications
Any telecommunication company cannot even think about their business without DBMS. DBMS is must for these
companies to store the call details and monthly postpaid bills.
Finance
Those days have gone far when information related to money was stored in registers and files. Today the time has totally
changed because there are lots f thing to do with finance like storing sales, holding information and finance statement
management etc.
Military
Military keeps records of millions of soldiers and it has millions of files that should be keep secured and safe. As DBMS
provides a big security assurance to the military information so it is widely used in militaries. One can easily search for all
the information about anyone within seconds with the help of DBMS.
Online Shopping
Online shopping has become a big trend of these days. No one wants to go to shops and waste his time. Everyone wants to
shop from home. So all these products are added and sold only with the help of DBMS. Purchase information, invoice
bills and payment, all of these are done with the help of DBMS.
Human Resource Management
Big firms have many workers working under them. Human resource management department keeps records of each
employee’s salary, tax and work through DBMS.
Manufacturing
Manufacturing companies make products and sales them on the daily basis. To keep records of all the details about the
products like quantity, bills, purchase, supply chain management, DBMS is used.
Airline Reservation system
Same as railway reservation system, airline also needs DBMS to keep records of flights arrival, departure and delay status.
So in short, one can say the DBMS is used everywhere around us and we cannot rely without DBMS.

File System v/s DBMS

A Database Management System (DMS) is a
combination of computer software, hardware,
and information designed to electronically
manipulate data via computer processing. Two
types of database management systems are
DBMS’s and FMS’s. In simple terms, a File
Management System (FMS) is a Database
Management System that allows access to single
files or tables at a time. FMS’s accommodate
flat files that have no relation to other files. The
FMS was the predecessor for the Database Management System (DBMS), which allows access to multiple files or tables
at a time. Basic difference between file system and DBMS is given in the below table.

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 UNIT-I BCA-22 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & RDBMS

Sr. Difference Factor File System DBMS

No.
1 Definition A file management system is an abstraction to store, Database Management
retrieve, management and update a setoff files. A file System (DBMS) is a
management System keep track on the files and manage collection of interrelated
them. data and a set of programs
to access those data. Some
of the very well-known
DBMS are Microsoft
Access, Microsoft SQL
Server, Oracle, SAP,
dBASE, FoxPro, IBM dB2,
SQLite etc.

2 Data Redundancy In file System Approach, each user defines and Although the database
implements the needed files for a specific application to approach does not remove
run. For example in sales department of an enterprise, redundancy completely, it
one user will be maintaining the details of how many controls the amount of
sales personnel are there in the sales department and redundancy in the database
their grades. Another user will be maintaining the sales because in database
person salary details. approach, a single
repository of data is
maintained that is defined
once and then accessed by
many users. The
fundamental characteristic
of database approach is that
the database system not only
contains data’s but it
contains complete definition
or description of the
database structure and
constraints.
3 Sharing of Data File system doesn’t allow sharing of data or data In DBMS data can be shared
sharing is very complex. very easily due to
centralized system.
4 Data Consistency When data is redundant, it is difficult to update, for e.g. In DBMS, as there is no or
if we want to change or update employee’s address, less data redundancy, data
then we have to make changes at all the places where remains consistent.
data of that employee is stored. If by mistake, we forgot
to change or update the address at one or more place
then data inconsistency will occur i.e. the appearance of
same data will differ from each other.
5 Difficult to In conventional file system, if we want to search/ In DBMS
search/access Data retrieve/ access some data item, it becomes very searching/retrieval/accessing
difficult because in file system for every operation we of data item is very easy and
have to make different programs. user-friendly because
searching and querying
operations are already
available in the system.
6 Data Isolation In file system, there is no standard format of data or we In DBMS, due to centralized
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 UNIT-I BCA-22 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM & RDBMS
can say data is scattered in various formats or files system the format of similar
which also make data retrieval difficult. type of data remains same.
7 Data integrity The value of data in database must follow or satisfy DBMS maintain the data
some rules or consistency constraints. For e.g. A integrity by enforcing the
company have a policy that the age of an employee constraints by adding
must be >=18. The value which is not satisfying these appropriate code.
constraints must not be stored in the respective column.
In file system, there is no procedure to check these
constraints automatically.
8 Security Problems In file system, there is no or very less security. General DBMS have high level
security provided by file system are locks, guards etc. security like encryption,
passwords, biometric
security(fingerprint
matching, face and voice
detection etc.) etc.
9 Atomicity Atomicity means a transaction must be al-or-nothing Transaction Atomicity is a
i.e. the transaction must either fully happen, or not special feature of DBMS. In
happen at all. It must not complete partially. E.g. if A DBMS either a transaction
wants to transfer 5000 rs to B’s a/c should be credited completed fully or none of
with the same amount. Let suppose A’s a/c is debited the action is performed. For
with 5000 rs and then transaction fails. Now the this, DBMS maintains the
transaction is incomplete because b’s a/c is not credited. transaction log in which
These types of problems occur in file system because intermediate values are
there is no procedure to stop such type of anomalies. stored.
10 Concurrent Access Any multi-user database application has to have some DBMS along with the
Anomalies method for dealing with concurrent access to data— appropriate application
when more than one user is accessing the same data at provides safety towards
the same time. A problem occurs when user X reads a concurrent access. For this
row for editing, user Y reads the same row for editing, locks are available in
user Y saves changes, user X saves changes. The DBMS. If 2 or more
changes made by user Y are lost unless something transactions wants to
prevents user X from blindly overwriting the row. change/update or write a
File system does not provide any procedure to stop such data item, an exclusive lock
type of anomalies. is issued to one of these
transactions. Until and
unless the transaction
releases that lock no other
transactions can acquire the
lock and hence cannot
update/write the data item.

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