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CH 3,4 231209 151044

Industrial waste water treatment

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38 views23 pages

CH 3,4 231209 151044

Industrial waste water treatment

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Ridham
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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K oo. sak Water, and Sewage Works, pat Syst CHAPTER'9 INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT Waste Activated Sludge”, | 124, pp. 40-43, 197. 9.0. Tistroduction : While a huge amount of water is required f processes, only a email fraction of the sam ir products and fost by. evaporation the. water courses as, wastewater. ipalities. to contribute to the 25, No. 3, pp 88:91, 1976. ah ‘R, H., “Treatment of Waste Ind. J. of Env, Hith., V. 14, and Nerayanaswamy, iological th: Engrs (1), ny.’ and Gopalakrishnan, V., “Deep Shaft Simvent ‘Tocatment Process”, Pros. Seminar, on Enviro | mental Impact_on Developmental Activities, ete"; Inst of Engfs(I), Env. Engg. Div., Hijderabed, 5 Jewers.. ‘Thus these wastes affect in some way or other, the or the:normal functioning of sewerage ign. of U-tube, Aera~ spain of tale Bere polation ‘po ing out of the rapid the country. Streams cin’assimilate.certain ammount of wastes Sewage treatment ‘ , before they are "and the munigy J. La and Woolridge, ‘imate ean be déigned fo handle any. Hind of indasthal vzstes, J. Sati ‘Tits we have thrée for the disposal of the industrial 1968. wastes viz @f The direct disposal of waste into the streams 54, 1908. ‘Woler and Waste Tiest- ff Without anf’ teeatment, (pYGiscbarge of the wastestnto the “ municipal sewers for édmbined treatment, and (iif) separate TRUSEN of me industrial wastes before disehafging the same TR tater bodies, ‘The selection of particular process pendy-on veri factors lke the following on-capacity of the streams, the water bodies, Scanned with CamScanner 198 WASTE WATER TREATMENT Aiter a thorough economic and tec And (Sys ost study Tor the patticuar muihed. of Geatment Characteristics of the Industrial Wastes: ike the domestic sewage, the industrial wastes are very- . ‘The characteristics of the indultrial by-products, and imban cals, Broidly, thete pollutants can Be 4e} Organic substances that deplete' the’ oxygen content, 6f the receiving streams and irapose a igréat load on the biological units of the sewage treatment plant. (27 Inorganic substances like eaithonates, chlorides, nitrogen se. that fender the water body unfit Yor further use ind’ some ¢ lis which make the feceiving stream ‘un for the growth oF Fish and othét aquatic life there, and ‘cause serious difficulties in the opeiation of: sewage treatment Toxic_substances_tib ides, sulphides, sicetylene, ‘petrol ete. which cause damage to the flora and: fauna of the réttiving streams, affect the mitnicipal treatment Brosrses and some times endanger the safety of the workmen. A list of the toxic substanees from some selected mdusteies is given in Table 9.1. (2) Coloue-producing. sibstances, like dyes, which though are dechetically. objectionable when present in te not” toxic, are aesthetically. objectionable water. supplies. (f¥ Oil and other floating substances, which not only render INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATIENT the streams 7 operations of the sewage trea Whenever an industrial waste is decided to be discha nto a sewage treatment plant, special attention must wie components of the waste, if there are any. ven in Table 9.2. 92, ‘Treatment of Industrial Wastes : ‘The treatment of industrial. waste water may. be accom- plished in part or as a Whole eithér. by thé Biological processes, aa done in the cise of sanitary sewage, OF BY processes very er y. The important ‘for @ industrial waste water special for the industrial waste factors, which affect the planni treatment plants are (J the seisonally. discharged. w: waste, and ‘Non-biodegradability and wastes. Depending upon the mode of di #2) Chemical teatmgit (@) Biological treatment, _, The above processes may be carried out partly or enticely ia a municipal seage tceatment plant aloag with the demets sewage, or in a separate treatment plant. “When, the characteristics of the waste vary ia a day und also the discharge rate is not uniform or continuous, the wane ion before itis subjected to the treatment holding the waste for some peedo, 4 continuously’ mixed basin, which produces aa ¢ of fairly eniform characteristics Prodces an s of the wastes from some selected India | Scanned with CamScanner wastes: treatment, for the removal of’ disse inorganic materfals are: Hike chlorine and ozone to reduce the BODY loading on ‘Sequent Biclogical process, of to reduce substances like ama Thermal reduction, ir stripping: as a tertiary teatteat wall, @ Femove nom Dlogradable organi synthetic detergents, colour and odour. The regeneration Scanned with CamScanner 7 PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTES 209 Vit 10.1.Manufacturing Process and the Sources of the tees . Wastes + Se ‘The volume and the characteristics of the wastes depends CHAPTER 10 on the pe of maiiitactiring process adopted and the extent of USE-of water em the plant. The process Of manu- PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTES Feng of pape vray be divide nt vo. phases pal ste (710.0. Introduction + PLR ee liguoe igh COD and colour the presen derived Tom the raw ease iodegradable, makes the COD/BQD ‘ratio. of ray be noted that, the poluion pote are negligible com The peculiar pollution potential. of the industry, thdis Tom! tion mostly on the banks of the smill rivere, and the: general awareness for the conservation of the water sesoucees bas Ted Scanned with CamScanner 210 WASTE WATER TREATMENT. stages are, Hight yell ' _Sktraction stage colour, whil = tin colour, while that from the caustic ¢ bleached pulp is then > is then sent forthe mil ¢ pulp is disintegrated, and ized aie Bor 1, tale etc, and dyes, in an oblong shaped . “After beating, the \ [evaporater iS Produced. “The drained water, oftea called a: forms the waste water from the paper mill secti -f Gnippee Husk Waste R Yiquor. contains canicals and. ig. seat 407 We in Sicined (by, burning) to, form ‘p-retaustise ‘other-green liquors — ster ealciuin oxide; whieh is'reuse jnto white liquors. Besides those mentioned abpve, a. small volume of waste water is also produced when the bark is removed from the raw ips by wet process. wood and the later is reduced to chi yaste material are_also. generated ducing mica recovery. rom, black. aver, Teste n i ime! i tan “ete also, materials Uke Dimethyle Sulpbids; “Sr ecaptan ‘ete also comes out with’ “digester. relict ‘gases, and forms @ colourless ter after © - : / waste water pa a per al 'A simplified flow diagram of & is given in Fig: 10-1- . ee a | Scanned with CamScanner AND PAPER MILL WASTES ar Ao2. ‘Graracettos of pulp and paper mill wastes : Th regard to the waste volume, it must be mentionéd that the volunié-depends mainly’ on the manufacturing procedure, and the water economy adopted in the’ plant. “The mode of dis- charge may also be of intermittent type if the black liquor is tia treatéd for the chemical recovery. It has been observed that a well operated and well managed integrated pulp and paper employing Kraft process for pulping, produces 2 waste volume in the range of 225 to 320 m® per toane of paper ‘manufactured. The mills manufacturing ‘spetisl quslity of Paper prod me . Tncident “on the Kraft proces Like the volume of waste, the chemi also depend on the size of cess; andto-grest tetént on the (by the Way of récovéry’ of chen In_most of the small ig Rot practised due to economical reasons. As such than that of ‘the Jatger' mills, Generally the pulp and ‘wastes are characterised by very strong solour, high ‘Taste 10:1: Characteristics of the combined efiuent , of the pulp and paper mills, : “Large “Mill a (Sastry et al) (Subrahmanyam et al) Prodiices 20 tonnes Produces 2000 tonnes ; of paper/day "of paper/per day Blow per day 330 m*/tonne Coloisr = po 82-85 Total solids, mg/L “a” Stispended solids, mg 990-2009, x mg/l 3400-5780, .D.: mg 680—i250 C.O.D/BOD ratio 39-5 Scanned with CamScanner i= The fibres in the whi WASTE WATERTREATMENT ‘The recovery of lime from the lime mud, by’the’ process of (b) Chemical treatment for colour_removal : coagulation for the removal of colour is. fassive Lime ‘Treatm nal Council for Stream’ Improvement in f removing 909% of colour and 40% waste (Subrahmanyam). In this required for the re (Sastry et al, 1974), developed by the Natio: USA is said to be capable'o 10 60%, of BOD from process, entire quantity, GMowda to Fact “Srst "with the coloured waste effluent, judge after settling is js absorbed by the lime, and thé sh d lime sludge results of dark brown liquor, containing both ter Tigtid, and then ‘eration ‘in the" process of “chemical, rec sgram for the massive lime treatment of th Carbon can, Femove However, pH of the darification : © Mechanically “Jone are found.to be capal from tie combined AS) Physical treatment ROD Féduction is comps: ns oe tte 3 A/ chinber Fie 102, Massive Liste Treatment & ig Pulp and Paper ML ‘The prising sludge-produced in the carifiers a be torsuch a consistiney in the dlarifer itself, that can be easily Scanned with CamScanner mechanically. (e). Biolosi a . treatment of the waste: fon of BOD trom the 7 the detention period may vary from ‘A minimum of 85% removal of BOD is found jeyable elsewhere (Gillespie), with a loading rate upto 56 kg/nectare/day. aN Scanned with CamScanner 212 WASTE WATER TREATMENT. PULP AND PAPER MILL WASTES ais 108. The Effects’ of wastes on Receiving water courses or Sewers : and_high ‘CQD/BOD ratio. efluent of two pulp and her large, are tabulated in ‘prance 10:2: Distsibution of pollution lod from diferent Sections of pulp and paper mil, rte Be Sade en = parca not to be toxic upto'a corcentration of deposite 5t Lignino-tetiutoste materials Fee waste ina stream undergo id “to_the "disoive: 1. Flow % Small 45:5 162° 108 Large 975-278. 167 % Small 66 B42 7 Gece ae 328325143 sola : pecs 3. Suspended Small 60 145775 © \ solids, 9 Large oa EeRtusbr vty Sad pips The treatment of th ibres. Activated carbons may And’ spillages from th ail the, digester section in’ a large = _—/! cA QVASTE Waren treaneenp t Aerated Iaggons.re the i i | ponds; the aa fF of ian proved forms of the stal Stready present quiescent seablisation Tigdagente besatse OF The increased foaling or. more sth receiving water titer. The mechanical surface reratore are the most mtisfactecy oxygen transfer device. ‘The BOD seluc Seniotl soles hele aie in the aerated Jagoons by arying matints feed, sir supply and detention tine (3 10 20 day#), eading range of 670'to 1340 kg of BOD per are per ‘day (Gillespie). , In ‘India Acrated ligoons are when the effluent BOD is moderate (where a recovery from the black liquor is practiced), or, as a polishing device. Tn one particular. case, 9 ten period of 5 days is found adequate for 90% BOD semoval - the system rate constant is found to be 021/day (Kothandara- man). It may be noted that the pulp ad paper, rill waste-does ceccuty utsients for the, hacterial growth, and 7 Rutsients for fhosphorous are to be added jnto, the lagoons c.acd in ‘of Urea or Ammonia and Phos Sel. The nutrient addition is found ‘detention, period. of more than rade the perform nds, that have become in the £61 = BOD:N:P ratio of 100: to be not necessary, when 10-215 days are provided (Gillespie). . é at fe or. combined: wastes may be Wel of 20 removal of BOD ina ir tic c et al 1977). In ‘another: cise (Sastry particdar ee coca 30D js reported at a detention nutrient supplementatio ent /day and a detention. tine * [Besieiated stro ertated in Gages BOD Teadmg oF Jays is found to be adequate for 72-57% seal 1974), 7596 removal of Gne of 6-8 days and loading of 0.017 kg" of eed Iagoons may be employed 2 TY rye lity i .] The sys be igh efuent quality i roe eye ss is the most fudge proc’ Activates ee fluent treatmen’ ted system for the ¢ eters, the cariace_BOmBtr’ 358 Lig pap oxy er aeviee Fr ig reported that ‘about 80 10 90% oe paper sill effluent recoe ged Tagoons, precede OY riod of suggested as the nutrients 3 eam _| picts Tevers [cteritier “Galeton pypaenr tia Teatmant e 8 e Scanned with CamScanner Detestion Thaess 4 NCH Flow Disgram for Treatment of Waste of a Typical Pulp Mit Fie 103 crit chinter Ovter Waste 218 WASTE WATER TREATMENT BOD removal can be achieved with a loading rate of 0.2 to 0.3 kg of BOD per kg of MLSS at a detention time of 3 to ‘9 brs, MLSS concentration of 2000-4000 mg/l, recirculation ratio of 0.3-0.5, and a nutrient supplementation at the BOD : N.: P sludge process it should be born in the fine fibres are not biodegradable and also do not settle easily. er ~Trididing filter has got a limited use isi the treatment of the pulp aid paper mill elfluept, due to the greater chances of ‘clogging of the media with fibrous. material. Also the trickl* ing filter system is incapable-to provide a high degree of treat- meat—even with the new plastic media with greater specific surface area the-BOD removal is found to be only 40-50%, not treated separately for the chemical recovery, the strong jot must be segregated from the other wastes and & lagoon.- The content of the lagoon may: be dis to the stream undér favourable: conditions in: the siionsoon. : : Ae) Land treatment method : Some:type of soil is capable of removing colour from Tid waste. The waste is stored-and allowed to be absorbed’ in such. soil. The capability of the soil in removing the colour depends on the cation exchange capacity of the. hi ame should be sufficiently permeable to accept the entire volume ‘of the waste, “A&) Disposal of the waste, by Ir effiuent may Gewulized Tor Riga crops are. repérted for crops like Maize, Paddy, Jowar and Kenaf. Yield almiost identical to that with conventional irriga- tion practices is reported foPrwheat and sugarcane, (NEERI) REFERENCE 1. Saitry, C. A, Kothandaramian, V., and Aboo, KM, “Treatment of, Waste ‘Water from Sriall Paper Mill x 7. » Saxena, KL, Makhijani, S, D., and Ramkrishnan, S. unr AND PAPER 3CILL WASTES 29 without Soda Recovery: A case seuiy Indian J. of Env, », Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 346-359, 1977. Pp ory P. V. R,, and Mohanrao, G. J., “Pulp and Paper Mill Waste Treatment”, 10th A: : menoration Volume, LAWPC., Nagpur, [pp. 120-135, 1973. Das, P. C,, and Tapadar, “Salient Aspects of Uti tion of Paper Mill Wastes”, Proc. Seminar on Industrial Wastes, NEERI and CMDA, Calcutta, pp. 6-20, 1977. stry, C. A., Alagarsamy, S. R., and Kothandaraman, V., eatment of Papers and Board Mill Waste: A Case Study”, Indian J. of Env, Hith., Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 317-335, 1974, Subrahmanyam, P. V. R., “Colour in Pulp Mill Wastes and. i Convention Yolume III, IAWPC, pp. 16-33, 1976. ecent Paper Industry Waste’ Treat- San. Engg. Div., ASCE, Vol: 96, No. SA 2; pp. 467-476, 1970, ment 'Systen” “Settling Studies on Pulp and Paper “Mill Waste Waters” Indian J. of Env. Hith., Vol: 20, No. 3, pp. 273-283, 1978. . Kothandaraman, V., Rao, P. M., Sastry, C. A, “Treat ment of. Waste Waters from a pulp and P: alt wit t i 1a pulp and Paper Mill wit Partial Sods Recovery—A cake study", Pros. Seminar fe Industrial Wastes, NEERT and:CMDA, Calsuta, pp. 620, NEERI Annual Report, 1977. Scanned with CamScanner CHAPTER 11 BREWERIES WINERIES & DISTILLERIES WASTE A Introduction : ‘BOD.and they present a-' when discharged either into ‘the water courses = ‘Due to their varying. pol potential ‘and origin. the wast three indus 5 ric ‘be. discussed: Scperately ia the followin 1141. Origin end Characteristics beer essentially oF 2) preparation of malt from grains HESS — 5 ing, the barley gra ¢, and then made to sprout under act is then “aried and stor Tante ILL. » Composit brewery wastes, colout grain alt out. 5 “phe malt from Total solids, mg e702 (wk Suspended solids, 6/1 22-339 16-516 u-S6 72 BOD, me/t brewing section, whe Total Nitcogen (N), 6/1 is prepared bY water, and BY Scanned with CamScanner ate 23 WASTE: WATER TREATMENT far Origin and Characteristics of Distillories Waste : The beverage alcohol industri shifries of the grains, (ity by pH adjustment, aid mutrient (amt . The The same is, ‘Some of the beverage alcohols! like gin this stage, some others like whisky requi towards pollition in cra ates to these major BOD" and waste cooling wat t recovery oF bj 9 the volume of some of the wastes from“distilleries are given, in Table 11.2, DREWERIES WINERIES & DISTILLERIES waste, 2." Characteristics of compo: t wash and yeast sludge fro Indian distilleries, Yeast Spent Spent was, sludge wash ye wrt wash 48 94. IS365 40-45 g — — = 90-95 36000 27900-73000 118000 70000181200 28000-20000 - 36640-26000 99000 s9100—114500 73000 4500-12000 350 1000 = - N35 342001 = 380510 — ae a Dark Dark brown So.the first operation in able juice ffonr the fruits from: thit- opera and inclides the spent Juleescand Aor wa The second sta winery 180 pressing oF Pee: ike grape, ‘mahua’, et The cana es that fren the ining indccres its oF Pomace, wastage of fermentabie given in Table 11.3, “ Some form of wines, usually used as intermediates: for Scanned with CamScanner 226 WASTE WATER TREATMENT A Wish, tate wetdeted filter Sandidatng bed lab rate trickling filter Fig WL bw Sheet fore Teast of Breery Waite DREWERIES WINERIES a pisrLLeares waste In another case a di Production of H,S soluble sulphides a, sulphides by the addition of iron

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