Serial Processing

1945-1955 During this time, computers did not have

operating systems. Instead, any program had to
be coded on paper to be able to communicate
(1st Generation) with the hardware and run the intended
processes.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

The ENIAC was created during the height of WW2 to
calculate the trajectory of artillery shells. It had very
1943-1945 complicated hardware and took up 1500 ft2 of space.
After the war, the ENIAC was donated to the University
of Pennsylvania.

UNIVAC (Univarsal Automatic Computer)

The UNIVAC was an updated version of the ENIAC and
the first computer to be used commercially. Its ability
1948-1954 to perform iterations of elaborate mathematics made
it a useful gadget for conducting economic surveys.

Batch OS
Tasks were written in the form of punch cards on this
type of OS. Unlike in the 1st generation, people can
1955-1965 input multiple commands and the computer can
execute all of them by BATCH non-stop. The
(2nd Generation) disadvantage is that it can only run one task at a time
which means that they are processed on a first come
first serve basis regardless of each task's importance.

IBM 305 RAMAC

RAMAC was the first computer to use a random-access

1956
disk drive. It was one of the most efficient OSes during its
time. When most computers would take hours or days to
finish processing data, the RAMAC only took seconds. This
revolutionized the way people treated data paving the way
for relational databases' to be used.
 Multiprogramming OS
1965-1980 OSes in this generation can already serve MULTIPLE users
at the same time. Users can also use the Command Line
Interface (CLI) to directly communicate with the OS which
(3rd Generation) can communicate with the computer hardware.

UNIX OS (Earliest Version)

Late 1960's
The 1st version of the UNIX OS was written in the C
language and was free for some time after its release.
UNIX was used as a reference for most of the OSes
we use today.

Time-Sharing OSes and Personal Computers

1980-Present GUI's have finally been developed which are significantly
easier to use than CLI's. OSes can now be found on
phones, watches, refrigerators, etc. Apple, Mircosoft, and
(4th Generation) Linux dominate tech industries that use the GUI.

MS-DOS
The first OS of Microsoft was not Windows but rather MS-

1981 DOS. Microsoft bought 86-DOS and made changes in that

OS to meet the IBM's (International Business Machines)
technology needs.

Windows

1985
After Microsoft adapted the use of GUI's into MS-
DOS, they changed MS-DOS' name to Windows which
became the most common OS for most people since
then.

MAC OS
On March 24, 2001, Apple released its first desktop

2001-2022 version of the MAC OS. Since then, MAC OS has been well-
known for its simplicity, visually-pleasing interface, and
high-tech features making it a good alternative to
Windows OS.
References:

 Mike. (2019, August 20). History and Evolution of Operating Systems - Lloogg. Lloogg.
https://lloogg.com/history-and-evolution-of-operating-systems/
 Gaurav, S. (2022, October 25). Evolution of Operating System - Scaler topics. Scaler Topics.
https://www.scaler.com/topics/evolution-of-operating-system/
 ENIAC at 75: A computing pioneer. (2021, August 17). DCD.
https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/analysis/eniac-at-75-a-pioneer-of-computing/
 Pio, J. G. H. S. (n.d.). UNIVAC I - History - U.S. Census Bureau.
https://www.census.gov/history/www/innovations/technology/univac_i.html#:~:text=Mauchly%20and
%20Eckert%20began%20building,the%20entire%201954%20economic%20census.
 IBM Corporation. (n.d.). IBM100 - RAMAC.
https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/ramac/
 Mingis, S. M. a. K. (2021, June 14). The evolution of macOS (and Mac OS X). Computerworld.
https://www.computerworld.com/article/3692528/evolution-of-macos-and-mac-os-x.html